Lý thuyết học kiến thức thông tin

LY THUYET HOC TAP VA KIEN THU'C THONG TIN' TS Ngo Thi Huyen Khoa Thu'vien - Thong tin hpc, Dat hpc KHXHNV, Dai hgc Qude gia Tp.HCM Tom tat: Cong nghe so da tao mdt bdi canh mdi cho boat dgng giang day va hgc tap Cac phddng phap tiip can ve sWpham doi vdi viec giang day va hgc tap co tac dgng den sdphat trien kien thdc thong tin cua ngddi hgc Bai viet phin tich mgt so quan diem bten ve ly thuyet hgc tip bao gom: each tiep cin truyen thu, thuyet hanh vi, thuyet kien tao va thuyet hgc tip theo ngCt canh Dong thdi neu len tie dgng cua nhijng quan diem viec then khai cac boat ddng hgc tip not chung va cac chWdng trinh giang day kien thdc thong tin noi rieng Tif khoa: Ly thuyet, hoc tap, kien thffc thdng tin Abstract: Digital technology has crealsd a new context for teaching and learning activities Pedagqgical.approaches to teaching and learning have an impact on tiie development of the infyrmation literacy of the learners The article analyzes some popular perspectives on learning theory including:tiansmisstonapproach, behavioral theory, constructivism and contextual learning theory At die same time, tt highlights the impact of these views in the implementation of ttie learning activities in general and tiie information literacy teaching programs in particular Key words: Theory, learning, information literacy Gidi thieu Khi trien khai mot chu'dng trinh giang day kien thffc thdng tin (KTTT), sff hieu biet ve cac ly thuyet hpc tap nen tang va eac each tiep can giang day la can thiet de dam bao sff edng cua ehffdng trinh Cd nhieu tru'dng phat quan diem khae ban ve cac van de ly thuyet hge tap Cach tiep can ciia Mayes and de Freltas (2013) cung cap mdt sff hieu biet chung ve cac ly thuyet hpc tap [6] Cac tac gia da xac djnh qyan diem Idn ve ly thuyet hpc tap dffa trin cae nguyen tae cd ban ve tam ly hoc cita Greeno, Collins va Resniek (1996) [3] bao gom: quan diem ket hdp (associative perspective), quan diem nhan thffc (cognitive perspective) va quan diem tinh huong (sltuative perspective) Mayes and de Freltas (2013) coi quan diem Idn ve hgc tap la nhiittg glai doan cita mdt chu ky va nhffng khfa canh khac cita qua trinh phat trien hffdng den lam chii tri thffe hoac ky nang [6] Cae quan diem dffdc ap dung nhutig mdi tru'dng hgc tap cu the se mang tai nhffng trai nghiem^ hpc tap vdi nhffng ket qua khac Moi quan diem dffdc ket noi vdi mdt phu'dng phap sff pham (pedagogy) khac Hay ndi each khae, cac ly thuyet hgc tap chinh la nen tang de xay dffng nhCitig each tiep can hieu qua va phii hdp cho viec giang day Giao due sff pham dffdc hieu ddn gian la hffdng dan eac ca nhan hgc tap Ddng thdi, thuat ngiJ cd the dffdc hieu theo each phffc tap hdn' nhu' la moi lien he giffa cac tu'dng tac xa hgi vdi cae to' chffc va thffc tiln Cdng nghe so da tao mpt bdi canh mdi cho hoat dpng giang day va hpc tap Cac trang web ca nhan, nhat ky trffc tuyen (blogs), podcasts^ va wikis da tao dteu kien thuan idi cho viee tao lap thdng tin; mang xa hdi cho phep cac ca nhan tham gia vao cac edng dong trffc tuyen de xac djnh va chia se thdng tin hp can; cac thiet bj dl dgng va khdng day cang da dang va gia tang khdng ngutig ve mat sd Iffdng cung vdi mang may tinh toan eau mang lai cd hdi truy cap Nghien c(tu du'dc tai trcf bi^ triTclng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia HB Chi l^inh trona khuon kho Be tai ma so 12019-10 , ^ , , ^ Podcast la m6t tap hdp cac tap tin am Bianh hoac video so ma nguSi dung co the tai ve va nghe 5(79) 11 khdng gidi han va thuan tien den cac djeh vy thdng tin Viee sff dung tiidng tin cd mdi quan he mat thiet vdl eac hoat dgng hgc tap Cac nghien effu chi rang cac phffdng phap tiep can ve su' pham ddt vdt viee giang day va hpc tap cd the tae ddng den sff phat trien KTTT ciia ngu'di hpc d hat khia canh: Phu'dng phap giang day va hpc tap hien dang dffdc sff dung tai cd sd dao tao cd tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho sff phat trien eua KTIT hay khdng; Phffdng phap giang day va hpc tap dffdc ap dung trffc tiep moi chffdng trinh giang day ve KTTT Cdn rat nhieu quan diem van tiep tuc dffdc phat trien finh vffc giao due Bai Viet phan tich mpt sd quan diem phd bien ve ly thuyet hgc tap va tac ddng ctJa nd den viec thiie day sff phat trien KTTT ciia ngffdi hoc cung nhu" viec ap dung cac quan diem thiet ke va trien khat cac ehffdng trinh giang day ve KTTT Cach tiep c^n giang day truyen thu (transmission approach) Cach tiep can xem hgc tap nhff la "mdt thff gi dd ma giao vien hoac van ban thffc hien ddi vdi stnh vien" [4] Trffdng phai nhan manh rang ngu'di hoc tiep nhan thdng tin hole kien thffc mpt each thu ddng tff giao vien va mue dich chinh cua viec hpc la ghi nhd su' that Hay ndi each khae, kien thffc du'dc chuyen giao day du va tru'c tiep tff giao vien sang ngu'di hgc Day la each tiep can lay giao vien lam trung tam, dd giao vten la ngffdi phan phot kien thffc, tham dmh sff that va la ngffdi danh gia cuoi cting ciia viec hgc Theo quan diem nay, nhiem vu chinh eiia giao vien la eung cap cho ngffdi hpc mdt khdi Iffdng kien thffc du'dc chi dinh theo thff tff dinh tru'dc Thanh tich hpc tap ctia ngffdi hpc dffdc danh gia thdng qua kha nang the hien, chep hoac trinh bay lai khoi Iffdng kien tiiffc da dffdc day tru'dc cho giao vien Mdt so nghien cffu, vi dij nhff nghien cffu du'dc thffc hien bdi Chu (2012), chi rang each tiep can truyen thdng viec day va hgc khdng thiic day sff phat trien tff ddc lap ciJng nhu viec hgc chii dgng ciia moi ea nhan [2] Chfnh vi vay, nd ft hieu qua hdn so vdi each tiep can kien tao (construetivlst approach) Tren thffc te, khdi Iffdng kien thffc ma moi ca nhan tiep nhan du'i3c tff giao vien va cac cd sd 12 dao tao se nhanh chdng trd ndn cu va khdng cdn nhieu gia tri sff dung Trong trffdng hdp nay, nhu cau tffdng tac vdl thdng tin de xay dytig nen kien thffc mdt se xuat hien Neu ngffdi hgc khdng dffdc khuyen khich de tffdng tac mgt each chu dgng vdl tiidng tin tiii viec phat ti-ien nang Iffc hge tap sudt ddt, vdn van dffdc xem la muc tieu tiiiic day sff phat tnen ciia KTTT, cd the se g5p nhieu thach thffc Dleu dan den viec lam giam nhu eau phat trien nhutig ky nang can thiet eho cae ca nhan tffdng tac vdi thdng tin mdt each hieu qua, vi dij nhff ky nang thdng tin Thuyet hanh vi (behaviourism) Thuyet hanh vi cd nguon gdc tff nghien ciiff ctia eae tac gia nhff Thorndike, Pavlov va Skinner Dffa tren ket qua ctia cac nghien ciiU thffc nghiem, Thorndike (1911) da gicfi thieu mdt nguyen tac ve tam ly dffdc gpi la "djnh luat ve hieu ffng" (the law of effect) chi mdi lien he giuia hanh vl phan hoi, hieu litig tam ly va mdi trffdng kich thich ben ngoai [12] Cu the, nguyen tae chi rang sff lap lai se cd khuynh hffdng xay vdl nhutig hanh vi phan hot mang den su' hat Idng mgt tinh hudng nao dd Ngu'dc iai, sff lap lai se it xay vdl nhffng hanh vl phan hdi du^ den sff khdng hai Idng hoac bat an tinh hudng tffdng tff lap lai Hdn nij^, thuyet dleu kien hoa co ^ e n (classical conditioning) ciia Pavlov (1927) nhan manh vao viec siia ddi hanh vt bang cae dieu kien tru'dc dd [8] Lay cam hffng tff cac nghien cufu ctia Thorndike, Skinner (1976) da gidl thieu cac quy tac ciia thuyet dieu kien hoa ket qua (operant conditioning) [10] Thuyet chl rang qua trinh hgc tap la sff dleu chinh hanh vi thdng qua ttiffdng va phat Dinh luat ve hieu ffng ctia Thorndike, thuyet dleu kien hoa cd dien ciia Pavlov va thuyet dleu kien hoa ket qua ciia Skinner da hinh nen nen tang cho thuyet hanh vi Thdng qua nhOtig nghien ctJu thffc nghiim sff dung ty le eae hanh vt phan hdi dffdc lap di, lap lai, thuyet hanh vl xem viee hgc nhff la sff ttiay dot hanh vi ed the quan sat va lu'dng dffdc ciia ngffdi hoc dffdi tac ddng ciia cae nhan td kieh thi'ch cd dleu kien Hay ndi each khae, qua trinh giang day va hpc tap, sff thay doi ve hanh vi ben ngoai du'dc xem la chi thi de danh gia ket qua hpc tap Sff dieu chinh dUdc tiiffe hien de hinh cac hanh vi thdng qua viec sff dung cac hoat ddng thffdng phat Cac ca nhan tham ehf ly^ chgn nhffng khuynh hffdng hanh vl cho nhutig phan thudng cd san Theo Thomas (2010), sff thay doi ed the xay thdng qua viec lap lai phan utig cd tinh kich thfch lien tyc eiing vdi nhutig phan hoi nhanh lap tffe [11] Hay ndi each khac, kinh nghiem chfnh la nen tang eua viec hpc Quan diem hpc tap ket hdp (associative learning) chi'nh la nen tang phat trien eiia phffdng phap tiep can hanh vi Quan diem ket hdp ehu trpng vao ban chSt chl tiet eiia tich va phan h'ch nhiem vu, xac ^nh tiinh tff cac phan ky nang tdng hdp Dieu cung cap mdt tap hdp cac muc tieu tap trung dffdc md ta nhff la nang Iffc hpc tap Nhffng ngffdi lam giao due dl theo quan diem kien tao phan bien r§ng hpc tap khdng ehi ddn glan la sff thay doi hanh vi cd the quan sat va Iffdng dffdc cita moi ea nhan Thuyet hanh vl khong thiic dSy sff phat trien ve mat tff ciia ngudi hoc Chfnh vi vay, nd that bai viec dffa hgc tap len mffc cao hdn eiing nhff gliip ngudi hpc phat trien nang Iffc giai quyet van de Tuy nhi§n, thuyet hanh vi van cd the tiep tyc dudc sff dyng phuc vu cho myc dfch day va danh gia nhffng nSng Iffc ddi hdi ngffdi hgc the hien dudc nhutig ky nang ran thiet, vf dy, dao tao mgt lut Iffdng lao dgng lanh nghe hoac thao mpt ky nang lam viec cy the Thuyet hanh vi cd y nghia nhat dinh ap dyng vao hoat dpng giang day va hpc tap ndi diung cung nhff dao tao KTTT ndi rieng Ve phffdng phap hgc, ngffdi hgc can thiet lap ljch tiinh/ thdi quen hang cho nhutig hoat ddng dffdc to ehffe trffdc, thay doi va tien bd qua tutig khai niem hoac ky nang phan, xac lap muc tigu rd rang va sff phat trien ca nhan ludn gan vdi myc tieu hoan mdt nhiem vu eu the Ve phffdng phap giang day, cae khai niem hoac ky nang can 6ddc phan ti'ch nhffng phan cy the, e3n thiic day sff tien bd lien tiep theo tutig phan de di den khai niem hoac ky nang tong hdp, cd each ti'ep can hffdng dan ro rang eho tiitig phan khai niem hoae ky nang cu the, luyen tap va thffc hanh thudng xuyen, tap trung eao dp vao cae mye tieu Ve phffdng phap kiem tra danh gia, yeu eau sff lap lai mdt each ehinh xac kien tiiffc hoac ky nang da dffdc day, ngffdi hpc can hoan eac khai niem hoac ky nang phan, du^ eac tieu chf danh gia rd rang cung nhff cac phan hot dang tin cay mdt each nhanh chdng Thuyet Icien t^o (constructivism) Thuyet kien tao ddi tff nhieu cdng tiinh nghien ciiff ctia eac nha ly luan giao dye khac nhau, ti^ng dd dang chti y nhat la Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner va Papert: Ly thuyet ctia Jean Piaget (1970) chii yeu ^ p trung vao vai trd chii ddng ctia moi ca nhan hpc tap Ngffdi hgc tiep nhan nhffng khai niem mdi va them chiing vao khoi kien tiiffe hp da cd tnj'de dd de xay dutig nen sff hieu biet rieng eho minh [9] Khdng gidng vdi quan diem ctia Jean Piaget, thuyet phat trien xa hot (Soclal Devetopment Theory) aia Lev SemyonovKh Vygotsky (1978) nhan manh vao tam quan ti-png cua nhutig tffdng tae xa hot ddi vdi sff phat trien nhan thffc [13] Ddi vcfi ly thuyet cua Jerome Bruner (1979), cd sff ddng dleu giffa tac gia vdi Jean Piaget va Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky Tuy nhien, sff gidng cd the d l dang nhan thay Jerome Bruner va Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky deu tap trung vao mdi trffdng xa hdi cua ngffdi hpe hdn so vcfi Jean Piaget [1] Seymour Papert: (1993) da phat trien mpt ly thuyet giao due dffdc gpi la chti nghia xay dffng (constructionism) dffdc lay cam hffng tff y tffdng ve hgc tap trai nghiem va kien tao ciia Jean Piaget [7] Tren thffc te, chu nghia kien tao cd the dffdc chia hai khuynh hffdng nhd hdn bao gdm: ehu nghTa kien tao nhan thffe {cognitive constructivism, hay cdn gpi la chu nghia kien tao ca nhan, chu nghla kien tao cap tien) va chu nghTa kien tao xa hot (social constructivism, edn dffdc ggi la chii nghTa kien tao thffc) Cu the, chu nghia kien tao nhan thffc ehii yeu tap trung vao viec xay dffng tri tue ctia ngffdi hge Trong dd, ehii nghTa kien tao xa hdi, ehiu anh hffdng manh me bdi eae nghien cuff eiia Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky, chu yeu nhan manh vao ban chat xa hpl eua viec hinh kien thffc va nhan manh vao sff phat trien kien thffe ciia ngffdi hge eae cdng dBng khac nhau, vf du nhff giao vien, ban be, dong nghiep va xa hgi ndi chung Lim viec hdp tac hoac tffdng tac giua cac dong mdn ed 5(79) 13 anh hu'cftig h'ch cffe len viec xay dtJtig kien thffc ciia ngffdi hgc Chti nghia kien tao d i ^ tren tam ly hoc tap nhan thffc Quan diem kien tao hpc tap nhan manh vao viec xay dffng kien thffc chu ddng bang each tim kiem sff hieu biet, tff dieu chinh, djnh hffdng muc heu va tich luy thay vi chi ddn gian la ghi nhd va nhd lat cac sff that Ngffdi hpc xay dffng kien thffc eiia hp thdng qua nhffng kien thffc dang cd d hien tat va da cd tru'dc day hoac nhffng gi ho cd the lam dffdc Caeh tiep can cho phep ngu'di hpc xay dffng kien thffc cho rieng minh thdng qua viee tffdng tac tich effc va tu'dng tac ed chij dfch the gidi thu'c, giai quyet nhCitig van de cd thffc, tff phan bien va tao lap tri tiiffc thay vi tiep nhan mgt each day dii va thu ddng thdng hn du'dc truyen tai tff giao vien Ket qua la cac ca nhan trd ngu'di hpc chu ddng, nhffng ngu'di xay dffng kien thffc thay vi ta ngffdi tiep nhan kien thffc Cach tiep can khdng khuyen khich viec chia nhd cac khat niem nhffng ky nang rieng biet va day chung tach rdi khdt boi canh Thay vao do, chii nghTa kien tao xem hpc tap nhff "mdt trai nghiem toan dien ket hdp vdi nhieu each tu" duy" va col sff phat trien nhan thffc nhu' la mdt nhan td quan trpng hoc tap [4] Do dd, cae hinh thffc ciia each tiep can kien tao, nhu la hpc tap theo truy van (inquiry-based learning) va hpc tap theo dff an (project-based learning) thiic day mpt mdi tru'dng hpc tap lay ngu'di hpc lam trung tam Day la mdi tru'dng hoc tap cang dffdc da chupng va khuyen khfch phat trien nham thay the eho mdi tru'dng hpe tap lay ngu'di day lam trung tam truyen thdng trffdc day Dot vdi hpc tap theo truy van, ngffdi hpc du'dc khuyen khich tham gia tfch cffe vao cac hoat ddng hpc tap bang each dda eae cau hdi Trong dd, hpc tap di/a theo du' an hd trd ngu'di hpc viec kham pha cac van de mdt each sau hdn ma khdng can nhffng cau tra Idt da du'dc xac dinh trffdc Day cd the la ly giai thich tai each tiep can kien tao hoc tap va giang day nhan dffdc sff ung hd eiia rat nhieu cac nha nghien cffu ve giao dye Tuy nhien, mdt nghien cuff gan day, Mayes and de Freitas (2013) lap luan rang chii nghTa kien tao khdng chi diia tren quan diem nhan thffc ma cdn bat nguon tff thuyet lien tffdng (associationlst) va tinh hudng bdi nd tap trung vao hpe thdng qua hanh (learning-by-doing), vai trd cua phan hoi va nhffng nhiem vu cd thffc [6] Cach tiep can kien tao ddi hot ngffdi hge phai tim kiem y nghTa mdt each tich effc va giao vten ddng vai trd la ngffdi dieu phdi viec hpc tap Viee tim kiem y nghTa mpt each tfch effc hoac viee kham pha thdng tin mdt each tff tao dieu kien thuan Idt cho sff phat trien ctia nhffng truy van cd tinh phan bien Chfnh vi vay, viec sff dung hieu qua thdng tin trd nen can thiet Tff dd, nhu cau trang bi cho ngffdi hpe KTTT giiip hp trd nhutig ngffdi ti'm kiem thdng tin hieu qua va ngffdi xay dffng kien thffc trd nen quan trpng Tff dd, cd the nhan thay rang phffdng phap tiep can kien tao tao mdi tru'dng phii hdp cho sff phat trien ctia KTTT va hge tap sudt ddt Chii nghia kien tao dae biet ed lien quan den cac huan luyen ve KTTT dd ngffdi huan luyen dao tao can tffdng tac vdl ngffdi hgc va xay dffng nen dya tren nhffng gi hg da ed san Ngu'dc lai, KTTT giiip ngffdi hpc phat trien eac nang Iffe can thiet dffdc ddi hdi tff nha tru'dng nhff la hpc tap dgc lap, tff phan bien, kha nang tff quan sat va dieu chinh Ve vai trd etia giao vien viec hpe tap ctia sinh vien, Vygotsky (1987) de xuat rang giao vien can cung cap cae hffdng dan giiip sinh vien kham pha thdng qua cac "bffdc dem gdt y" (scaffolding)^ "Bu'dc dem gdt y" cho phep ngffdi hpc nhan du'dc nhffng ldi ieh tff sff da dang eiia eae ho trd va edng cu mdi tru'dng hpc tap ciia chfnh minh de phat trien sff hieu biet va ky nang cua ban than "Bffdc dem gdi y" cd the dffdc thffc hien bang each cung cap eae cau hdi, luan chffng va gia thuyet Cd the ndi, giao vten gitip ngu'di hpe kham pha va xay dytig kien thffc bang each giai quyet eae van de thffc tien, trd ehuyen vdt hg va dua cae cau hdi [13] Nhieu nghien effu da ap dung each tiep can kien tao de kham pha viec hgc tap cua sinh vien cung nhu' chi mot quan he chat che giffa each tiep can kien tao va edng nghe Hp chutig minh rang edng nghe ddng mdt vat trd khdng the thieu du'dc trien khai each tiep can kien tao hpc tap va giang day Khdng gidng nhu' each tiep can hanh vl, chii nghTa kien tao ddi hdi sff ket hdp eua nhieu tieu chf va tieu chuan de danh gia viec BiftJc dem gOi y (scaffolding) cua Lev Semvonovich Vygotslcy de cap den su' ho trO mang tinh hu'dng dan cua giao vien, cha me can thiet cho viec thuc day su phat tnen va hoc tap hoSc sU trO lu'c tCr nhung ban dong lira co kien thut nhieu hdn nguSl hoc sinh/ smh vien 14 hoc eua cac ca nhan nhff quan sat, ddi thoai hole sff dung cac bai kiem tra giai quyet vifn de Y nghia ciia thuyet kien tao ap dyng vao hoat ddng giang day va hpc tap ndi chung eung nhff dao tao KTTT ndi rieng dffdc the hien qua phudng phap hge tap, giang day va danh gia Ve phudng phap hgc, ngffdi hgc can phat trien khai niem thdng qua hdp tac, chii dgng xay dutig cae khai niem, chu ddng tim kiem cd hdi de tff danh gia, lam chii nhiem vy dffi^e giao, nhan dien van de yeu kem c^n giai quyet, thao luan va danh gia, chia se nhiem vu vdi ngffdi khac Ve phffdng phap giang day, ngffdi day