NGHIEN cCrU LY LUAN VA THl/C TIEN MOT SO VAN DE CAN NGHIEN CUU VE c a CAU XA HOI VA PHAN TANG XA HOI QT NUfOTC TA • • TRONG DIEU KIEN HIEN NAY GS, TS LE HUU NGHIA Uy vien Trung uong Dang Giam ddc Hgc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh qudc gia H6 Chi Minh D udi su lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, cdng cudc ddi mdi todn dien dat nudc han hai thap ky qua (ttr nam 1986 den nay) da tao nhtrng bien ddi mdi ve ca cau xa hgi, dua dat nudc tung budc tien tdi muc tieu dan giau, nudc manh, xa hgi cdng bang, dan chu, van minh Tuy nhien, cting vdi cdng viec nang eao mtrc sdng chung cua ca xa hgi va giam nhanh ty le ngheo ddi thi khoang cdch gidu ngheo cung tang dan tren pham vi toan xa hdi Cting vdi su phdt trien chung eiia ddt nude, ca cau xa hgi vd phan tang xa hgi d nudc ta cung bien ddi vd mang nhieu dac diem, tinh chat mdi can dugc nghien ciiu va kip thdi dinh hudng, dieu chinh cho phu hgp Cho den d Viet Nam da cd mgt sd cdng trinh nghien cuu ly luan vd thuc tien vl nhiing van de cua ca cau xa hdi vd phdn tdng xd hdi bdi canh cdng nghiep hod, hien dai hod ddt nudc Trong sd dd ndi bat nhdt Id nhung nghien ciai sau: LYLUAN CHlNH TRI 12-2010 - Nhiing cdng trinh nghien ciiu thuc nghiem sdm nhdt ve ca cau xa hdi vd phan tang xa hgi la de tai nghien ciiu da dugc cdng bd vdo dau nhiing ndm 1990 Cdc nghien ciiu ndy da xuat phat ttr quan diem cua chu nghTa Mdc - Lenin de nhan manh vai trd quyet dinh ciia phuong thiie san xudt vd trao ddi ddi vdi ca cdu xa hdi d Viet Nam Che cdng htru dd chu yeu Id sd hiiu nha nudc vd sd htru tap the da tao nen nen tang cho ca cau xa hdi gdm hai giai cap cdng nhan, ndng dan vd tang lap tri thiic - Cdng cudc ddi mdi kinh te da thiic day su bien ddi mdi ca cau xa hgi Tuong irng vdi nen kinh te nhieu thdnh phdn, ca cau xd hdi Viet Nam hien ed nhieu giai tdng xd hgi, nhieu nhdm xa hdi khdc ve nghe nghiep, thu nhap, chi tieu, hge vdn, miic sdng, ldi sdng Cho den da cd khdng it cdc de tdi nghien cun ve ca edu xa hdi, phdn tang xa hdi vd nhdt Id phdn hod 19 giau ngheo Trong sd dd cd the can phai ke tdi nhumg nghien ciiu rat sdm thdi ky dau ddi mdi: + Hgc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh da cd de tai ve nhiing van dl ly luan va phuang phdp luan tiep can ca edu xa hgi d Viet Nam thugc chuang trinh KX07-05 (Do Nguyen Phuang va cac ddng su: Co cdu xd hpi - nhimg quan diem vd phuang phdp lugn nghien cuu) xa hdi tren cac khia canh kinh tl, giao due, sue khoe cua cac nhdm ho gia dinh va cac nhdm dan cu Viet Nam (Tdng cue Thdng ke: Kit qud diiu tra mice sdng ddn cu 1992-1993, 1997-1998, 2002, 2004, 2006; Tdng cue Thdng ke - UNDP: Mice song thdi ky bung nd kinh ti Viet Nam; Ket qud dieu tra mice song hp gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2008) Mgt cdng trinh mdi dugc cdng bd ve ca + Vien Xa hdi hge trudc day da thuc cdu xa hdi Viet Nam (Dd Nguyen Phuang hien De tdi khdo sdt thuc trgng kinh te - xd Nguyen Xuan Kien: Co cdu xd hpi Viet hpi quan npi thdnh Hd Npi vao ndm 1992 Nam vd nhitng vdn de xd hpi bice xuc Cdng trinh nghien cun ndy da dp dung ly qud trinh doi mdi NXB Chinh tri qudc gia luan ve ca cau xa hgi vao viec phan tich Ha Ngi, 2010) da cho thay mdt sd thdng tin khdi niem "phan tang xa hdi" vd ludng vd ggi mgt sd van de can tiep tuc nghien su phdn tang xa hgi ve mat miic sdng Cac ciiu nhu sau: tdc gia cua nghien ctru ndy da xay dung Ve giai cdp cong nhdn Sd cdng nhan dugc mdt sd chi bao de ludng su phan true tiep lam viec cac ca sd sdn xudt hda giau ngheo ve miic sdng cua ngudi dan kinh doanh thugc cac phan kinh te Hd Ngi, dd ndi bat chi bao khdeh ude tinh khoang 4,53 trieu ngudi, quan la: dieu kien nha d, tien nghi sinh hoat, cd 57% nam va 43% nii, chilm 11,86% luc chi tieu, thu nhap Cuge khao sat sir lugng lao dgng cd nudc va 5,68% dan so dung mgt chi bdo chu quan Id "su tu ddnh So vdi nam 1995, sd lugng cdng nhan tang gia miic sdng" cua ngudi dan de danh gid 1,7 lan Thanh phan giai cap cdng nhan ve su phan tang xa hdi va khodng each giau mat nganh nghe nhu sau: cdng nhan cdng ngheo cua ngudi dan d Ha Ngi nghiep chiem 51%, thucmg mai - dich vu + Cudc dieu tra mirc sdng dan cu Viet Nam Tong cue Thdng ke thuc hien vdi su hd trg eua UNDP va cac chuyen gia qudc te lan dau vao nam 1992-1993 Day la mgt eugc dieu tra chgn mdu vdi quy md Idn tren pham vi todn qudc vd dugc thuc hien lan thu hai vdo nam 1997-1998 Tren ca sd dd Tdng cue Thdng ke tiep tuc tien hanh cudc dieu tra miic sdng hg gia dinh vdo ndm 2002, 2004, 2006 vd 2008 Kit qua cua cac cudc dieu tra ndy da cho thdy thuc trang phan hod gidu ngheo vd bat binh ddng 20 chiem 20%, giao thdng van tai - buu dien chiem 17% va ndng - lam - thuy san chiem 6% Theo phan kinh te: cdng nhan khu vue nha nudc la 1,85 trieu (chilm 40,8%), doanh nghiep cd vdn ddu tu nudc ngoai la 0,6 trieu (14,8%), doanh nghiep ngoai nha nudc: 1,4 trieu (30,9%), cac ca sd kinh doanh ca thi: 0,68 trieu (15%) Nhu vay, phdn giai cdp cdng nhan Viet Nam trd nen phong phii, da dang va phiic tap vdi su phdn hda gidu ngheo (cdng nhdn khu vue nhd nudc cd viec LY LUAN CHlNH TR! iTT^oTo lam dn dinh, nhung tiln cdng cd the thap han cdng nhan khu vyc cd von dau tu nudc ngoai, cdng nhan mgt sd nganh kinh t l xudt khdu cd thu nhap cao han cdng nhan nganh ndng nghiep) vi giai cdp nong ddn Trong ca cau lao ddng, ndng dan vin chiem ty le Idn, khoang 54% va 75% dan sd Viet Nam sinh sdng d ndng thdn Thanh phdn ddi ngii ndng dan cQng biln ddi theo hudng da dang hda: ndng dan hgp tac xa ndng nghiep chi chiem mgt ty le nhd be, cdn lai la ndng dan thugc khu vyc kinh te hg gia dinh va ndng dan lam viec cdc trang trai Mgt bd phan nong dan tiep tuc lam nghe chinh la ndng nghiep thuan ndng, mdt bg phan khae ket hgp ndng nghiep vdi phi ndng, mdt bd phan khdc niia lam phi ndng phuc vu ndng nghiep va sd cdn lai la nong dan di cu thdi vu hoac di cu tam thdi ve thi kiem viec lam Xu hudng bien ddi chung ciia giai cap ndng dan la se gidm dan ve sd lugng va ty le lue lugng lao dgng va tang dan ve tinh chat sdn xuat hdng hda vd tang chat lugng lao ddng theo hudng dp dung khoa hgc cdng nghe, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda Ve mat xa hdi, giai cap ndng dan Viet Nam cd su phan hda giau ngheo rd ret: mdt bg phan ndng dan trd nen gidu cd va mdt bd phan khae ngheo ddi Dieu dat van de bat binh dang xa hdi can dugc nghien ciiu ky ludng de cd bien phap phti hgp xda ddi giam ngheo, thuc hien cdng bang xa hgi qua trinh phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn d Viet Nam hien vi tdng lop tri thirc Dgi ngii tri thuc d Viet Nam dang phdt trien manh ca ve sd lugng va chdt lugng Trudc xu the khoa hgc cdng nghe trd thdnh luc lugng san xuat L t LUAN CHlNH TR! 12-2010 true tilp, ddi ngii tri thuc cac ca quan cua Nha nudc va cac td chtic phi chinh phti, cac doanh nghiep tu nhan va cac phSn kinh tl khae dang tich cue hoat ddng nghien ciiu va triln khai ung dung Tuy nhien, luc lugng tri thuc Viet Nam vdn tap trung ddng khu vue nha nudc va d phd Idn Trong ddi ngti tri thiic ciing cd su phan hda ve trinh va mirc sdng: mgt bg phan cd miic sdng cao va mdt bd phan cd miic sdng thap phai tham gia cac hoat dgng khdc ngoai khoa hgc de tang thu nhap Xu hudng chung d day la ddi ngii tri thiic se tiep tuc phdt trien manh ca ve sd lugng va trinh chuyen mdn, ddng thdi bien ddi ca each thiic hoat ddng cho phu hgp vdi ca che kinh te thi trudng Dieu dat van de Idn ddi vdi lanh dao, quan ly cho cd the vtra phat trien khoa hgc, vtra nang cao hieu qua iing dung thuc tien dap ung yeu cau cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt nudc Ve nhirng ngudi chit doanh nghiep tu nhdn Day la mdt bd phan cua ca cau giai tang xa hdi cua Viet Nam thdi ky ddi mdi kinh te nhieu phan Giai tang hinh mdt each tu nhien su tich tu vdn lieng, mgt bd phan cdn bd cdng chiic rdi bd kliu vue kinh te nha nudc lap doanh nghiep san xuat kinh doanh, mgt bd phan nhtrng ngudi Viet Nam ttr nudc ngoai trd ve mang theo vdn va ky thuat, cdng nghe lap doanh nghiep tu nhan, mgt bd phan xuat hien cd phan hda doanh nghiep nha nudc, huy ddng vdn ttr gia dinh, ca nhan de lap doanh nghiep Nhtrng nhd doanh nghiep cd ddng gdp quan trgng vd thilt thuc cho su phdt trien kinh te nhieu phdn, tao viec 21 1dm vd tang thu nhap cho ngudi lao ddng Ddi ngti doanh nhan hoat dgng khung khd phdp ludt (thi du Lugt Doanh nghiep) dang ddng gdp tich cue cho su nghiep ddi mdi kinh te va nang cao ndng luc canh tranh kinh te, dugc xa hgi thtra nhdn vd khuyen khich qua viec lay ngdy 13-10 hdng ndm Id ngdy Doanh nhdn Viet Nam Tuy nhien, ve ly ludn va thuc tien can phdi tiep tuc lam rd thdnh phan, ca cau, vi tri, vai trd va xu hudng bien ddi cua giai tang xa hdi d Viet Nam hien 40,3%, dd lao ddng cd chuyen mdn ky thuat nghi nghiep bdc cao chi chilm 4,4%, chuyen mdn ky thudt bac trung chilm 3,6% Ca cdu lao ddng theo loai hinh kinh tl cua Viet Nam chu yeu dua vdo "lao ddng cd thi vd hd sdn xudt kinh doanh ed thi" vdi ty le 80,1%, lao ddng khu vue tap thi chilm 0,3%, tu nhdn chilm 6,5%, khu vyc vdn ddu tu nudc ngodi 3,4% vd lao ddng khu vue nhd nudc Id 9,6% Mdt vdn dl Idn cua ca cau lao ddng Viet Nam la chat lugng thap: ve trinh hgc vdn, chi cd 25,6% tdng so lyc lugng lao ddng cd trinh tdt nghiep trung hgc phd thdng trd len; ve trinh chuyen mdn ky thuat: ty le ngudi lao ddng da qua ddo tao chuyen mdn ky thuat cdn rat thdp, chi chiem khoang 15% tdng sd lyc lugng lao ddng Ve nhieng ngudi tieu chii Day la giai tang duge coi Id de eiia nen san xuat hang hda nhd vdn cd d nudc ta trudc day vd hien dang phat trien kinh te ca the Id mdt cac phan kinh te dugc khuyen khich phat trien thdi ky qua Chua cd nhieu nghien ciiu chuyen sau tim hieu phan, ca cau, vi the, vai trd va xu Cung vdi cac nghien ciiu ca cau xa hgi hudng bien ddi giai tang tieu tu sdn d nudc giai cap la nhtrng nghien ciiu ca cau xa hgi ta giai doan hien Do dd, day ciing nghe nghiep, ca cau xa hdi - giai tang xa Id mdt vdn de can phdi dugc ddt de tap hdi va ca cau xa hgi theo cac ITnh vue nhu trung nghien ciiu nhdm cd chinh sdch dinh kinh te, van hda, gido due, y te vd tham gia hudng, dieu chinh cho phu hgp qudn ly xa hdi Mdt sd nghien eiiu theo Theo Tdng dieu tra dan sd nam 2009*'\ nhung hudng da phdt hien nhieu van sy chuyen dich ca cau lao ddng xa hgi dang de ly luan vd thuc tien can tiep tuc tim hieu dien manh me, thi du: ty le ngudi lao vd tdng ket, nit bai hgc kinh nghiem Thi ddng kliu vue ndng, lam, thuy san da du, nghien euu ca cau xa hdi - nghe nghiep gidm tu 69,4% ndm 1999 xudng cdn 53,9% da phdt hien hien tugng phan hda xa hgi ndm 2009; ty le lao ddng khu vue sdu sac ve nghe nghiep: mdt bd phdn xd hgi cdng nghiep vd xay dung tang ttr 14,9% len cd nghe nghiep dugc trd cdng rat cao va 20,3% vd lao dgng khu vue dich vu mdt sd nghe nghiep bi tra cdng thdp; mdt tang ttr 15,7% len 25,8% cting thdi ky bd phdn dan cu cd mirc sdng van hda thugc Tdng dieu tra dan sd ndm 2009 ciing cho loai cao cdp, nhung mgt bd phan khdc biet co eau loai nghe nghiep tu khdng dugc tilp can cdc phuang tien va cdc nghe nghiep phuc tap, bac cao den "nghe hoat ddng van hda nhu thilu phuang tien nghiep gidn don" cua Viet Nam, lao ddng nghe nhin Mdt bd phdn ddn cu ed trinh 1dm "nghe gidn dan" chiem ty le Idn nhat Id hgc vdn cao tu dai hgc trd len, 22 LY LUAN CHlNH TRI I2T20T0 mdt bd phdn Idn ddn cu phdi bd hgc sdm khdng dugc hgc tilp vao trung hgc ca sd hay tning hgc phd thdng Mdt bd phdn dan cu tich cue, chu ddng tham gia qudn ly ddi sdng cdng ddng, nhung mgt bg phan khdc khdng cd tiing ndi gi, khdng tham gia qudn ly cgng ddng Dilu ddc biet la tdt ed cdc kieu hay hinh thiic ca cdu xa hdi nhu vay deu lien quan chat che vdi nhau, tao thdnh mdt he thdng ca cdu xa hdi phiic tap, d dd nhung nhdm xd hdi nao cd trinh hgc van cao thudng tim dugc viec 1dm dn dinh vdi tien cdng cao va vdy thugc giai tang tren cua xa hdi Cdn nhting nhdm xa hgi ndo cd trinh hgc vdn thdp, d vung sdu, vting xa khdng cd dieu kien tiep can cdc ca sd tdng cua xa hgi thudng thieu viec 1dm hodc cd viee 1dm vdi miic tien cdng thdp vd thude ve giai tang thdp CO cdu xd hdi din 8,3 lan nam 2008, dd khodng cdch gidu ngheo d ndng thdn tdng ttr lan len 6,9 lan cung thdi ky Vting giau nhdt d Viet Nam la vting Ddng Nam bg, nhung muc bat binh ddng Idn nhat vdi khoang each giau ngheo la 8,7 Idn (nam 2008) Mdt nhiing vting ngheo nhat Id vting Bdc Trung bd, nhung cd mirc bdt binh dang thdp nhdt la 6,5 Idn (ndm 2008) da tang ttr mtrc 4,3 lan nam 1993 len hon 8,9 Idn nam 2008 Muc bdt binh ddng vl kinh te d thdnh thi tdng chdm hon hon d ndng thdn, nhung lai d muc cao hon ndng thdn: cu thi khodng cdch gidu ngheo ve thu nhap d thdnh thi tdng tu Idn nam 2002 De tai cap nhd nude Co cdu xd hpi vd phdn tdng xd hpi d nudc ta dieu kien mdi hien can tap trung lam rd mgt sd vdn de sau: Tu nhung ket qud nghien ciiu nhu vdy ggi vdn de Id cdn tiep tue tim hieu mdt cdch khdeh quan, khoa hgc ve phan hda gidu ngheo, bdt binh dang xa hdi, cdc loai ca cau xa hgi va ddnh gid dugc mdi tuong tdc giiia cdc loai ea edu xa hgi, cac giai tdng xa hdi de ttr dd cd the ggi md suy nghT ve vdn de bien ddi xa hdi, di ddng xa hdi, ca ddng xd hgi ndi bd ca cau xa hgi vd giiia cdc loai ca cdu xa hdi, nham muc tieu Id dinh hudng vd dieu ehinh viec xdy dung ca edu Hai thude >* ^ ve su bat binh ddng xa hdi giai tang xa hdi phong phii da dang theo Id he sd ' ^ i vd miic ehenh lech giau nguyen tac phdt trien hdi hda, ben vung, ngheo ve thu nhap vd chi tieu giiia nhdm cdng bdng xa hgi, dan chu va vdn minh Nhu vay la, cac cdng trinh nghien cim 20% giau nhdt vdi nhdm 20% ngheo nhdt Ket qud dieu tra muc sdng hg gia dinh Viet hien cd ve ca cdu xa hgi d Viet Nam Nam ndm 2008 cua Tdng cue Thdng ke cho thdi gian qua deu cd gid tri tham khdo quan thdy: mirc bdt binh ddng d Viet Nam trgng ve mat ly luan vd thuc tien Tuy nhien, dang tang len dti la cham chap vd dugc vdn de dat la phdi tdng ket kinh nghiem kiem che, cu the Id he sd GINI da tang ttr thuc tien va khai quat ly luan de cd the de 0,344 nam 2004 len 0,355 nam 2008 Mirc xudt quan diem va gidi phdp dinh hudng, ehenh lech gidu ngheo ve mat thu nhap dieu chinh ca cau xa hdi va phan tang xa giiia nhdm 20% gia dinh giau nhdt so vdi hdi den nam 2020 tao ddng luc cho ddt nhdm 20% gia dinh ngheo nhdt d Viet Nam nudc phdt trien nhanh va ben vung LY LUAN CHlNH TRI 12-2010 Mpt la, vdn de "ca cdu xa hdi" vd "phan tang xa hdi" da duge quan tdm nghien cuu 23 nhieu tai lieu nudc va qudc te Tuy nhien, ndi dung ciia cac khai niem van chua dugc hieu mdt cdch thdng nhat cae nhd nghien ciiu va can bd lanh dao quan ly Van cd mgt sd quan niem gidi han khdi niem ca cau xa hdi pham vi ca cau xa hdi gdm cac giai cap va gidi han khdi niem phan tang xa hgi pham vi phan hod gidu ngheo Quan niem ndy da can trd each nhin thang vao su that bien ddi xa hdi d nudc ta thdi gian qua, ddn den each tiep can thudn tiiy kinh te Id: chd dgi ndo tang trudng kinh te va giau cd thi mdi tap trung gidi quyet van de bat binh ddng xa hdi sung each tilp can nhu he thong - cau tnic luan, tiep can chiic nang luan, tiep can thiet che luan va tiep can mang ludi xa hdi de ddnh gia dugc toan dien cac yeu td tac ddng tdi ca cau xa hdi vd phan tang xa hdi Bdn la, cac nghien cim da phan tich va khdi quat dugc mdt sd md hinh ca cau xa hdi va phan tdng xa hdi, nhung cac md hinh dd chu yeu la dua vdo ca cau cua cdc dia vi kinh tl Cdn nghien cun de phat hien nhtrng bieu hien vd nhtrng ddc diem, tinh chat mdi cua ca cau xa hdi vd phan tdng xa hdi dya vao mang ludi xa hdi Ndm Id, cdc nghien ciiu da chi mgt so xu hudng bien ddi ca cau xa hdi va phan Hai la, cdc nghien ciiu da dua mdt sd tang xa hgi tren mdt sd mat rieng le nhu thu cac tieu chuan, tieu chi va chi bao ludng nhap, chi tieu, gido due vd siic khoe Nhieu su phan tang xa hdi, sd dd ndi bat cac khia canh khae ciia ca cau xa hdi va phan tieu chi ve muc sdng kinh te, giao due, tang xa hgi dang cd xu hudng bien doi cham sdc sue klioe va chi sd tdng hgp nhu manh me nhung chua dugc phan tich day chi sd phat trien ngudi va chi sd phat du Trong sd dd cd xu hudng bien ddi trien gidi Tren ca sd dd cd the xay dung va khdng ddng deu ciia cac giai tang va cac bd sung nhung tieu chi xa hdi de cd the nhdm xa hdi ca cau xa hdi vd phan danh gid todn dien ca cdu xa hgi va phan tang xa hdi cting nhu su bien ddi cua cac tang xa hdi Tuy nhien, can bd sung nhiing md hinh dudi tac ddng cua cdng nghiep hod, tieu chi de danh gia toan dien hem Dac biet, hien dai hod bdi cdnh toan cau hod va mdt sd van de mdi dang ndi len can phai hdi nhap kinh te qudc te nghien ciiu sau la: su phan hoa giau ngheo, Sdu Id, mdt sd nghien ciiu da de cap tdi su xuat hien mgt sd giai tang xa hdi mdi, su mgt sd md hinh ca cau xa hdi va phan tang phan hoa ngi bd ttmg giai tang xa hdi xa hdi d cac nudc khae Tuy nhien, viec va su bien ddi mdi quan he cung vi tri va nghien ciiu cac kinh nghiem va bai hgc vai trd cua cac giai tang xa hdi ca cau quoc tl vl dilu chua dugc dat xa hgi dudi tdc ddng cua kinh te thi trudng, vdn dl ly luan va thuc tiln, nen kit qua thu hdi nhap kinh te the gidi va todn cau hoa dugc cdn mang tinh chdt rieng le, thilu he Ba Id, cac nghien ciiu da phdn tich mdt sd cac nguyen nhan, yeu to tac dgng tdi ca cau xa hdi va phan tang xa hgi d nudc ta Tuy nhien, cac nguyen nhan dd chu yeu dugc xem xet ttr gdc ca nhan, gia dinh Can bo 24 thdng Dac biet cdn thdy rdng, ca cdu xa hdi va phan tdng xa hgi mdt mat la mgt thuc tl khach quan va phd bien d cac nai tren thi gidi, mat khdc dilu kien kinh tl, (Xem tiep trang 13) LY LUAN CHlNH TR! 12 r i o i ^ thdi ky qua len CNXH Chi cd thye tiln mdi cho cau tra ldi rd rang, cy the Tu: dd hoach dinh thiet thuc ehugng trinh hanh ddng de thiic day CNXH sinh thanh, phat trien hon la cd khien cudng ap dat luge dd phdn ky vao ddi sd'ng dang sy vdn vu sinh nd ciia CNXH Tren ddy la van de chi ddn phuong phap ludn ciia Angghen ve CNXH Dd la mdt nhtrng van de gia tri nhat di san ciia Angghen, the hien ndi bat nhirng cdng hie'n lich sir ciia Angghen dd'i vdi chu nghia Mac Trung mdt each sang tao vdi Mdc - Angghen va chii nghia Mac, theo Hd Chi Minh la nam lay tinh thdn va phuong phap ciia cac bdc thdy de ling xii vdi ngudi va cdng viec cho diing Dd la kim chi nam hanh ddng chii khdng phai la nhCrng tin dieu, nhiing giao dieu bat bien Chinh Mac - Angghen cung ddi hdi nhu vay, rdng hgc thuyet, chu nghia ciia cac dng khdng phai la chiia dyng ta't ca nhirng cau tra ldi van ndng cho mgi tinh hud'ng Clia cudc sd'ng Cdc dng chi coi dd la phuong phdp, la sy ggi y phugng phap cho nhiing ngudi XHCN sang tao, each tan, ddi mdi, biet tii thuc tien ma lam sd'ng ddng ly ludn, lam giau tri tue ciia minh, de di tdi hanh ddng vi thdng lgi cua CNXH Dd cting la each tdt nha't de td rd Idng trung vdi Angghen, vdi Mac va chu nghia Mac (1) C.Mac: Tieu sii, t.l, NXB Khoa hgc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1975, tr 109 (2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Tuyen tap, t.6, NXB Su that Ha Ngi, 1984, tr 724 (3) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Todn tap, t.38, NXB Tien bo, Matxeova, 1969, tr.lOS (ban tieng Nga) MOT SO VAN DE CAN NGHIEN CUU (Tiep theo trang 24) chinh tri, van hod - xa hgi khae ma ban chat va cdc hinh thiic bieu hien cua ca cau xa hgi va phan tang xa hgi cd the rat khae thugc vao bdi canh lich sir cu the cua xa hgi Bdy Id, cac nghien ciiu da de xuat mgt sd giai phap tdc dgng tdi ca cau xa hgi va phan tang xa hgi tren ca sd chuyen dich ca cau kinh te, phat trien ket cdu tang va xoa ddi gidm ngheo Cdc bien phap ddi hdi su ddi mdi chinh sach va nang cao nang luc cua ngudi ngheo, hg ngheo, dia phuang ngheo Tuy nhien, can nghien ciiu todn dien dk cd th8 dS xuat cac gidi phap toan dien, ddng bg dk dinh hudng vd dieu chinh ca LY LUAN CHlNH TRI 12-2010 cau xa hgi va phan tang xa hgi theo hudng phat trien ben viing Cac phuang phdp tiep can phat trien toan dien, phat trien ben vung, tiep can phap quyen, tiep can binh dang gidi, tiep can tham gia, tiep can lien cap, lien nganh can dugc dp dung triet de nham phan tich va de xuat cac quan diem va giai phap trudc mat va lau dai dinh hudng, dieu chinh ca cau xa hgi va phan tang xa hgi d nude ta (1) Ban Chi dao Tdng dieu tra dan s6 va nha d trung uong: Tdng dieu tra ddn sd vd nhd a Viet Nam ndm 2009: Cdc kit qud chii yiu Ha Ngi, 6-2010, tr 107, 108 13 ... giai tang tieu tu sdn d nudc giai cap la nhtrng nghien ciiu ca cau xa hgi ta giai doan hien Do dd, day ciing nghe nghiep, ca cau xa hdi - giai tang xa Id mdt vdn de can phdi dugc ddt de tap hdi... ddo tao chuyen mdn ky thuat cdn rat thdp, chi chiem khoang 15% tdng sd lyc lugng lao ddng Ve nhieng ngudi tieu chii Day la giai tang duge coi Id de eiia nen san xuat hang hda nhd vdn cd d nudc ta. .. di cu tam thdi ve thi kiem viec lam Xu hudng bien ddi chung ciia giai cap ndng dan la se gidm dan ve sd lugng va ty le lue lugng lao dgng va tang dan ve tinh chat sdn xuat hdng hda vd tang chat