TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG HA Tan Phong VI TRI HOC THUYET GIA TRI - LAO D O N G TRONG CAC HOC THUYET KINH TE CUA KARL MARX VA TRONG LICH SU" PHAT TRIEN CAC LY THUYET VE GIA TRI THE POSITION OF LABOR- VALUE THEORY IN KARL MARX'S ECONOMIC THEORIES AND IN THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF VALUE Hd TANPHONG^'^ TOM TA T: Trong nhiiu ly thuyit khdc vi gid tri, hoc thuyit gid tri hao phi lao dong ciia nguai sdn xudt hang hoa tao nin (goi tat Id gid tri - lao dgng) nhOng nhd kinh ti CO diin Anh sdng lap, dugc Karl Marx ki thiia, chgn lgc vd phdt trien mot hgc thuyet khoa hoc Phdn tich nin sdn xudt tu bdn tren ca s& hoc thuyet gid tr} - lao dong, Karl Marx da xdy dung nin hoc thuyet gid tri thang du, cUng nhu todn bg cdc hgc thuyit kinh te khdc Diiu xdc dinh vi tri cua hgc thuyit ndy cdc hgc thuyet kinh ti cua Karl Marx, cung nhu lich suphdt triin cdc ly thuyit ve gid tn Tif- khoa: Karl Marx, hgc thuyit gid tri, hgc thuyit gid tri thang dir, cdc hgc thuyet kinh ti ABSTRACT: In various theories of value, the doctrine of value created by the labor cost of the commodity maker (referred to as value-labor) founded by classical British economists, is Karl Marx inherits, selects and develops into a scientific theory Based on an analysis of capitalist production based on the doctrine of value-labor, Karl Marx created the theory of surplus value, as well as all other economic theories That determines the position of this theoty in Karl Marx's economic theories, as well as in the history of the development of theories of value Key words: Karl Marx, value theory, value-added theory, economic theory DAT VAN DE Hgc thuyet gid tri - lao ddng Id co sd ciia tdt ca cdc hgc thuylt kinh tl ciia Karl Marx, d6ng thdi hgc thuylt ciing chiem mgt vi tri hit sire quan trgng ljch su: phdt triln cdc ly thuydt khdc vd gia tri Bdi vilt nhdm lam ro hon vj tri hgc thuyet gid tri cila Karl Marx lich sii phat triln cdc hgc thuylt vd gid tri, nhdn thiic ddy du hon nhihig cdng hiln khoa hgc cua dng vl ly luan gia tri, gia tri - lao ddng (gia tri hao phi lao dgng cua ngudi sdn xuat hang hda t^o ra) N Q I DUNG Karl Marx (1818-1883) khdng phdi la ngudi dau tien neu len ly lu|in gid tri, gia trj - lao dgng Trudc dng vd ciing thdi gian do, cd nhieu nha khoa hgc da dua nhieu quan diem khdc vd gia trj Tir thdi cd dai, Aristoteles (384-322 TCN) da ndi ve gid tri trao ddi phdn tich phuang trinh "5 cai giudng = ngdi nha" Nhdn xet v l phuang Irlnh Karl '*' TS Tnrong Dai hgc V3n Lang, hotanphong@vanlangum.edu.vn Ma so: TCKH09-28-2018 TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Marx vilt: "Su thien tdi cua Aristoteles Id & cho, like thi hien gid tri cua hdng hoa ong dd khdm phd quan hi ngang gid, CO nghia la dang bu&c theo du&ng ddn t&i ly thuyit gid tri lao dong" [1, tr.26] Thdi trung cd, mdt linh muc ngudi Y, Augustin Saint (354-340) Id ngudi ddu tien dua thuat ngii "gid ca cdng bdng" theo hai nghTa; ThU nhat, gid cd cdng bdng phu hgp vdi chi phi lao ddng; Thu hai, ciing mdt hang hda co thi cd gid cd cdng bang khac tiiy theo su danh gid ciia cac ddng cdp khdc [1, tr.36] Tir cuoi thi ky XVIII, d Anh va Phap hpc thuydt kinh t l cd dien ddi Hgc thuylt kinh tl cd dien Anh (mpt ba tiln dl Iy ludn cua chu nghTa Marx) bat ddu tir W Petty (1623-1687) vd kit thiic d D.Ricardo (1772-1823) Ldn ddu tidn, cdc nhd kinh te cd dien Anh dd ndu ldn pham trii gid trj hdng hda hao phi lao ddng cila ngudi sdn xuat hdng hda tao Tren ca sd pham trii gid tri - lao ddng hp dd phan tich, xdy dung nen hdng loat cdc ly luan vl tidn td, lgi nhuan, tiln luong, dia td, cua nen kinh te hang hda tu ban Tuy nhidn, ben cgnh nhung ludn diem khoa hgc ve gid trj, nhihig nha kinh te cd didn Anh lgi c6 nhtrng quan dilm sai khac, khdng khoa hgc W Petty ngudi dat nen mdng Iy thuyet gid trj lao dgng dng khdng dinh, gid cd ty nhien (tire gid tri hang hda) lao dgng cua ngudi san xudt hang hda tao Nhung dng lgi cho rang, lao dgng tgo nen gia trj chi la lao dOng khai thdc bgc (tiln te) Lao dpng cac nganh khac chi tao ndn ciia cdi so sdnh vdi lao dgng tgo tidn Ong ndi, gia trj hang hoa la sy phan So 09, Thdng 5-2018 anh gia tri cua tidn nhu dnh sang Mat Trang phan chilu anh sang Mgt Trdi vdy [2, tr.l2] Trong luan diem ndi tieng cua dng, "lao dgng Id cha cdn ddt la me cua mpi cua cdi" dng dd xa rdi tu tudng gia tri - lao ddng kit lu|in, "lao ddng vd dat dai la co sd tu nhien ciia gia ca mgi vdt phdm", nghTa la lao ddng, dat dai deu la ngudn gdc ciia gia ' tri Ddy Id mdm mong ly thuyet cdc nhdn td cua sdn xudt dlu tgo gia tri ve sau cua J.B Say (1767-1832) A Smith (1723-1790), ben canh dinh nghTa diing vl gid trj: gid tri lao d^ng hao phi dl san xuat hdng hda quydt dinh Lao dOng la thudc thuc te ciia mgi gia trj (lao dpng ma dng ndi d day la tat ca cac loai lao dpng san xudt), dng lai sai lam dua dinh nghTa khdc: gid trj la lao ddng ma ngudi ta cd the mua dugc bang hang hda quydt djnh Theo djnh nghia ndy, dng suy gid tri lao ddng tao chi diing dieu kidn san xudt hang hoa gian dan, cdn kinh te tu ban gid trj cdc ngudn thu nhdp tao Ong viet "tien luang, loi nhugn, dia to Id ba ngudn goc dau tiin ciia moi thu nhgp cung nhu la cua bdt ky gid trj trao doi ndo" [1, tr.65] day, dng da lan ldn giu:a su hinh gia trj vd phdn phdi gia trj, ong bd qua chi phi tu lieu sdn xudt viee hinh thdnh gia trj Tu ludng ndy cua A Smith da xa rdi 1^ luan gia trj lao ddng D Ricardo (1772-1823), ggt bo dugc nhflng sai ldm, mdu thuan Iy lugn gia trj ciia A Smith Ong cho rang, chi djnh nghTa thii nhdt cua A Smith Id dung: gid trj lao dgng hao phi d l sdn xudt hdng hda quylt djnh Trong kinh te tu ban, gia trj phdi bao gdm cd ba bg phan (c+ v+m) Tuy TAP CHl KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG nhidn, ly ludn gid trj cua dng vdn cdn nhieu han chl, sai ldm: Ong khdng chi dugc viec chuyen djch gid trj tu lieu sdn xudt sang san pham, khdng thdy mdu thudn giua gid tri su dung vd gid trj, coi gid tri la pham trii vTnh vien, la thugc tinh cila mgi vdt, va cho rang lao ddng xa hdi cdn thiet, quy djnh lugng gia tri, dilu kien sdn xudt xdu nhdt quydt djnh, chua phan biet dugc gid trj vdi gid cd sdn xuat Karl Marx la ngudi da ke thira bidn chiing cac ly thuyet vl gid tri - lao ddng ciia trudng phai kinh tl chinh tri c6 diln Anh, ggt bd nhiing hgn chd, sai lam cac ly thuyet do, phat trien hgc thuyet khoa hpc ve gia trj Ong da xem xet pham trii gid trj tren tat ca cac mat: chat gia tri, lugng gid trj, hinh thiie bieu hien ciia gia tri, quy luat gia tri Mdt nhdn td quan trpng da giilp Karl Marx xay dyng nen hpc thuydt khoa hpc vd gid trj la phat minh cua dng ve tinh chat hai mdt cua lao ddng san xuat hang hoa: lao ddng cy the vd lao dpng triru tugng Vi lao ddng san xudt hdng hoa cd tinh hai mat nen tdt cd cdc hien tugng kinh td, cdc qud trinh kinh td hdng hda deu cd tinh hai mat: hdng hda cd hai thugc tinh gid trj sii dung va gia tri; ca cdu gid trj gdm gid trj cu vd gid tri mdi; nang sudt lao dgng lien quan tdi siic sdn xudt cua lao dgng vd cudng dg lao ddng; cua cai xa hOi ton tai dudi hai hinh thai: ciia cdi la nhirng gid tri sii dung, va cua cdi la gia tri (tidn te), nhd cd phdt minh tinh cndt hai mat ciia sdn xudt hdng hda md Karl Marx da phdn tich qua trinh hai mat ciia sdn xudt cua tu bdn: "v&i tu cdch Id sy ihdng nhdt giua qud trinh lao dgng va qud trinh tgo gid trf thi qud Ho T^n Phong trinh sdn xudt Id mot qud trinh sdn xudt hang hoa; v&i tu cdch la sy thong nhdt cua qud trinh lao dong vd qua trinh ldm tang gid tri thi qud trinh sdn xudt Id mgt qud trinh sdn xudt tu bdn chu nghta Id hinh thdi tu bdn chu nghta ciia nen sdn xudt hdng hoa" [3, tr.294-295] Tir do, Kari Marx dua cdng thtic gid tri hdng hda kinh td tu bdn la "c+v+m" Pham tru gid tri thang du (m), chi phi lao ddng ciia cong nhan lam thue tao va bj nha tu ban chilm doat Ong chi bdn chdt ciia quan he sdn xudt tu bdn: "Bi quyit ciia su tang thim gid tri cua tu bdn quy lgi Id & cho tu bdn chi phoi dugc mot so lugng lao dong khong cong nhdt dinh cua ngu&i khdc"[3,tr.l53] Cdng thil'c gia tri hang hda ndu tren la ket qud chi phi lao dpng (chi phi lao dgng sdng vd chi phi lao dpng qua khir), la chi phi thuc td sdn xuat hang hda Ket luan dd bac bd "tin dieu khong Id" cua A Smith cho gid trj hang hda chi bao gdm cac ngudn thu nhap (v+m), vach ro su khac biet (ve chdt va lugng) giiia chi phi lao ddng vd chi phi sdn xudt eiia tu bdn (k—c+v), ehi mdi lidn he giiia gia tri thang du va lgi nhuan: "Gid tri thang du, hay Id lgi nhugn, chinh Id phdn gid tri doi dy ciia gid tri hdng hoa so v&i chi phi sdn xudt ciia no, nghta Id phdn doi ciia tong so lugng lao dgng chiia dyng hang hoa so v&i so lugng lao dgng duac trd cong chUa dung hdng hoa" [4, tr.74] Neu nhu Karl Marx va cdc nhd kinh te CO diln Anh phdn tich pham trii gid tri (la CO sd ciia gia tri trao ddi, cua gid cd) tir phuong dien khach quan: tir chi phi lao dpng thuc te de san xuat hang hda, thi cd TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HOC V A N LANG nhiing nhd kinh tl khac xem xet phgm trii gia trj tir gdc chu quan, td vide hang hda ddp img nhu cdu ngudi mua nhu the ndo Dd Id ll? thuylt gia trj ciia cac nhd kinh te trudng phdi cd diln mdi Hg phe phdn hpc thuylt gid trj - lao dgng, dua tu tudng ich Igi gidi han, la ich lgi cua vat phdm cudi ciing (san phdm gidi han) dua thda mdn nhu cdu, ich lgi dd Id nhd nhat, no quy djnh gia trj gidi han ciia vat pham Gid tri gidi han quyet dinh gid trj tdt cd cdc sdn phdm khac "Gid trf cua vgt phdm dugc quy dinh b&i so lugng ich Igri gi&i hgn " [5, tr.279] Ly thuydt gid tri cua hg la ly thuyet gia trj ich Igi chu quan Bdng viec iing dung todn hpc vdo phdn tich, lugng hoa cdc quan h§ kinh te, trudng phai cd dien mdi dugc gpi Id trudng phdi kinh - toan hgc Cdc ly thuylt cua trudng phai cd dien mdi nhu: Cdc ly thuyet kinh te cila phdi Vien (cdc dai bilu nhu C Menger (1840-1921), Bohm Bawerk (1851-1914); Ly thuylt "gidi han" d My, tieu bieu Id J.B Clark (1847-1938); Ly thuydt kinh tl cua trudng phai Cambridge (Anh), ngudi sang lap la A Marshall (I842-I924), dng ddng y vdi cac nha kinh tl cd dien cho rdng, gid tri hang hda "chinh Id cai vira du dl trang trai toan bp chi phi sdn xudt, tiln luong, lgi tiic vd Igi nhudn, " nhung dng phd phdn quan diem cd dien (kd cd Karl Marx) chi xem xet gid trj dudi gdc dg khach quan, chi thdy chi phi cua cdc yeu to sdn xuat quy djnh gia cd, coi nh? nhihig anh hudng cua cdu; Trudng phai gidi hgn lai qua coi trpng miic dO ich lgi hang hda thda man nhu cdu ngudi, bd qua tdc dgng cua chi phi sdn xudt SS 09, Thang - 2018 Tuy cd dua quan diem ve gid trj hdng hda, nhung A Marshall cho rdng, m^t hdng hda da dua thj trudng thi ngudi ta khdng quan tdm cdi gi tgo ndn gid trj, md chi quan tam tdi gid cd hdng hda dudi tdc ddng cua cung, cdu Vi vgy, theo dng tiep tuc ban luan ve gid trj Id khdng can thilt Quan diem cila dng md hudng nghidn ciiu thyc dung kinh tl [6, tr.52] KET L U ^ N Karl Marx khdng nghidn ciiu thyc dung kinh te hdng hda ndi chung, dng nghien ciiu phuong thiic sdn xudt tu bdn bdt ddu tir nghien cuu hang hda (tiic la nghien ciiu dudi gidc kinh te - chinh trj) Hpc thuylt gid tri - lao ddng ma dng ke thiia chgn lgc tir trudng phdi cd dien va phat trien, hodn thi^n nd, la co sd de dng xay dung ndn tdt cd cdc hpc thuydt kinh te cua minh, trye tiep id hgc thuyet gia trj thang du - phdt hidn vT dgi cua Karl Marx, vach ro bdn chdt quan he sdn xuat tu ban chu nghTa Qua trinh phan tich quan he sdn xudt tir ban, Karl Marx ciing phdt hi?n, ldm sdng to nhilu quy lu^t, phgm trii cda nin san xudt hang hda tu bdn (giai doan tu canh tranh), nhu quy ludt gia trj thang du, quy luat tich luy, su nang cao cau tao huu co tu bdn, quy ludt hinh thdnh lgi nhudn binh qudn, gid ca sdn xudt, xu hudng thap ty suat Igi nhuan, Tdt ca nhung ndi dung neu tren cho thdy vj tri dgc biet quan trgng cua hpc thuyet gia trj - lao dOng toan bg cac hgc thuylt kinh tl cua Karl Marx, ciing nhu ljch sii phat tridn cdc Iy thuylt khdc vl gid trj hang hda TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG H^ T i n Phong TAI LIE:U THAM KHAO [ ] Dgi hgc kinh td qudc ddn (1996), Mon lich su cdc hgc thuyit kinh te, Nxb Thdng ke, Hd NOi [2] Nguyen Van Trinh (2002), Syphdt triin cdc hgc thuyit kinh ti, Nxb Lao ddng - xa hpi [3] C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen (1993), Todn tgp, tap 23, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd Ndi [4] C Mdc vd Ph.Angghen (1999), Toan tgp, tfp 25, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd Ndi [5] Tru&ng phdi Ao kinh ti chinh tn, M, 1992, (tidng Nga) [6] Hodng Lan Huong, Ly thuyit kinh ti cua Alfred marshall, ngu&i sdng lap tru&ng phai tan CO diin Tap chi: Nhttng van de kinh td the gidi, Sd 6(26) Ngaynhanbai: 16-4-2018 Ngdybidn tap xong: 23-4-2018 Duyet dang: 19-5-2018 ... trpng da giilp Karl Marx xay dyng nen hpc thuydt khoa hpc vd gid trj la phat minh cua dng ve tinh chat hai mdt cua lao ddng san xuat hang hoa: lao ddng cy the vd lao dpng triru tugng Vi lao ddng san... Id phdn doi ciia tong so lugng lao dgng chiia dyng hang hoa so v&i so lugng lao dgng duac trd cong chUa dung hdng hoa" [4, tr.74] Neu nhu Karl Marx va cdc nhd kinh te CO diln Anh phdn tich pham... diing vl gid trj: gid tri lao d^ng hao phi dl san xuat hdng hda quydt dinh Lao dOng la thudc thuc te ciia mgi gia trj (lao dpng ma dng ndi d day la tat ca cac loai lao dpng san xudt), dng lai