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TRIET HOC, SO 11 (318), T H A N G 11 - 2017 CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA TINH TAT YEU, Y NGHIA v A B A I HOC LICH SIT NguySn Dinh Hoa^ ' Ti6n sT, Vi#n Triet hpc, Vien Hin lam Khoa hpc xi h6i Vift Nam Email: nguyendinhhoa.vth@yahoo.com Nh|n 20 thing nim 2017 Chip nhin ding ngiy 30 thing nim 2017 Tom tdt: Cach day Vira trdn 100 nam, Cach mjing thang Mudi Nga nam 1917 da d|.t mft d^u mdc quan ttpng ttong tiln ttinh lich sft phat triin ciia nhdn Ioai, md mft thdi dgi mdi - thdi dai qua dp tft chu nghTa tu ban ISn chu nghta xa hpi tren ph^m vi thi gidi Trong bai viit nay, tac gid da luan giai dl khang dinh rdng Cach mang thang Mudi Nga la mft tat yeu, khach quan tft sy van dpng, phat triin ciia lich sii Cufc each mang chiia dyng nhung y nghTa lich sft to Idn tren mpi phuang difn, dong thdi dl !ai nhftng bai hpc kinh nghifm vd gia vd cho den nay, van nguyen gid trj Ngay nay, nhan Ioai tien bp da, dang va se tiep tue dudng md Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga da vgch vd di tien phong Tir khoa: Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, y nghla va bdi hpc Hch sft, tinh tat ylu Cdeh ddy vira ttdn 100 ndm, ngdy de lai nhftng bdi hge lieh sft vo gid ddi vdi thdng II ndm I9I7, dudi sy lanh dgo cfta cac qudc gia ddn tgc dd, dang vd se lya V.I.Lenin vd Dang Bdnsdvich Nga, Cdeh chgn dudng dua ddt nude qud dd ldn mgng thang Mudi Nga - euge cdeh mang chft nghTa xd h0i vd sdn d4u tidn tten the gidi - dd nd vd Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga ndm 1917 gidnh thdng lgi, thyc sy Idm "rung chuydn da md mdt ttang mdi tiong ljch sft phdt the gidi" Tft dd din nay, Uch sft nhdn logi trien eua nhdn Ioai, ddnh dau mdt xu thi tiip tue van ddng, phdt trien khdng ngftng phdt tridn tdt ylu, mdt thdi dgi mdi cfta lieh vdi nhiing thdng trdm, nhiing bude quanh sft nhdn logi - thdi dgi qud tu ehu nghTa CO, dich ddc md chung ta dd ehftng kien tu bdn len chft nghTa xa hgi tren phgm vi the Mac du vay, Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga gidi Vdi thdng lgi cfta Cdeh mang thang vdi nhiing gid tri bdt diet cfta nd van tiep Mudi Nga, nhd nude cdng ndng ddu tien tue tdc ddng manh me din xu thi phdt trien giai cdp vd sdn Idnh dao dd ddi, ddm cua the gidi vd sy nghifp dli mdi d nude ta nhdn ttpng ttdeh xda bd ehe dp xd hfi cu vd Sy thyc cho thdy, Cdeh mang thdng xdy dung mdt che dg xa hgi mdi nhdn Mudi Nga Id mdt t^t ylu lich sft, chfta dung dan lao dOng ldm chft f nghia to ldn, cd sftc song trudng tdn ttong Suit mdt thi ky qua vd ehde ehdn ea din long nhdn ddn yeu chugng hoa binh, tu mai sau, Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga dd, vd tien bg xa hgi ttdn the gidi; ddng thdi da dang va se tiip tye nhdn dugc nhiing sy NGUYEN DINH HOA ngpi ca trdn trgng cua Iodi ngudi tiln bg, bdi cuge caeh mang dd dS md cho nhan Ioai dudng gidi phong giai ckp, gidi phong ddn tge vd gidi phdng ngudi, hudng din xdy dyng mgt xd hgi nhdn dao, edng bdng vd ngdy edng tot dpp hon so vdi chft nghTa tu bdn Trude dnh hucmg to ldn ciia Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga va chl dfi xa hfi ehft nghia, phuang Tdy dd sft dyng mgi thu dogn nhdm xuyen tac, bdi nhg va Ioai bd nd khdi ddi sdng hifn thue Sy ching phd, cdng kich dd cdng ttd nen quyit lift hon, nhdt Id tft sau chft nghTa xd hfi hifn thyc d Lien Xd va cdc nude Ddng Au sup dd Trong dieu kifn the gidi ed nhiiu biln ed, ddi thay phftc tap nhu hifn nay, vifc tiep tue khdng dinh, ludn gidi nhdm ldm sdng td tinh tdt yeu, y nghia vd bdi hgc lich sft cfta Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga vdn dugc ddt nhu mpt vdn dl 1^ ludn vd thyc tien cdp bdeh Ly thuyet hinh thdi kinh te - xa hgi efta C.Mae chi rdng, sy phdt ttien khdng ngimg ciia lyc lugng sdn xuat tdi mdt liic ndo se mdu thuan vdi quan he sdn xudt Vd, "tft eho la nhiing hinh thfte phdt triin cfta cdc lye lugng san xudt, nhiing quan he dy trd nhihig xieng xich cfta cac luc lugng sdn xuat Khi bdt dau thdi dgi m$t cuge cdeh mgng x3 hgi" [1, tt.l5] Nhu v^y, theo C.Mac, sy phat triin ciia lyc lugng sdn xudt, xet din cftng, ddng vai trd quyet dinh dli vdi vifc thay ddi phuang thuc sdn xuat, d ^ din thay ddi toan bg cae quan hf san xudt xd hOi vd do, thay dli cd mgt che d$ xd hgi thdng qua each mang xd h$i Tuy nhdn mgnh din vai trd quyit djnh, hang ddu - xet den ciing - ciia nhdn td kinh te, song khdng bao gid CMdc vd Ph.Angghen coi kinh tl la nhdn td quyet dinh nhdt Ijeh sft Ph.Angghen nhdn mgnh rdng, theo quan dilm vat lieh sft, nhdn td quydt dinh ttong Ijeh sft, xet din cung Id sy sdn xuat vd tdi sdn xudt ddi song Men thue; rdng, tinh hlnh kinh t l la co sd, nhung mpi ylu td khde cua thugng tdng kiln tnie ciing diu anh hudng din qua trinh cfta nhftng eudc ddu tranh Uch sft vd ttong nhieu tirudng hgp, lgi chiem uu the ttong viec quyet dinh hinh thftc efta nhung cugc ddu ttanh Nhung mdu thudn khdch quan ttong phuang thftc sdn xudt ciia xa hdi cd giai cap doi khdng bieu hifn cude ddu tranh eua giai cap tien bg, cdeh mgng dgi difn eho lye lugng sdn xudt dang len ehdng lai giai cdp phdn dgng Su phdt trien eua cude ddu tranh ndy Id co sd cfta edch mang xa hgi Song, each mgng chi ed the no vd thdng lgi da eo du cdc dieu kifn khdeh quan va chft quan can thiet Trong Tuyin ngdn cua Ddng Cgng sdn, ede nhd sang lap chft nghia Mdc dd nhdn mgnh rdng, ehl tu ban ehft nghia loi thdi nhat dinh sd bi thay thi bang xa hdi cdng san thong qua mgt qud trinh cdi biln each mgng Bdy muoi ndm sau, ngdy thdng 11 ndm 1917, su bftng nd vd thdng lgi eiia Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga la sy ehung minh cua thye tien eho nhftng lugn diem dftng dan, khoa hgc cua CMdc va Ph.Angghen v l cdeh mang xa hgi ehft nghla Nude Nga - vdo dem trude cua each mang vd sdn - dftng trude m0t thdi dilm Ijch su: Chu nghla tu ban thi gidi phat triin din giai dogn d l qudc chu nghla da khiln cho nhiing mau thuan ea ban ciia ehd d$ dd ttd ndn gay gdt, ddng thdi tgo tiln de cho sy qud d$ len chu nghia xa hgi Chu nghta tu ban tid ngudn goc cfta su can ttd va kim hdm tiln bO xd h^i Vdn dl xda bd chl dg va xay dyng mgt xd hgi mdi nhan dao, vdn minh han ttd m^t ddi hdi tdt ylu, khdch quan cua sy phat triin xS h$i CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA , Bdn thdn nude Nga, mac dft mdi ehi d trinh dp trung binh ciia sy phdt trien tu bdn chft nghia, song Id khdu yeu nhdt hf thing dl qude ehft nghTa, Id noi tap trung cdc mdu thudn xd hpi va dan tde gay gdt, Id diem hgi ty day dft cdc dilu kifn khach quan va chft quan cdn thiet chudn bi cho sy bimg nd mgt euge each mang xd hdi xda bd chl dp tu ban chft nghia Ddng cfta giai cap vd san Nga dudi sy I3nh dao cua V.I.Lenin da n h ^ thftc sdu sdc quy luat phdt trien khdng ddng deu efta chft nghta tu bdn, nhdt Id ttong giai doan de qude ehft nghTa, sdng sudt nhan rdng each mang vd sdn ididng the nd ddng thdi d tdt ca cdc nude tu ban phat trien, nhung cd thd no vd gianh thang lgi d khdu ylu nhdt cua hf thdng ehft nghia de quoc; dong thdi, nam bdt dugc thdi co vd nhanh ehdng tgp hgp, phdt dpng quang dgi quan ehung cdng - ndng - binh tiln hanh ididi nghta lat dd che ehuyen chl Sa hoang, gianh chinh quyen ve tay nhdn ddn, kien lap nhd nude xa hdi chft nghta dau tien tien thi gidi Nhu vay, Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga khdng phai la mpt hifn tugng ngau nhien; trai lai, nd la ket qud tdt yeu, khach quan tft sy vgn dgng, phat trien cua lich sft, cu the Id nude Nga trude edch mgng Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga vd qua trye tiip ciia nd - che xa hdi chft nghia - co ngudn gde lich sft vd xa hgi Nd khdng phai Id mgt "euge ndi day mang tinh ehdt Nga thudn tuy", hay "bude nhay Iidu Unh vao mpt Itnh vyc chua biet den", ciing khdng phai la mdt "cugc bgo dgng phan ddn ehii" nhu cdc the lye thii dich vd nhftng ke phdn bdi chu nghta Mdc thudng rdu rao, tuyen truyin hdng xuydn tgc, lam suy gidm y nghta va bdi hgc Uch sft ciia Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga Trdi lai, no mang tdm vdc vd y nghia cua mgt cugc each mgng vd sdn "lam rung 20 ehuyin thi gidi" nhu John Reed - mft nhd bdo My da khdng dinh, thyc hifn bude ngodt lich sft cua Iodi ngudi — qud tft chu nghta tu bdn len chft nghia xa hOi- Vdi thdng lgi ndy, ldn ddu tidn ttong lich sft, hf thong tu bdn chft nghta bi dot phd, chgc thung vd che xd hdi mdi - xd hdi xd hdi chft nghta - nhdn dan ldm ehft dd duge xdy dyng tten mgt quoc gia rdng nhdt the gidi, vd sau trd mdt hf thdng the gidi, mdt khuynh hudng phat tridn mdi eiia the gidi Ly thuyet hinh thdi kinh te - xd hdi eua CMde duge the hien sinh ddng tten thyc tien, chft nghta xd h^i khoa hge tft ly ludn da ttd thdnh hifn thyc eudc sdng Trong hon thap k>' tdn tgi vd phdt triin, che dg xa hgi chft nghta d Lien bang Xdviet ttd thdnh tam guong hdp ddn vd cd vu nhieu ddn tge ddu tranh, lya chgn dudng phat trien xd hdi xa hdi chft nghta; ddng thdi id noi dm dnh ddi vdi giai cdp tu sdn va chii nghta tu ban thi gidi Co the khdng dinh rdng, chftng ta dd bilt den rdt nhieu cuOc edch mang timg dien tien ttinh van ddng cfta lich sft nhan logi, cd khong it euge each mang CO dnh hudng rgng ldn tdi su phdt trien xa hdi Song, Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga Id mgt trudng hgp hit sftc dae biet, bdi cugc edch mang mang tdm voc thdi dgi vd c6 y nghTa Uch sft todn edu, ddnh ddu mgt xu hudng vgn dgng, phdt ttiln mdi cua nhan Ioai - tien len chft nghTa xa hdi tten pham vi toan the gidi De cap den tam dnh hudng sdu sdc, eiing nhu gid tri vach thdi dgi cua Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga ddi vdi sy phdt trien cua cdc ddn tgc tten the gidi ttong thi k;y XX, bdi viit cho bdo Pravda (Lidn Xo) vdi tidu de "Cdeh mang thdng Mudi vT dgi md eon dudng gidi phong cho cdc ddn tgc" nhdn Kj- nifm ldn thft 50 Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga, Chu tich Hd Chi NGUYEN DINH HOA Minh da khdng dinh: "Gidng nhu mat ttdi ehdi Ipi, Caeh mgng Thang Mudi ehieu sdng khap ndm chdu, thftc tinh hdng trieu ngudi bi dp bftc, bdc lot trdn trdi dat Trong lich sft Iodi ngudi chua tiing cd cugc edeh mang ndo ed y nghia to ldn vd sau xa nhu tiil"[4,tt.300] Chung ta ed the ehi rdt nhieu y n ^ a cua Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga tft mgi phuang didn, song tuu trung lgi, the hidn tap trung tten ede mat sau: Thu nhdt Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga da dap tan dch dp buc, bdc lot cua chft nghTa tu bdn va chl dp phong kiln tdn tgi Idu ddi d nude Nga Sa hodng, chat dftt mdt xich ydu nhat ttong he thdng ciia chft nghia dd qude, danh dau mdt bude ngodt lich sft vd cftng quan trpng - ldp ndn nhd nude cdng ndng dau tien ttdn the gidi Vdi sy ddi eiia nude Nga Xd viit, vd sau ndy Id sy hinh thdnh, phat tridn efta he thdng ede nude xa hdi chft nghTa, dftng ddu Id Lien Xd, da lam cho ehft nghTa tu bdn khdng edn Id mdt he thdng nhdt tien the gidi Khdc ve bdn chdt so vdi tat ca cac cugc each mang xa hgi da tijmg diln ttong lich sft Ioai ngudi ehi dl thay thi mgt phuang thue hoc lot ndy bang mgt phuang thftc bdc Idt khdc, Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga thuc su la mdt euge each mang triet de - thft tieu mgi hinh thue hoc lot giai cap vd ap bftc dan tdc, md dudng thdng lgi eho dge lap dan tdc, ddn chft vd chft nghTa xd hdi trdn todn thi gidi - eon dudng edch mgng vd sdn Thdng lgi efta Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga da ldn ddu tien lich sft dua tdt thdy qudn chftng nhan dan lao dgng Nga tft dia vi ldm thud, hi bde lot da man bdi giai cap tu sdn va bgn culdc ttd thdnh nhiing ngudi ndm chinh quyen tay vd trye tidp td chiie thyc hidn mdt ke hogch vT dai, khoa hgc vd thdm d|m chdt nhdn vdn md trude ehi la khat vgng, udc nguyfn chua tiJmg eo ttong lich sft, Id tiln hdnh xdy dyng ehe dg xd hdi mdi - xd hdi xd hdi chft nghTa Thu hai, Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga khdng chi tgo sy phdt triin vl ehdt d Nga, ma cdn md ldi, soi dudng va dan ddt ede ddn tgc tten the gidi dftng ldn ty gidi phdng minh Ddnh gid ve y nghta eua Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga, Chft tieh Hd Chi Minh viit: "Cdeh mang thang Mudi md eon dudng gidi phong cho ede dan tdc vd eho cd Iodi ngudi, md ddu mdt thdi dai mdi, thdi dai qud tu ehft nghta tu ban ldn chu nghta xd hdi tren todn the gidi"[3,tt.594] Dudi dnh hudng rgng Idn va sdu sdc cfta Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga, bdt dau tft nhftng ndm 20 cua the ky XX, phong tido gidi phdng dan tgc dd dien, mgnh me d nhieu nude tien khdp cac chdu IIK; Cd thd noi, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga va sau dd Id sy ddi cfta Lien bang Xdvilt manh dd di tien phong, thyc sy trd thdnh tdm guong ed vii, dgng vien vd tiep them sftc manh cho phong trdo cdeh mang thi gidi Hgc tdp tdm guong Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga, nhieu d§n tdc hi dp bftc trdn thd gidi da vung len ddu ttanh gidnh dgc Igp ddn tgc vd lya chgn dudng dua ddt nude qud len ehft nghta xa hdi Chft nghta xd hgi hifn Ihyc tft nude Nga Xdviet da Ian tda va phat trien hf thong thd gidi Dudi anh hudng efta eudc edch mgng nay, phong trdo ddu tianh gidl phdng ddn tge d ede nude phuong Ddng vd phong trdo cdng nhdn d ede nude phuong Tdy dd cdng xich lgi gdn vd gan bd mat thilt vdi cugc ddu tranh chdng lgi ke thft chung Id ehft nghta dd qudc, ldm cho giai cap thdng tri phdi lui bude va c6 nhiing thay ddi, dieu chinh nhdt dinh ve ehinh sach CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA Tha ba, Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga da soi dudng, ehi Idi eho each mang Vift Nam di den thdng Igi Nhu ehung ta da bilt, ttong sudt thdi gian thyc dan Phdp xam luge nude ta tft eudi thd ky XIX din trude ndm 1930, phong ttdo ddu tranh efta nhdn ddn ta ede si phu ydu nude khdi xudng vd lanh dgo nhdm chdng lgi thyc dan Phdp xam luge va trieu dinh phong kien tay sai dd diln lien tye, khdng ngimg, nhung eudi ciing deu bi dim ttong bien mau Cach mang Viet Nam giai dogn d ttong tinh ttang khftng hoang vl dudng ldi vd giai edp Idnh dao Sau bao ndm bdn ba tim dudng cftu nude, thang -1920, Nguyen Ai Quoc Ho Chi Minh dd dpe dugc "Sa thao lan thft nhdt nhiing Lu^n cuong ve ede van de dan tdc vd vdn de thuge dia" cua V.I.Lenin vd Ngudi dd tim thdy d eon dudng di cho cdeh mgng Vift Nam - dudng each mgng vd san Tft do, Ngudi da chuan bj nhiing dieu kien cdn thiet de tien tdi lap Dang Cdng san Viet Nam vdo tiiang 1930 Vdi dudng ldi edch mgng dftng ddn, Ddng Cdng san Vift Nam vd Chft tich Hd Chi Minh dd Idnh dgo cd ddn tgc Viet Nam dftng ldn gidi phong ddn tdc thodt khdi ^ h thdng trj cua ehe phdt xit, thye ddn vd phong kien, lap nen nhd nude dan chu nhdn dan dau tien d Ddng Nam A, tiln hdnh thdng lgi eudc khang chiin ching thue dan Phap va dd qudc My xam luge, thing nhdt Td quoc vd dua ed nude vao thdi k^- qud dp len chu nghta xd hdi Cd the ndi, edi nguon nhiing thdng lgi to ldn, ed y nghta Uch sft ciia edeh mgng Vift Nam ehinh Id ly lugn cfta chu nghta Mac Lenin vd Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga Dli vdi cdeh mgng Viet Nam, Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga Id "tieng sdm bao hifu miia xuan", la mat tidi ehdi lgi Id kim ehi nam vgch dudng chi ldi Nhiing tuu to ldn 22 vd cd y nghta eua cdeh mang Viet Nam hon 70 ndm qua, kl tft Cdeh mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 thdnh cdng, dgc bift Id qua hon 30 ndm tiln hdnh ddi mdi, dua ddt nude phat triin viing ehdc theo djnh hudng xd hdi ehft nghta la nhiing mmh chftng bang thyc tien hit sue thuylt phyc va sinh ddng cho dudng ma Dang, Chft tich Hd Chi Minh vd toan the ddn t^c ta dd lya chgn Dd ciing Id ca sd de moi ngudi Viet Nam nhdn thftc sau sdc hon tdm vdc Hch sft, y nghTa vd gid tri hidn thyc eua Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga ddi vdi the gidi noi chung vd each mgng Vift Nam noi rieng Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga da edch ehiing ta vfta ttdn mgt the ky, song nhftng bdi hoc ljch sa ma nd dl lgi la v6 gid vd van cdn nguydn gid tij, ciing nhu tinh thdi sy Chft tjch Ho Chi Minh dd dftc nit tft cugc cdeh mang vT dai ndy nhiing bdi hge Uch su sdu sdc vd dya vao do, Ngudi da dua edch mgng Viet Nam khdng nhiing vugt qua tinh ti^g khung hodng ve dudng ldi vd giai cdp Idnh dgo giai doan ddu thi ky XX, md cdn di tdi mgi thdng lgi to ldn: Gidnh dOc ldp ddn tde, bdo ve todn vpn chu quyin vd 15nh tho, thdng nhdt Td qude vd qua df len chu nghTa xd hdi Co thi khdi quat mpt sd bdi hpe Uch sft ldn sau day: Mdl Id nhdt thiet phdi cd sy lanh dao eua Ddng Cpng san - chinh ddng cua gim edp cdng nhdn Bdi hgc bao triim len tdt cd md Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga dd trdi nghifm, thdm dinh vd diic kit Id each mang dien vd gidnh thdng lgi ludn gdn liln vdi vai trd to ehftc vd lanh dgo eua Ddng Cdng sdn V.I.Ldnin dftng ddu Lich sft phat triin ciia nhdn logi dd biet tdi nhiiu cugc edch mang ldn, nhu each mang Phdp 1789, edch mgng M5^ 1783 Song, so vdi ede cude each mang trude do, Cach mang xd hfi chft nghTa thdng Mudi Nga la cuge cdeh NGUYEN DINH HOA mgng mdi hodn todn vl chdt - lat dd todn bd xd hgi cu, xdy dyng xa hgi mdi nhdn dan ldm chli Vi tinh chdt ddc biet dd, edeh mgng xa hgi chft nghTa ddi hdi phdi dugc dgt dudi sy Idnh dgo eiia mdt ddng each mgng ehdn chinh cfta giai cdp edng nhdn Thdng lgi cfta Cdeh mgng xa hOi chft nghta thdng Mudi Nga cho thdy vai trd dgc biet quan ttgng, c6 y nghta quyet dinh cfta Dang Cfng sdn Nga dudi su Idnh dgo eiia V.I.Lenm Va, ldn ddu tien ttong Uch sft, giai cap cdng nhdn duge ddt vdo vi tri trung tdm ciia thdi dgi, trd thdnh "hgt nhan" ciia phong trdo edeh mgng thi gidi, ttd thdnh giai cdp cdm quydn, Ddng Cgng sdn Nga ttd thdnh ddng Idnh dao chinh quyen nhd nude Nhgn thfte duge yeu cau tat ydu khdch quan dy, ludn gidi ve eon dudng each mang Vift Nam sS di, cuin Dudng edch menh (1927), Hd Chi Minh dd tftng khdng dinh: Trude hit phdi cd ddng each mang, Ddng ed vQtig edeh mang mdi thdnh edng Dd Id Ddng Cdng sdn, "Dang cua giai edp edng nhdn vd nhdn ddn lao dgng " [2, tt 175] ldy ehu nghTa Mdc - Ldnin lam nin tang tu tudng vd kim ehi nam Nhihig thdng lgi to ldn cfta each mang Vift Nam suit gan 90 ndm qua gdn lien vdi Ddng Chft tich Hd Chi Minh sang Igp vd ren luyfn, mdt Ian niia Id sy kiem dinh ciia thyc tiln vd chdn ly quan trpng hdng ddu md Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga dd lai - Cach mgng gidi phdng ddn tgc mudn thdng lgi phdi ddng cua giai cdp edng nhdn lanh dgo Cd the ndi, nhdn t l quyit djnh thdng loi efta each mgng, ctia chii nghta xd hgi vd sy nghifp ddi mdi dl xdy dyng thdnh cdng chu nghia xa hpi hifn chinh Id vai tid vd ndng lye Idnh dgo ciia Ddng Cgng sdn Hai la, lidn minh cdng ndng vd tri thue ndng cdt eua lye luting cdeh mgng - sy bdo dam viing ehdc eho thdng lgi cfta cdeh mang Trdn co sd Iy ludn vgt bien ehftng vd sy tdng kit, khdi qudt thuc tien ddu tranh cdeh mang, ehft nghta Mdc Lenin da khdng dinh rdng, each mang Id sy nghifp efta quan chftng Cach mgng xd hgi ehft nghta thang Mudi Nga Id bdng chung sinh ddng thi hifn sy can thiet phai xdy dyng khoi lien minh cdng ndng va tang ldp tri thfte, hinh thdnh ndng cdt cfta luc lugng edeh mang Ddc bidt, nhftng phdn tich cfta V.I.Ldnin ve thai cfta ede giai edp d nude Nga dem trude edch mgng no da Iam ndi bat nhiing lyc lugng eo bdn ciia xd hgi Cdeh mgng xd hgi ehu nghta thang Mudi Nga - Id cong nhdn, ndng ddn, binh linh yeu nude vd tien bd Cdeh mgng xa hdi ehft nghta thdng Mudi Nga dd ehftng minh vai ttd dan ddt, td chfte, Idnh dgo cua giai cap cdng nhdn - giai cdp cdeh mang dai didn cho lyc lugng sdn xuat dang len vd chinh ddng cdeh mang cua nd tien trinh each mgng Dudi sy Idnh dgo ciia V.I.Lenin vd Dang Cgng san Nga, Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga dd khac phyc dugc thieu sot efta Cdng xd Pari - eudc cdeh mgng ma mgt ttong nhiing nguyen nhdn dan den thdt bai la bdi giai edp cdng nhdn don ddc, thidu vdng su ke vai sdt canh efta ndng ddn - lyc lugng ddng ddo nhdt xd hdi Ddng Cdng sdn Nga vd V.LLenin da tap hgp khdi qudn chftng ddng ddo vdi ndng cdt id Iidn minh giiia giai cdp edng nhdn, ndng ddn vd tang Idp tri thftc, gido due va giac ngd cho hg, hinh thdnh d hg nidm tin vdo nhiing gid tri tdt dep, nhiing Igi ieh to ldn md cdeh mgng se mang lgi Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga da ehung mmh didu vd nhd vay, hinh thdnh ngi Iuc tgo nen sftc mgnh vd dich, nhdn td bao ddm thdng lgi cfta edeh mgng vd sdn Ba la, cdn phdi sft dyng bgo lyc each mgng dl gidnh chinh quyin vd bdo vf ehinh 23 CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA quyin cdeh mang Cdeh mgng xa hdi chft nghta thang Mudi Nga da ehi mgt bdi hgc Ijch sft rdng, giai cap tu sdn vdi ban chdt cfta nd se khdng bao gid tft bd dia vi thing tii vd v^y, edeh mang vd san se khdng thi thdng lgi nlu khdng sft dyng bgo lye edch mgng Bgo lice each mgng Id mdt phgm tru dftng dl chi mdt phuong phdp ddu tranh gidnh chinh quyin cfta qudn chung nhdn ddn Dd la mdt bien phdp edn tiiilt vd tdt ylu ttong mgi cuge edeh mgng eua qu§n chftng nhdm lat dd mdt ehe dd chinh tti Idi thai vd phdn dgng, thilt lap nen mft chl chinh tri tien tiln va each mang C.Mac dd tftng khdng djnh rdng, bgo lyc Id ba dd cho mdt ehe xa hdi mdi dang thai ttong long xd hdi cu Trong Nhd nude vd each mgng, V.I.Lenin eung khang dinh: "Nhd nude tir sdn hi thay the bdi nhd nude vd sdn (chuyen chinh vd sdn) khdng the bdng dudng "tidu vong" dugc, md ehi cd the, theo quy ludt chung, bdng mgt euge cdeh mgng bgo lyc thdi" [5, tt.27] Sy phdt triin ciia lich sft xd hdi qua cdc hinh thdi kinh tl - xa hgi cho thdy, giai cdp thdng tri, bdc Igt khdng bao gid ty giao chinh quyen cho lyc lugng cdeh mgng Bgo lye cdeh mang la cdng cu md sy van ddng eua xd h$i dimg dl ty md dudng cho nd Do v^y, dl thye hifn sft mfnh Uch sft cua minh, giai cap edng nhdn tdt ydu phai sft dung bgo luc each mgng vdi nhieu hinh thue khdc nhau, tiong CO hinh thue vu tiang nhdm thft tidu chd tu bdn vd thiet ldp ehinh quyin ciia giai cdp vd sdn vd nhdn ddn lao dgng Khdng dinh bgo lyc cdeh mang Id quy ludt phd bien eiia edch mgng xd hgi, song cdc nhd sang l|p chu nghta Mdc ~ Lenin ciing thfta nhdn khd ndng ed thi gidnh chinh quyen edeh mgng bdng phuong thftc hoa binh Theo cdc dng, khd ndng ndy Id vd cimg quf gid md giai cdp vd san cugc 24 dau tranh efta minh edn phdi tgn dyng, bdi dd Id eon dudng it dau khd vd cd Igi nhdt Tuy nhidn, nhu ehft nghta Mdc - Lenin dd ehi rd, Id kha ndng rdt it xdy Chft nghta xd hfi hifn thye d Lidn Xd vd Ddng Au cho dii dd syp dd sau 70 ndm ton tgi; song ehi Id thdt bgi tgm thdi, la khftc quanh ciia Uch sft Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga vdn vd mai xftng ddng vdi vai tto Id dau tdu cfta ljch sft Bdi, nhu C.Mae timg nhdn mgnh rdng, each mang ed thi bj thdt bai, nhung khdng bao gid bj tieu diet Vd, V.I.Lenin eiing da timg khdng djnh, vdi Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga, dieu quan trgng Id "bang dd tan, dudng dd md" Con dudng md Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga dd md vdn la mue tieu hudng tdi eua nhidu qude gia, dan tdc tren the gidi; bdi no phu hgp vdi quy lugt phat triin cua xa hgi, thye sy vi ngudi Nhiing lyc lugng thft djch va phdn dfng cd thi lam chdm, nhung tuyft nhien khdng thi thft tieu dugc bude tidn cua Uch sft, khdng thd ddo ngugc dugc quy lu^t khdch quan Nhdn logi tidn bd sd tiip tue di tidn If trinh md Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga dd vach vd di tidn phong Tdi lifu tham khao [1] C.Mic v i Ph Angghen (1993), Todn Igp t.l3, Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia H i N§i [2] Ho Chf Minh (1995), Todn tgp, t.6, Nxb Chlnh trj Quic gia H i Npi [3] Ho Chi Minh (1989), Todn tgp, t.lO, Nxb Sy th4t,HiNpi [4] Hh Chl Minh (1996), Todn tgp, t.l2, Nxb Chfnh triQu6cgia,HiN0i [5] V.I.Lenin (1978), Todn tgp, t.33, Nxb Tiln bf, Mitxccrva [6] Vuong Ki6n Hong (1996), fkiin cua mdt nguai bdt ddng chinh kiin ddnh gid vi nguyin nhdn tan rd cua Lien Xo, Tap chf NghiSn ciiu ly l u ^ , sd 10 ... Mudi Nga khdng phai la mpt hifn tugng ngau nhien; trai lai, nd la ket qud tdt yeu, khach quan tft sy vgn dgng, phat trien cua lich sft, cu the Id nude Nga trude edch mgng Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga. .. Mudi Nga khdng chi tgo sy phdt triin vl ehdt d Nga, ma cdn md ldi, soi dudng va dan ddt ede ddn tgc tten the gidi dftng ldn ty gidi phdng minh Ddnh gid ve y nghta eua Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga, ... lgi eiia Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga la sy ehung minh cua thye tien eho nhftng lugn diem dftng dan, khoa hgc cua CMdc va Ph.Angghen v l cdeh mang xa hgi ehft nghla Nude Nga - vdo dem trude cua each
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