TRifiT HOC, SO 10 (317), THANG 10 - 2017 MdT s6 VAN DI: TRONG NGHIAN CUD LICH sur TU TiroTNG TRlIlT HOC Vl|T NAM Trdn Thj Thuy Nggc' ' Th^c sT, Vi^n Triit hpc, Vi?n Hin lim Khoa hpc xi hgi Vi^t Nam Email: ttngoc@msn.com Nh|n ngiy thing nim 2017 Ch^p nhgn ding ngiy 30 thing nim 2017 T6m tat: Bdi viit ehi nhung tyu da d^t duge ttong nghien curu lich su tu tudng Vift Nam, dong thdi chi nhiing khiim khuyet, khodng ttlng can phdi tiep tye nghien eflu, bl sung Cy thi vl cdc vdn de, nhu khung Iy thuyet, hf quy chieu, doi tugng ph^m vi nghiSn cuu, vdn de nghien eflu, vdi myc dieh phac thao mft bflc ttanh tuang dli ddy dfl va chi tiet vl Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam tten tinh thdn khach quan, ding thdi xde dinh rd logic v^n dpng cfla Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Cong vifc ndy can phai dugc tiep t^c tiin hdnh mft cdeh het sflc can ban nhdm cung cap nhihig l u ^ cfl cd gia tti, gdp phan giQ gin truyen thing va phdt ttiln tu ly lu^n Vift Nam ttong boi canh mdi Ti^ khda: Tu tudng triit hpc Vift Nam, van de ttong nghien eflu Neu nhin nhdn Vift Nam cd Hch su ttilt hpe vd ndn triet hgc cua rieng minh, ttd thdnh Idiudn khd gid tri tinh thdn va cdng cy 1^ luin cua dan tdc Viet Nam dd tiep tyc ton tai vd pliat triin thdi Mfn dyi, tM mft cdng cufc ngMen eflu dai hoi vl tich sfl tu tudng tridt hgc Vift Nam cho xflng tdm vdn dang d giai doan bude ddu Bdi le, mft ddn tfc gifl dugc ngdn ngfl cfla rieng mlnh, nhung nlu thilu di chidu sau cfla tu triit hgc tM cung tMdu hut tdm vdn hda tu Iy luln Tu tiilt hgc dugc xem nhu "m^eh nguon vd la kim cM nam cho mgi ho^t dfng cua ngudi Vift Nam, ddc bift Id hogit dfng nhan thuc gidi tMch thd gidi mft each dung ddn vd hoat dgng fliyc tien cdi t^o thd gidi mgt edch Mfu qua, suit tien trinh lich sfl dyng nude va giii nude cfla dan tfc Vift Nam" [2, tt.8] Tu tudng hay he tu tudng bao gid cung Id thdnh t l chfl dgo cua bdt ky mgt nen vdn hda ndo, thfm cM nd cflng phuong thfle sdn xudt td hai nhdn td co ban tao ndn difn mao cfla mft nin vdn hda, ttong dd tu tudng ddng vai ttd hat nhdn vdn hda KM ndi ve vai ttd cua tu Iy l u ^ , Ph.Angghen da viit: Mdt dan tde muon dflng vflng tten dmh cao cfla khoa hgc tM khdng thi khdng cd tu ly luin Song, theo dng, d bdt cfl thdi dai ndo, bat cfl dan tfc nao cung nhu bdt cfl ca nMin nao, tu 1^ ludn cung cM Id ndng lyc bdm smh, hay cdn ggi Id "ddc tmh bdm sinh" [I, tt.487] Muln cho "d§c tinh bdm smh" dy chuyin 65 MOT SO VAN Dfi TRONG NGHIEN ClTU H C H SllT tu Iy tu|in thyc su, tM "khdng cd mdt cdeh ndo khac ban Id ngMdn eflu todn bf tiilt hgc thdi tiudc" [I, tt.487] Trong bai viit ndy, tac gia cM nhftng thdnh tyu dd dat dugc ttong ngMdn eflu lich sfl tu tudng Vift Nam tfl trude din vd nhflng kMlm khuylt, nhung khoang ti^ng edn duge tiip tyc ngMdn cttu, bd sung, nhu khung Iy thuylt, hf quy CMIU ngMdn curu, dli tugng pham vi ngMdn eflu, ldm rd cdc cdeh tidp can ngMdn efl:u (ngMdn cflai nfi dimg, ngMdn cflru ddc diem tu tudng, ngMdn eflu so sdnh, ngMen cttu y nghia gid tri, ), vdi myc dich phdc thdo mft bflc ttanh tuong dli ddy dfl vd chi tiet ve tjch sfl tu tudng Vidt Nam trdn tinh thdn khach quan, ddng thdi cd gang xde dinh rd logic v|n dpng cMnh ylu ttong ddng lich su Dl nMdn, vifc cM nhung diem bat c|p, ehua ddy dfl ttong ngMdn cttu ndy vin edn Id so khdi, tac gia khdng cd tham vgng dua mft khung nghidn cttu hodn cMnh dn dinh cho cdng tdc nghidn eflu Uch sfl tu tudng triet hgc Vift Nam, ma mdi cM dung lgi d vifc ndu nhiiiig y tudng, kinh ngMfm tfl thyc tien cdng tdc ngMen euu cfla mmh vdi hy vgng gdp thdm y kiln cho hudng ngMdn cttu rdt quan ttgng Nhthig cdng trinh nghiSn cuu ljch su' t u tudng/tir ttrdng triet hgc Vift Nam -Thiknhtyuvdbatc^p Cd 15, cdng trinh ddu tidn ngMdn cflru tuong dli cd hf thdng vl tu tudng Vift Nam la bf sach Ljch sa tu tudng Vi^t Nam cfla Nguyen Ddng Thyc Day Id bg sdeh bien s o ^ rat cdng phu vdi nguin tu lifu dugc tac gid khai thac ea tix tilng Trung, tilng Anh, tilng Phdp Bg sach gom typ**^ 66 Tdc gid bf sdeh da cd y thfle phan biet ro tu tudng binh dan vdi tu tudng bde hpc vd sy phdt triin cfla cae tu tudng dd theo tien trinh tich su ddn tdc d ddy, dng dd bdm sat tien trinh lich su qua ede trieu dai vd eac nha tu tudng tidu bidu cho cdc triiu dai dd Khi bdn din tu tudng binh ddn, Nguyen Ddng Thyc dd khai thdc kha trift dl hf thdng thdn thoyi, tin nguong, kho tdng tue ngft, ea dao, f thfle vd flng xfl cpng ding Iang xa, mdt so tdn giao dd dugc ddn gian hda, nhu Phat gido vd Dao gido, cd chfla dyng tam thfle va y thfle binh ddn ndy Ludn cd su tuong tde gifta f thfle binh dan vdi tu tudng bac hgc, nhung theo tdc gia, tu tudng Viet Nam d ddng thugng tang Id tu tudng Tam giao ddng nguyen, md nhdn vdt ed cdng vd till Men ddu tien la SI NMep vdi vai trd "Nam Giao hgc to" Tu tudng ndy da thdng tri tu tudng Vift Nam thdi phong kiln ty chfl, tidu bilu Id thdi Ly - Trdn Din thdi Ld, vdi sy dde tdn cfla Nho gido, md Nguyen Trdi la dai difn, da cham dflt giai doan Tam gido thdng tri hen f thfle thugng tang xd hgi, day nd vdn tdn t?i ttong ddi sdng tu tudng cfla tang Idp binh dan Tu tudng Nho gido dat den dinh cao thdi Ld vd sang thdi Trinh - Nguyin thi y thfle hf Nho gido ddn di vdo khiing hoang Tdc gid kit thfle bf sdeh d tu tudng ting hgp cfla Le Quy Ddn, flil k^ XVIII, ma khdng ban tidp tdi sy bidn dfng cfla tir '*' Tu tudng binh ddn Viit Nam (t4p 1); Tu twdn^ Ihdi Bdc thugc vd Dinh Le (the Vf II TCN din the ky X) (t$p 2); Tu tudng thdi ijS (t?p 3);Tu tudng thdi Trdn (tap 4); Thdi Ho (tgp 5); Ng^in Trdi vdi CUQC khiing hodng >5 thtic hi Le Nguyin (t$p 6); Tu Iudng tdng h(fp Li Qtr^ Ddn (t|p 7) TRAN THI THUY NGQC tiidng Vift Namtiidky XIX ddu till kf XX, ndm 80 - 90 cfla till k^ XX, da quan tdm tdi mft giai doyn giao thdi khd phflc tgp ngMen cttu lich sfl tu tudng Viet Nam lich sfl phdt tiiin cfla tu tudng Vift Nam Cdng trinh dau tidn dugc thyc Mfn la bf Sy kMdm khuydt cdng trinh cfla sdeh Lich sa tu tudng Viet Nam gdm tdp, Nguyin Ddng Thyc vd tu tudng Vift Nam dd xuat ban dugc tdp va tap Dl chudn till ky XIX vd XX da dugc Trdn Vdn Gidu bi tu lifu nhdm triin khai ngMen cuu lich bl simg mft each xudt sdc qua cdng trinh sfl tu tudng, bd sdeh Lich sa tu tudng Vi$t Sir phdt trien cua tu tudng Viet Nam tu thi Nam vdn tuyen da duge bidn soan tdp 1: Tw ky XIX den Cach mgng thdng Tdm gIm tudng Viit Nam tir ddu Cdng nguyin din t|p T|p ndi vd f thflrc he phong kiln, chfl eudi thdi Ly, xudt ban nam 2002 Cho tdi ylu ta f thfle Nho gido thdi thoai trao vd sy nay, cho dfl chua dugc xudt bdn ddy dfl, bf thdt bai ciia nd trude cdc nMf m vu lich sfl, sdeh Lieh su tu tudng Viet Nam cua Vien ttong dd nMdm vy quan trgng nhdt luc ndy Triet hgc van Id "sdeh gdi ddu giudng" cfla Id canh tan ddt nude nhdm chdng lai sy xdm nhung ngudi gidng day, hgc tdp, ngMdn eflu luge cfla ehu ngMa thyc ddn Phap Tap vl Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Ddng gdp cfla bg sdeh di vdo ngMen cuu sy Mnh ldn nhdt cfla bd sach la d cho, xuat phdt thdnh f thfle hf tu sdn dieu kien nude tfl quan didm cfla chu ngMa vdt bifn ta khdng cd giai cdp tu sdn ddn tfc vd sy bdt chflng vl lich sfl, tdp thd tac gid da cung cap lyc cfla nd trude nMfm vu Hch sfl, dd Id vai mft khung Iy thuyet vd lieh su tu tudng ttd Idnh dao tu tudng eho cude ddu tranh gidi Vift Nam, dd gidi quydt mft sl vdn phdng dan tgc Tap vdi ndi dung Id ehfl dl cdn elt, nhu Uch sfl tu tudng Viet Nam ngMa Mdc - Ldnin vd tu tudng Ho CM Id gi, nd can dugc tidp edn nd dudi gde Minh, gdn ehdt vdi sy ddi eiia giai cdp nao, sfl dung nhftng phuang ptiap ^ , vifc cdng nhan va Dai^ Cgng sdn Vift Nam, dd trinh bay vd phdn ky nd nhu the ndo ? Idnh dgo thdnh cdng cugc cdeh mgng gidi Cho tdi nay, t>d sach vdn dugc xem ta phdng ddn \QC vdi mdc thdng tgi vang df i td bf cdng cy ly tudn vua sdng td vfla hf thing Cach mang ttiang Tdm ndm 1945, Ichai sinh vl Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam nude Vift Nam Ddn chu Cgng hda D$c bift, Bf sdeh cfla Doan Chinh vditidudl Lieh tdc gid nhdn mgnh, sy ket hgp gifta chfl su triet hgc phuang Ddng la gido trinh ddnh ngMa Mac - I^dnin va tu tudng Ho CM Mmh cho gidng day, vdy, cac kidn thfle dugc Id nguydn nhan quan tigng dua din thdng Igi dl cgp thudng mang tmh cl dinh va md td cfla cdeh mang Vift Nam Tinh ggi md, dan ddt, khai sdng van chua Cd till ndi, vdi hai cdng trinh ldn neu thi vugt dugc cdc eudn sdeh tmdc dd ttong trdn, cdc tac gid dd cd nhung ddng gdp quan ITnh vyc ngMdn eflu CMnh vi the, mft ttgng, td cay xdi len nhftng vat ddt ddu cuin sdeh Ijch sfl tu tudng triet hgc Vift tien ttong tmh vyc ngMen cflru Hch sfl tu Nam viia vung vang vl phuoi^ phdp tuan, khung ty thuyet, viia ddy du, todn difn vl tudi^ Vift Nam Vifn Tridt hgc thu^ Vifn Hdn tam nfi dimg van cdn chd cac thi hf ngMdn eflu Khoa hgc xd hfi Vift Nam, tfl nhftng disau 67 MOT SO VAN DE TRONG N G H I £ N CUXJ LJCH SU" Tiip din, ttong euon sdeh Khdi luge Lieh sa tu tudng triit hgc Viit Nam (PGS, TS Nguyen Tai Ddng ehfl bidn, Nxb Dgi hgc Su phgm, 2015), cdc nfi dimg lien quan din tu tudng tiilt hge qua cae thdi ky, giai dogn cM mdi dugc cae tdc gid trinh bay mft cdeh khdi quat, ehua tgp trung phdn tich sau vdo tinh chdt, dgc trung cfla tu tudng tiilt hgc Vift Nam qua cac khdi mfm, pham trix md cdc nhd tu tudng Viet Nam su dyng Vi?t triit ludn tgp cfla GS Trdn Van Dodn, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Dai Loan, la mgt cdeh ddt vdn dl, thi Mfn nhung suy tu vd ttdn ttd dli vdi vide ngMdn cun triet hgc Vift Nam Tde gid eudn sdeh khdng dinh, ngMen curu triit hgc chinh la ngMdn eflu bdn chat, Hnh hon cfla vdn hda Viet Nam, dl cho todt len dting dde trung, cdt each Vift thdng qua ngMen cuu, vfla khdng bi ngheo ndn hda, vua khdng tu ti thdi qua va cung khdng ty tdn thdi qua; ddng thdi nhan mgnh Vift Nam cd tridt hgc khdng d l sf, sdu vd chuydn bift nhu cae he thing tiilt hgc tren thd gidi Vd can Mlu ro, Mlu dflng vl minh ttong qua khfl bdng sy khdeh quan, thdu ddo mdi ed thi tim dugc phuang phdp luin flng phd vdi cdc khd khan cua cMnh minh ttong thdi Mfn dgi Qua cdc cdng trinh ngMdn cttu neu tten, cd till thdy, nhung ngMdn curu da cd vl Hch su tu tudng/ tu tudng triit hgc Viet Nam nlu dam bdo ti'nh hf thing thi lgi chua chuydn sdu; ngugc lai, nlu dam bdo phan tfeh sau tM lai thilu df bao qudt, hf thong Hoac phan ngMen eflu tit vl nguydn tdc, phuang phap Man ttong triin khai nhung lai chua dugc vdn dyng trift dl vd Mfu qua ttong nghien cuu dh cd duge nhimg edng trinh quy md vd bai ban 68 Khung Iy thuylt va phmmg phdp nghidn cihi Phuang phdp Iidn quan tdi ehdt lugng cfla ndi dung trinh bdy, cd phuong phdp khoa hgc vd thich hgp thi se 1ft td duge dflng ngi dung, ngugc Igi, mft phuang phdp khdng tMch hgp se tam ngheo ndn vd sai lac ndi dung Sau ddy, chflng tdi xin diem qua mft sd each tidp can vd phuong phdp nghiSn cflru duge ede cdng trinh nghidn cuu tu tudng Viet Nam sfl dyng Kim Dinh xuat phat tu huyen sfl dd quy cac thdnh tyu cfla triit hgc vd vdn minh Trung Hoa deu ngudi Viet sang tao (ma dng ggi la Viem tfc) Cfl tgm chdp nhan cac dinh Iy cfla dng vd nguon goc vinh quang cfla tgc Vift ve m | t tri tuf, tiii dudng nhu nd van khdng Iy giai dugc sy tMdu y thuc phdt trien he thdng tridt thuyet chinh minh sang tao cfla ngudi Vift de dua no trd nhftng ddng phdi tu tudng triit hge cMnh thfle ed sflc dnh hudng, nhu Thiin hge, Dao hge, l.f hgc, Hudn ho hpc, Kinh hge, Thye hgc, nhihig thfl la thdnh qud cfla Hoa tfc va da ngy tri y thfle he cfla ngudi Hoa hon 2000 ndm Cho du di theo hudng truy nguydn ngudn cdi nhu Kim Dinh, ngudi Vift dfl cd Id ehfl nhdn cua Ha dd, Lac fliu, Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu Kinh Li, Kinh Dieh, Vift Nho, v.v tM eiing tucmg tir nhu Phdt giao, nhftng tridt thuyet chi thyc sy phat triin kM dugc hdp thy, tiep nh|n, truyin ba va hodn thien bdn ngoai tfc ngudi da san sinh chung Nhung nghifin eflu cfla Kim Dinh bj thue day bdi chii ngMa ddn tf e ndn cac nh|n dinh ttong Triet ly edi dinh, Vi$t ly td nguyen, Ca edu Vi?t Nho chua dung nhiiu suy ludn chu quan, suy dien Mac dfl vay, sy nMft thdnh cua TRAN THI THUY NGQC dng da eung edp cho cac the hf ngMdn eflu sau mgt lugng kiln thfle phong phfl eua ed tiilt Ddng Ian triit Tdy Trong eudn Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, Nguyen Ddng Thyc khdng djnh, "chflng tdi viet ve tu tudng Vift Nam, ngMa la chflng tdi khdng cdt dflt hdn tinh cam vdi ly tri, thdn thoai vdi triit hgc" [8, tt.32] va "phep trinh bdy tu tudng theo ngy ngdn khdng hgp hf thong triet hgc nhung gidu y ngMa hon eho ddc gid vd it xuydn tac sy that" [8, tt.34] Nhu v|y, theo Nguyen Dang Thye, tridt hgc thugc ve Iy tri ngudi, cdn tu tudng cd the nam d vi tri trung gian giiia tinh cdm vd Iy tri Vdi von kien thfle phong phfl va kha nang xfl Iy ede tdi lifu tidng Trung, Phap, Anh, hgc gid Nguyin Ddng Thyc da eung cdp mdt ngudn tu Iidu ddi ddo eho nhihig cd nhu cdu ngMdn cuu ve tu tudng Viet Nam Tuy nMdn, bg sach cfla dng van chua phdi Id hodn chinh vd kdt cau ldn bao phii, doi tugng ngMdn eflu chua ro rang, thdm cM tinh hf thdng cimg chua dugc dam bao Tuy nMdn, mgt dilm ddng gM nh|n khdc Id Nguyen Ddng Thyc da y fliflc ro minh tridt ddn gian, phdn tieh tu cfla ngudi Vift bhih ddn qua thdn thogi, ed tich GS Trdn Vdn Dodn dflng phuang phap ddt tiilt Vift ttong m i i tucmg quan vdi cac Mnh thai y thfle xd hgi khde, nhu van hda, khoa hgc, tdn gido, lich sfl vdi cdc tMh chdt ly tudn khdc, nhu ehan 1^, tri thfle, each mang, v.v de khoanh vung va dinh ranh gidi cho triit hgc Vift Nam Phuong phdp ngMen cttu Iidn ngdnh, so sdnh ddi cMdu dugc dng dde bift coi ttgng, vi tu tudng triit hgc Vift Nam gdn tuong doi chgt vd lan vdo cac Mnh thdi f thfle xa hdi khac Qua Viit triit lugn tgp, toan bf khung ngMen eflu dd duge tac gid cM rS, tfl xde dinh doi tugng, pham vi vd myc dieh nghien cuu den phan tich dac tnmg, tinh chdt cfla doi tugng nghidn eflu Ding thdi, dng chi rdng, triet hge Viet Nam khdng phdi la thfl triit hgc ndng v l tu bidn thudn ly tinh, ma nd vfla bi quy dinh vfla chfla dyng mft "thi sinh"'*' cfla ngudi Vift Mft Vi dy tidu bieu Id tac gid dd dp dyng khung ly thuylt ndy dl phdn tich Truyin Kiiu nhdm lam ro quan mem triet hgc cfla Nguyen Du - dgi difn tieu bieu cho tinh hoa van hda Vidt Nam thd ky XDC Cuin Lich sa tu tirdng Viet Nam, t|p I cfla GS,TS Nguyen Tdi Thu till Mfn ro nhdt khung Iy thuylt va cdeh ngMen eflu tu tudng Vift Nam Vd ddi tugng ngMdn cflru, eudn sach cho rdng, lich sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Id "Uch sfl tu tudng triit hgc va nhung tu tudng ed quan hp mat tiiilt vdi tu tudng tiilt hgc" [9, tt.I3], trinh bay tu tudng phdi "xoay quanh cdc vdn dd triet hge, he thdng triet hge" Triet hgc Vift Nam ehua phat tridn day du, chua hodn cMnh, chua trd thdnh mft hf thing vung ehdc, nhung nd rat quan ttgng Phuang phdp quan ttgng ngMdn eflu tu tudng Viet Nam la phuang phdp phdn tieh chfl khdng phdi so sanh hay truy nguydn vl nguin gic tu tudng, hode tim ddn tfc ndo sd hftu cac tyu phdt minh triet hpc nhu Kim Dinh da Iam Phuong phdp trinh bdy sy phdt triin cfla tu tudng cdn phdi phfl hgp vdi quy ludt tac ddng qua lai gifta tin tgi vd y thfle, quy lu|t phdt triin cua bdn than tu tudng Mye tieu ngMdn euu Id dl "thdy tu dan tgc phai van dgng nhu the ndo ttong '*' Cich sinh tin cOa ngu6i Vift di hun diic ngn tim tir, tinh cim, tim 1^, vin h6a cfia minh, cung c6 thi hiiu li ddi sing xi hfi cua ngu&i Vift 69 MOT SO V A N D E T R O N G NGHlfeN CUU LICH StT moi thdi ky tich sfl dl tiin ldn mdt giai doan caohon"[9,tt.30] Phdn \if ngMdn eflu eung Id mgt vdn dl mang ti'nh phuong phap Iu|n quan trgng Cudn sdeh Ididng dinh, vifc plian ky theo Mnh thdi kinh t l - xa hfi Id dflng phuong phap Iudn vdt bidn chflng ban cd, nMdn, ttong dilu kidn lich sfl cu thd cua Vift Nam, sy chuydn dli gifta ede hinh thai kinh td - xa hgi ta mdt qua trinh Uch su Idu ddi vd bdo luu nMlu dau vlt cfla ede Mnh thai kmh tl - xa hfi trude ttong cdc Mnh thdi kinh t l - xd hfi sau, khdng xudt Men each mgng xa hfi, ndn sy phdn ky Uch sfl tu tudng kit hgp ede moc su kifn cMnh tri - xa hfi ldn lich sfl vdi ede mde Mnh thai kinh td - xd hfi Id phfl hgp ban cd dl: T U tudng tiilt hgc ty nMen, tu tudng tiilt hge cMnh trj-xd hfi, tu tudng triit hpc nhdn sinh Bdi 16, edch phan cMa ndy tuong tMch vdi muc dich cfla tu triet hge cfla ngudi Vift, tu nhdm mye dieh thyc tl, thyc dyng, khdng chfl ttgng chuydn sdu vao tu tu bidn thudn tfly, xa cdeh vdi eac muc tieu thye dyng Nhu vdy, bf cdng cy dl bdc tach, m l xe tu tudng Vift Nam theo quan mdm vdt bidn chflng ve tich su dd duge xac dinh tuong doi ro Cdng vifc edn Idm Id sfl dyng cdng eu dd va vdn dyng nd nhu thi ndo de nghien cttu cdc vdn dl cfla tu tudng Vift Nam mdt cdeh dflng ddn vd Mfu qud Boi tugng, ngi dung nghien cfln GS Trdn Van Dodn ed edch tidp c|n tiilt v l khung ngMen eflu, cudn sach da hgc tfl gdc gid tri va sy phdn bift vdi van cM rdng, triet hgc la mdt bg ph|n cua kidn hda "Nhu ehung tdi dd nhae so qua, triet tiTic thugng tdng, xdt din cflng bi quy dinh hpe la cdi linh hdn, hay tinh thdn cua van bdi ddi sdng v|t chdt cfla xa hdi Nhihig hda Tuy nhien khdng phai bat eu ndn van mdm ming cfla tu tudng triit hgc phdn dnh hda ndo ciing ed mft nen tridt hgc ddng gpi tiid gidi quan vd nhdn sinh quan cfla eon Id triet hgc Vgy ta ed thi ndi (theo kidu ngudi, ding nhdt vd gdn kit vdi cdc hinh ehoi chfl) Id mgi ndn van hda diu cd triit thai y thurc xd hfi khde (nghf thu|t, tdn giao, ly Tuy theo Mfu qua (tdt ylu) vd mflc df dao due, cMnh tri, khoa hge, ) KM trinh dnh hudng (phi biln), md chflng ta cd the df van minh cdng phat ttiln tM tridt hgc xung nen triit 1^ ndy Id triit if sing, minh cung phat trien theo, ngdy eang tdeh bift khdi cdc Mnh thdi f thfle xd hgi khdc vd ttd triet hay triet hge Nlu triet ly Id mft ldi suy thdnh mdt Mnh thai y thfle xd hfi dgc lap vd tu, mft y thfle hf can co, mdt phuang th6 dge tiifl Viet Nam, Mnh thai f tiiflc xd hfi cho cufc sdng ehi cfla mft ca nhan, mft tiilt hpc cd dgc tiimg gdn kit eh^t chd vdi tfc, mft xd hgi hay mdt quic gia, tM triit cdc Mnh thdi y tfiuc xa hfi khde, bdi till, tinh hgc la mdt mon hgc cd he thdng vi ede nin df c lap cua nd dli vdi cdu true kuih t l - triit ly ndy, vd cd tham vgng tim nguyin chinh tri - x5 hgi cdn tuong dli md nhgt ly chung cfla chflng dl dp dyng cho tdt cd Ddy eung Id ddc trung dl nhan kM so sanh mgi ngudi d mgi thdi dgi Nhu v|y, ta e6 thi ndi, chi nin tiilt 1^ nao cd thi giflp ddn nd vdi cdc nen tiidt hgc khdc tgc, xd hgi, quic gia sinh tdn, lien ket, phdt Cuon sach cung ggi y mgt hf quy CMIU triin mdi ddng duge ggi ikminh triet, vd phfl hgp nhdt kM bdc tach cdc tu tudng tiilt cM cd nin tiilt if ndo vugt khdi gidi hgn hgc Vift Nam, la phdn theo mang vdn 70 TRAN THI THUY NGQC cfla khdng gian, tfc tinh, thdi gian (lich sfl) Vgy, doi tugng ngMen cuu duge thi vd dam bao cho mft nen tri thfle chdn thdt Mfn d nhftng nfi dung nao vd nhftng nfi (khoa hgc), cung nhu ludn phat sinh cflng dung ndo chua dugc dd cap mft cdeh thau Mfu qua cho tdt ed mgi dli tugng, ndn tridt ddo ede ngMdn eflu dd ed? day, chiing tdi khdng dl cap tdi nhung nfi dung ly mdi ddng ggi Id triit hgc" [7,105] NIU GS Tran Vdn Dodn cho rdng, d ngMdn eflu dd dugc di sdu vd tuong doi Vift Nam mdi ehi ed triit ly vd minh tridt quen thufc, md cM nhdc tdi nhihig nfi dimg chfl chua cd triit hgc (vdi f ngMa Id mdt hf ngMdn eflu se lam ndn edi mdi vifc thdng), tM GS,TS Nguyin Tdi Thu ggi ngMen cfln Uch sfl tu tudng triit hgc Vift Id "tu tudng tridt hgc": "Ljch sfl tu tudng Nam, dd Id: Thu nhdt, sde thdi TMen tdng Phdt gido Viet Nam khdng phai Id Ijeh su tu tudng ndi chung, cung khdng phdi ta tich sfl cfla giai dogn Ly - Trdn so vdi cdc ddng TMdn Trung Hoa, An Do nhu thd ndo? Vide hgp cdc tu tudng hf f thurc, ma co bdn la lich sfl tu tudng triit hgc va nhftng tu tudng nhdt ddng TMin: Ddng TMin Ty-m-daed quan hf m|t tMet vdi tu tudng triit hge luu-chi tfl An Df sang, ddng Vd Ngdn Vidt Nam ttong Ijch sfl, triit hge khdng Thdng tfl Trung Hoa sang, Thdo Dudng cd phdt triin, nhung d3 cd tu tudng tiilt hgc tfl ddi L^ - thdnh nhdt tdng Trfle Ldm sao? Nhin nli|n nhu thd ndo ve sy mai mft ciia minh Tu tudng edn dugc xem xet, nhanh chdng cfla TMen phai Tnic Lam qua hf thing hda vd trinh bay theo sy phdt triin vi tl truyin thfla? C6 vdn dl gi vl ni§t hi cua lich su" "doi tugng ngMdn eflu thich tudngttongmft hf phai Iudn dugc ty tide td hgp cd thd la cdc vdn dl sau: Tien tridt hgc, ddng TMen ddu tidn thufc vd ddn tfc Vift tu tudng triit hgc, triet hgc, nhihig tu tudng Nam? Ph|t giao Tnie Ldm thudng dugc chinh tri - xd hgi gdn bd hftu co vdi triet nhdc tdi nhu bidu Men thinh tri cfla Ph|t hpe, ngMa la nhiing npi dung xoay quanh gido Vift Nam, Id tyu cfla Phgt gido cdi trif.c triit hgc vd thi hi$n len cdc mureddi Tran Song, tu lifu da bi mdt mdt dg phdt triin ciia triit hgc" [9,tt.I3] ndn cdc ngMdn cuu ve cdc ddng tu, cdc hf Cach xac dinh dli tugng ngMdn cttu cfla phdi, phuong thfle tu t|p, cdc sdc thdi khdc GS Trdn Vdn Dodn mang tinh nguydn tdc bift cfla nMeu ddng TMen khdng c6 nhieu phuang phdp luan, cdn cdeh dinh nghia cfla M§c du v|y, day van la vdn dh quan trgng GS, TS Nguyin Tdi Thu vfla ddm bao ti'nh can duge ngMdn eflu sdu, bdi kM tiin hdnh nguydn ly, vfla cd khd ndngflngdyng ttong ngMdn curu so sdnh, chinh cdc hgc gid nude ttiln khai nghien eflu Dli tugng ngMdn ngodi lai nh|n nMeu diem khdc bift cfla curu la "nhung nfi dung ngMen cuu xoay ldi tu tgp Thiin hanh cfla cac tdng sT Vift quanh cac trye triit hge vd thi Mfn cac mflc Nam so vdi cdeh tu tdp gdc Do cdc ddng TMin Ty-m-da-luu-cM, Vd Ngdn Thdng, df phdt tridn cfla triit hgc", v|y tM "triit I^, Thdo Dudng, v.v dugc truyin bd vdo nude minh triit, hf thing triit ty, triit hge" Vift ta qua dudng Trung Hoa, An Df, ndn Nam theo cdeh GS Trdn Vdn Dodn ggi diu vifc t)o tflc kiln thuB Phdt hgc vd ddo tgo thufc vdo dli tugng ngMen eflu cfla lich su cac chuydn gia ngMdn cuu vl tjch sfl Phgt tu tudng tiilt hgc Vift Nam MOT SO V A N D E TRONG NGHIEN CUtJ LICH SU" gido Vift Nam Id vifc ldm cap bdeh Cd the ndi, cho ddn nay, ngodi hai cuon sdeh Lieh sa Phgt gido Viit Nam GS,TS Nguyen Tai Thu bidn soan vd Vi0t Nam Phdt gido sa ludn cfla Nguyen Lang, hau nhu chua cd mdt tdc phdm chuydn khdo gia tii ndo di sau hon nfta vl ljch sfl Phgt gido Viet Nam Mft van de dgt nfta la, ddng Thien Trfle Ldm vin dugc cdc hge gid hit ldi nggi khen, dd thilt l|p dugc mft ddng Ph|t giao Vift Nam thdng nhdt (Phdt gjao nhat tdng), eiing nhu Gido hfi Phdt giao Vift Nam thdng nhdt ddu tidn ttong ljch sfl, bdi mdt nhan v|t vfla Id quan vuong vfla Id gido chfl, song lgi chi t i n tai ttong mdt thdi gian qud ngdn ngfli (sau ddi truyen thfla Phap Loa, Huyen Quang) Phdi chang nguydn nhdn co ban cMnh la sy budng long ve gidi lugt va td chflc tu t|p? Nhung vdn dd tten ddu dang chd cac the he nghien cuu di sau tid Idi Tha hai, tu tudng cfla cae nhan v|t nho si ttong giai doan bidn logn, nhung tap dodn nho sT ma tde gia bai vllt tam ggi Id "tiidi bien" khd tidu bilu cho Idi tu va lya chgn gid tri linh hoat, thyc t l cfla ngudi Vift Nguyen Binh Khiem, Ngd TM Nham, Phan Huy Ich, v.v la nhung dn s6 vl tu cMnh tri Chinh vi vdy, nghien cuu nhdm if gidi thau ddo hon tu tudng cfla nhftng nhdn v|t mang tinh thdi dai ndy Id cdn tMdt, vi thdng qua dd sS thdy dugc tinh chdt dde ddo tiong edch suy tu triit hgc vd lya chgn xfl the cfla ngudi Vift ttong mdt sd hoan canh ddc thfl Thu ba, nghien cflru so sdnh: Trude cdc thfl thdch lich sfl, Vift Nam thidu nhung nhdn td gi vd mat tu tudng so vdi Nh|t Bdn vdi tu each nguydn nhan ddn din thdt bgi ttong sy ngMfp cat each, tdn? 72 Tha tu, cdn nghidn eflu ldm ro vdn de Tam gido tu tudng cfla cae nha nho Vift Nam, dde bidt Id nhftng nhd nho loi Igc chiu dnh hudng sdu sac cfla cfla Khdng, sdn Trinh, nhu Nguyen Trdi, Le Thanh Tdng, Ld Quy Ddn, v.v Tha ndm, ngMdn eflu dudi gdc df tiip cdn lidn ngdnh van de "ydu nude", quan niem "nude" cfla ngudi Viet; mdi quan he gifta "lang" vdi "nude"; anh hudng cfla sy ty trj tuong ddi cfla "ldng" va tinh khu biet gifta cac lang vdi tinh thdn cfng ding din dde tnmg ydu nude cua ngudi Viet, v.v Thu sdu, can trd ldi cho mft logt cdu hdi, nhu van de sd him ddt dai lich su dd cdu tiiic ndn mgt tam 1^, y thfle ddt vd nude cfla ngudi Vift sao? Vai ttd cfla phuong thfle san xudt chau A tae dgng nhu till ndo den muc df va sy phat tridn tu triit hgc Vift Nam? Nd quy dinh din ddcti-ung,tinh chdt cfla tu tudng triit hgc Vift Nam? Thu bdy, tu ttilt hgc dan gian Viet Nam ttong cdc ngMdn eflu dd ed, d mft chimg myc nao dd, bi ddng nhat vdi tu cua ngudi Viet ed thdng qua thdn thogi, cd tich Nhung, cdc Ioai hinh khdc, nhu ca dao, hd ve, tyc ngft, dan ca, v.v diu Id nhung sdn pham truyen khdu, khd xde dinh nien dai Hifn nay, chflng ta cM cd thi khdng dinh rang, tinh chat cfla nd Id tinh chdt binh dan, ddi song cfla nd thugc ve tang Idp binh ddn, ddu rdng nhflng ngudi sdng tdc n6 ed thd la tinh hoa ttong tdng Idp tri thfle nhung khuydt danh Thdng qua ca dao, thdnh ngft, tue ngft kho tang tri tud cfla dng cha Viet Nam de lai, each tu tfly theo hodn canh ("d bau thi ttdn, d Ing thi dai"), tinh thdn yeu thuong diim hgc lan ("bdu oi thuoi^ lay bi cflng", "la lanh la rdeh"), tridt ly ddi TRAN THI THUY NGOC song vd thudng ("sdng gfli thde vd"), ede quan mdm thd Mfn tridt I^ Imh hoat mang tinh ehat cM dan nhdn sinh, hay cd thih phd phdn, canh tmh Idi sdng xu thdi ninh thi ("thdy ngudi sang bdt quang Idm hg", "tdt nude theo mua", *'mugn gid be mdng", **theo ddm dn tdn" v.v.) vdn cdn luu gift va in dam sflc dnh hudng ddi sdng van hda Viet Nam Nguyen Ddng Thyc da y thfle rd mdng vdn de nay, nhung vdi ldi trinh bay ngy ngon tM ti'nh ehdt he thing vd mat triit ly qua ca dao, tyc ngft se tMdu sy dam bdo va hdu nhu mdi la sy phac thdo eho mdng nghidn eflu cdn rat tiem ndng Kim Dinh dd quan tam ddn mdng ndy qua Triit ly cdi dinh, song thuc chdt, dng mdi cM "cdm" thdy c6 mgt tinh thdn tiilt hgc nam ca dao, hd ve, tyc ngft, le ldi sinh hogt tu cfla ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam, md thilu di mft phuong phdp lugn, mft khung ly thuylt de cdt ngMa cho thdu tiift thfl tu triet hgc la nhu thd nao va sflc anh hudng cfla nd tdi vdn hda va tinh than yeu nude cua Vift Nam Triit iy edi dinh ciing thien vd tdn van tridt hgc hon Id mgt cuon sach cd luan chflng ddy du, ehi tidt Dau vdy, thdng qua qua tiinh gianh vd gift dat nude, tu tridt hge cfla ngudi Vift vdn duge tiiflc ddy vd phdt tiidn, song, su phat tiiin ehfl ylu nhdm phyc vu myc dich gidi phdng dan tdc vd bdo ve Td quoc NgMdn eflu bdng cdeh nao, ngMdn eflu nhu tiid ndo, ngMdn eflu phyc vy djnh hudng gi, ddu tu lau ddi hay tap trung, v.v la mdt bai toan ldn va phflc tgp ddt eho gidi ngMen eflu quan tdm tdi tu tudng van hda Vift Nam Tdng quat lai, bdt cfl ngMen cuu ndo gidi quydt dugc trift dd mgt cac van de neu tren se deu ed ddng gdp mdi ngMdn cflru ljch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Ddy Id mft cdng vifc Idu ddi, khdng he don gidn vd can dugc dinh hudng ddu tu ngMem tflc mdi cd the dgt duge nhflng qua thyc sy Tdi tidu tham tchao [1] C.Mic v i Ph.Angghen (1994), Todn tgp, t.20, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia H i Npi, [2] Doin Chinh (chu bien) (2013), Lich su tu tudng triit hgc Viit Nam - TCr thdi ky difng nude din dau thikyXX, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gja, HiN§i [3] Nguyen Trpng ChuSn (chii bien, 2006), Lfch su tu tudng triet hoc Viet Nam, 1.1, Nxb Khoa hpc Xihfi Ket tuan GSjTS Nguyen Trgng Chuan da nhan xet rdt xac dang vl tinh ttgng cfla tu tudng triet hge Vidt Nam: "Ong cha ta da phdi mdt qua nMeu thdi gian, sure lyc, tri tue de gianh lai va gift dgc lap cho dat nude; nhftng gi tot nhat ciing deu phdi ddnh cho cae cuf e cMen tranh gidi phdng dan tfc vd bao vf T I quic; khoa hgc, ky thuat dugc ddu tu qud it nen phdt triin rdt k6m, rat tac hgu; khdng cd sy phan cdng lao dfng trift dd, khdng hinh mgt dfi ngu chuydn vd lao ddng tri dc dd n ^ d n cfln nhftng vdn dd trim tugng" [3, tt.23] [4] Kim Djnh (2016), Triit Iy cdi dinh, Nxb H§i nhi vin [5] Kim Djnh (2016), Ca cdu Viit Nho, Nxb HOi nhi vin [6] Kim Djnh (2015), Viii ly td nguyen, Nxb Hfi nhi v3n [7] T r k van Doin (2000), Viit triit lugn tgp, Thupng T|ip, Washington D.C: Vietnam University Press [8] Nguyen Ding Thyc (1998), Lich su tu tudng Viit Nam, X Nxb Tp Ho Chi Minh [9] Nguyen Tii Thu (cha faiSn 1993), Ljch su tu tudng ViitNam, t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc xS hOi 73 ... tudng tiilt hgc Vift Nam MOT SO V A N D E TRONG NGHIEN CUtJ LICH SU" gido Vift Nam Id vifc ldm cap bdeh Cd the ndi, cho ddn nay, ngodi hai cuon sdeh Lieh sa Phgt gido Viit Nam GS,TS Nguyen Tai... tudng Viet Nam d ddng thugng tang Id tu tudng Tam giao ddng nguyen, md nhdn vdt ed cdng vd till Men ddu tien la SI NMep vdi vai trd "Nam Giao hgc to" Tu tudng ndy da thdng tri tu tudng Vift Nam thdi... Namtiidky XIX ddu till kf XX, ndm 80 - 90 cfla till k^ XX, da quan tdm tdi mft giai doyn giao thdi khd phflc tgp ngMen cttu lich sfl tu tudng Viet Nam lich sfl phdt tiiin cfla tu tudng Vift Nam