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Mot so dac diem ve xu hirong va qua trinh ly hon 6* Viet Nam Men Trin Thj Minh Thi' ' Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gioi, Vien Him lam Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam Email: thittm.ifgs@vass.gov.vn Nhan thang 11 nam 2019 Chap nhan dang thang nam 2020 Tom tit: Bai viet mo ta mot each khai quat ve tinh hinh ly hon d Viet Nam hien ve quy mo, miic dp; phan tich quy trinh ly hon, cac chu the tham gia vao qua trinh ly hdn va ngudi diing don ly hon theo cac dac diem nhan khau xa hpi dudi gdc dp ly thuyet ve hien dai hda, tinh ca nhan va tap the va binh dang giai khu vuc Tay Nam Bp Bai viet cho thay cd sir khac biet ve thii tuc ly hon, ngudi dling dan xin ly hon giiia cac nhdm xa hpi mang dac diem truyen thdng va hien dai han; xu hudng tang len ve binh dang gidi ddi sdng gia dinh Tir khoa: Gia dinh, ly hon, thii tuc iy hon, xa hpi chuyen ddi Phan loai nganh: Xa hpi hpc Abstract: The paper describes prevalence and patterns of divorce in Vietnam currently, and analyses divorce procedure and subject powers involved in the process of divorce decision as well as divorce initiation in the Southeast in line with demographic and social characteristics as seen from the theories of modernisation, individualism and collectivism, and gender equality It points out the differences in the divorce procedure, the applicants for the divorce among social groups with traditional and more modem characteristics, and an increase in gender equality in family life Keywords: Family, divorce, divorce procedure, transitional society Subject classification: Sociolog)' Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 - 2020 Dat van de Sau 45 nam thdng nhit dat nude, tinh den nam 2020, Viet Nam da dat dupe nhiiu ket qua phat trien kinh te, xa bdi Tir xuat phat diem thap sau nhieu nam chien tranh, nen kinh tl da cd nhiing chuyen bien tieh cue, gdp phan quan trpng nang cao mite sdng, thu nhap cua ngudi dan, cai thien co sd ting, va tri sir dn dinh xa hpi Cdng cudc ddi mdi ciia Viet Nam chuyin sang nin kinh tl thi tmdng va hien dai hda nin kinh tl ciing bat dau dinh hinh lai ldi sdng eung nhu cac gia tri xa hdi, cd ly hdn Ly hdn, vi the, ciing khdng cdn bi coi la mdt that bai eude ddi ca nhan nhu tm'dc day Qua trinh hien dai hda dat nude da giiip mdi ca nhan thoat khdi su trdi buoc ve nhiing quan niem hdn nhan gia dinh tmyen thdng, va ngudi ta tin ring, xa hdi Viet Nam dang chuyen dan sang ldi sdng hien dai hdn, nam sinh, hpc vin, noi d, nguyen nhan ly hdn, sd con, v.v ) dugc phan tich va ma hda cac biin sd dinh lugng de cho phep cac phan tich thdng ke ve dac diem ly hdn cua dia ban nghien ciru Bai viet ciing thuc hien 24 phdng vin sau (PVS) ca nhan ly hdn, PSV can bd tda an, nhim cd thdng tin toan dien, sau sic ve qua trinh, nguyen nhan, he qua ciia ly bdn vdi ca nhan Tiep can ly thuyet 2.1 Ly thuyit hien dgi hda Cac nha ly luan da phat trien ly thuyet hien dai hda dl giai thich cae thay ddi ve mat xa hpi, vi du nhu viec ly hdn thdi hien dai Su phat trien kinh te xa hdi, ciing vdi qua trinh hien dai hda va thi hda cd the giai doan dau lam giam ti le ly hdn, nhien d giai doan sau ty le ly hdn tang len Mdt sd thay ddi ve mat xa hdi cimg vdi Bai vilt nay^ tiep can va phan tich cae qua trinh hien dai hda ed the tac ddng den thdng ke qudc gia ve ly hdn tai Toa an nhan viee giam ty le ly hdn, bao gom: su gia tang dan tdi cao; hd so ly hdn ciia cac cap ly hdn cua he thdng gia dinh vg chdng, tang su tu tai tda an nhan dan nham tim hieu nhiing chu cua gidi tre va tang sy tu khdi vdng dac diem va nguyen nhan ciia ly hdn kiem soat cua gia dinh ddng hp, dp tudi ket Phuong phap phan tich hd so ly hdn dupe hdn cang tang, trinh dp giao due ap dung nham md ta mpt each khai quat ve cang cao, sir dd thi boa va sir tu quy md, mire dp, khudn mau, va cac yeu td viec lua chpn ban ddi Den cudi thi ky XX, tac ddng tdi ly hdn khoang thdi gian ti le ly hdn da giam dang kl Lap luan mpt thap nien d quan, huyen: Ninh Kieu, Thdt Ndt, Mdn, Phong Diin, Cd Dd, dugc dua bdi John, ngudi da khing dinh VTnh Thanh giai doan 2009-2017 dupe su ring, viec tang cudng tu chu ciia gidi tre va cho phep va hd trp eiia Tda an nhan dan su tu cang tang viec lua chpn phd Can Tha Toan bd cac thdng tin ban ddi, da gdp phan dn djnh cudc sdng hdn cita sd thu ly hd so ly hon va sd ket qua xu nhan eiia cae nude Ddng Nam A [6], ly ly hon ciia 8.993 bd sa ly hdn cua Tuy nhien, hiu bet cae nha ly lu^n cho quan, huyen tren (nhu nam ket hdn, nam ly ring, dai ban xu hudng binh ding di 12 Tran Thi Minh Thi kem vdi qua trinh hien dai hda va sir thay thi chii nghta gia trudng se dem lai nhirng anh hudng tich cue Nhirng eai thien vi thi ciia ngudi phu nil da gdp phan tao mdt moi trudng van hda - xa hdi khien cho viec ly hdn dl dang dat dugc ban Sir cung cd vi thi cua ngudi phu nil tao mdt mdi tmdng van hda - xa hpi lam cho ly di de dang dat dupe han [4] Kha nang doe lap ve kinh tl dugc eai thien, quy md gia dinh nhd din va diem nhan tu tudng ve sir tu thda man nhung mdi quan he va lua chpn ca nhan cd thi dan den nhirng mdi quan he thilu dn dinh han Cdng nghiep hda cd thi nang cao vi thi cua ngudi phu nft theo nhidu each ngoai van de ve luong Nhirng khia canh khac bao gdm: cac co hdi hpc lap, nghi nghiep ma phu nil cd the lam va kha nang tri eude sdng rieng sau ly hdn Su phat triln eua kinh te - xa hdi ciing anh hudng den sir dn dinh hon nhan theo nhiing each chi lien quan tdi dia vi cua ngudi phu nir [7] Thay ddi xa hdi gay nhiing thay ddi gia dinh, va nhiing thay ddi gia dinh din lugt minh lai gay nhiing thay ddi xa hdi Nha nude ddng vai trd quan trpng hinh va dilu chinh nhimg khudn mau hdn nhan va gia dinh bang viee ban hanh nhiing van ban phap luat va nhiing chinh sach phat trien kinh te-xa hdi Cac yeu td hien dai hda anh hudng den khudn mau hdn nhan va ly hdn ehu yen thong qua su phat trien kinh te, phat trien he thdng giao due va viec lam, giao luu van hda dudi tac dpng cua toan cau hda va hdi nhap qudc te [8] Ngoai nhirng tac ddng cua qua trinh hien dai hda, cae gia tri tmyen thdng va phong tuc ve hdn nhan va gia dinh ciing gdp phan quan trpng hinh nen nhiing khudn mau chuan muc mdi Nhiing yeu td cd the dieu chinh nhirng tac ddng cua qua trinh hien dai hda den hdn nhan va gia dinh d nhieu xa hdi Viec bao luu nhiing gia tri tmyen thdng qua trinh hien dai hda la quan trpng bao ve he thdng gia dinh khoi nhiing ap lue eua qua trinh hien dai hda [1] 2.2 Tinh cd nhdn vd tap the Hieu khai niem ve tinh tap the, tinh cpng ddng (collectivism) va tinh ca nhan (individualism) tuang quan vdi gia dinh va hien dai hda la het siic can thiet viec ly giai nhiing hanh vi hdn nhan, gia dinh va ly hdn d Viet Nam Van hda tap the cua Viet Nam cd ngudn gdc tu he tu tudng Nho giao, vdn coi trpng gia dinh va cdng ddng Khai niem tap the hau het cac khia eanh ddi sdng dugc day len cao hon nhidu the he nhu can can cd siic manh va y chi tap the cudc khang chiln gian khd gianh doe lap va tu dan toe nhiiu thap ky Theo Dd Long va Phan Thi Mai Huong, mac dii ed nhirng tuong tae van hda vdi nhiing dan tdc khac, tinh tap thi v§n trdi ban tinh ca nhan d ngudi Viet Nam so vdi nhieu dan tpc khac, tinh tap thi ciia phu nil cao han nam gidi, cho dii he thdng gia tri va hanh vi eiia ngudi Viet khae timg hoan canh va timg ndn van hda eua mdi dan tpc [2] Tuy nhien, nhiing thay ddi xa hdi tao nen nhirng biin ddi ve gia dinh va vdi moi ca nhan Tinh ca nhan la mdt chidu canh so sanh van hda vdi chu nghia gia dinh Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, s6 - 2020 Nen tang ca ban ciia tinh ca nhan nam d chd quyen tu muu cau hanh phiic ciia mdi ca nhan Nhung dilu dd ciing cd nghia ket hgp vdi nhiing ca nhan khac de dau tranh va bao ve cae the che cho phep quyen Tinh ca nhan danh gia cao sir ddc lap, rieng tu va tdn trpng ngudi khac Trong mdt nen van hda de cao tinh ca nhan, gia dinh trd nen md ban vi khdng cdn giir vj tri trung tam va nhieu chiic nang ciia gia dinh da bi mat di [8] Tinh ca nhan va tinh tap thi la mdt chieu canh van hda cd quan be den quy md, miic dp va khudn miu eua ly hdn Tinh ca nhan, vdn rit bi ban che xa hdi cu, song cang trd nen manh me ban cudc sdng hien dai va trd mdt nhirng nhan td' quan trpng, anh hudng den ly hdn tang Trong do, tinh tap thi cang ylu hon [8] Ching ban, eae khu vyc cdn ehiu nhieu anh hudng cua yeu td tmyIn thdng, thu tuc ly hdn vin cdn phiic tap, mang xu hudng hda giai va mang tinh tap thi nhiing khu vyc ndng thdn, thu tuc ly hdn tham chi cdn phirc tap hem Nd la mpt quyit dinh ehung cd su can thiep trye tilp cua nhiiu ehii the khac nhau, nhu gia dinh, hp hang va td chiic quin chiing Trong d khu vyc thi, tinh ea nhan cimg cudc sdng hien dai ban khien ngudi ta de dang dua quyit djnh ly hdn va don gian hda cac quy trinh thu tuc trinh dp giao due cang tang, cac co hpi viec lam nhiiu hem vdi phu nu, quan diem v l kit hdn mudn hay phu nil lam v^?^ ^\^ nen bao dung hem, vai trd gidi theo tmyen thdng hdn nhan dudng nhu da ban chi va trd nen ldi thdi Nhiiu phu nu iigay thich sy ddc lap ve xa hdi va kinh te ma hp dat dugc tir cdng bing gidi giao due va thi tmdng lao ddng Cac hoat dpng nang cao binh ding gidi da nang eao vi thi va quyen phu nir gia dinh va xa hdi Sy ddc lap ve kinh tl cimg vdi thd che phap luat uu tien cho ngudi phu nii, khien hp cd nhirng dpc lap ve suy nghi va tinh cam, khiln hp du diing cam d l bude khdi cudc hdn nhan khdng hanh phiie Vdi eude sdng vat chat dugc eai thien dang kl, ca nhan hien da khdng cdn hai long vdi nhirng cupc hdn nhan chi d l tri gia dinh hay ddi hdi sy phuc timg hay hi sinh qua nhieu cua phu nu Da cd bing chiing eho thay, binh ding gidi ly hdn da tang len d khu vyc Ddng bing sdng Hdng [8] Quy mo ly hdn fr Viet N a m Ly hdn d Viet Nam van tiep tuc cho thay xu hudng dang tang len ca ve sd lugng va t^ le Trong nhiing nam 1960 va 1970, sd lugng cac eupe ly hdn vao khoang 15.000 2.3 Ly hon tie goc dp binh c jgiai tmdng hgp mdi nam Ly hdn tang nhe vao nhimg nam 1980 va 1990, sau dd bit diu Vdi nhiiu phu nir Chau A, ly hdn khdng phai la mdt lya chpn tdt vi nd bj gan lien vdi nhung ky tbi xa hdi Tuy nhien, vdi tang nhanh vao nhiing nam trd lai day (Hinhl) Tran Thi Minh Thi 15000D Hinh 1: Sd cuoc ly hdn d Viet Nam giai doan 1965-2017 Nguon: Tac gia thdng ke tii s6 lieu hang nam ciia Tda an nhan dan tdi cao Sau mdi khoang mudi nam, sd cae eude ly hdn lai tang gap ddi Tuong tu, ty I? ly hdn d Viet Nam dang tang nhanh Nam 2000, ty le ly hon thd (CDR) (CDR eua mpt vung/qudc gia mot nam/giai doan cu the dugc tinh bang sd cudc ly hdn tren 1.000 dan sd cua viing/qudc gia mpt nam/giai doan do) la 0,66%, tang len 2,22% vao nam 2017 (Hinh 2) ,2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Hinh 2: Ty le ly hdn thd d Viet Nam giai doan 2000-2017 (%) Nguon: Tac gia tinh toan tir sd lieu hang nam cua Tda an nhan dan tdi cao va Tdng cue Thdng ke Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, s6 - 2020 Ty le ly hdn ehung (GDR) (GDR eua mdt vimg/qude gia mdt nam/giai doan cu the dugc tinh bing sd cuoc ly hdn tren 1000 dan sd hi 15 tudi trd len ciia 0,97 1,01 1,02 vimg/qude gia mdt nam/giai doan dd) da tang tir 0,97% nam 2000 len 2,69% vao nam 2017 (Hinh 3) 1.03 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 201S 2016 Hinh 3: Ty 18 ly hdn ehung d Viet Nam giai doan 2000-2016 (%) Nguon: Tac gia tinh toan tu sd lieu hang nam cua Toa an nhan dan tdi cao va Tdng cue Thong ke Chinh sach cua Nha nude ve hdn nhan, gia dinh va binh dang gidi nang eao vi the kinh te xa hpi cho phu nil; qua trinh phat trien kinh te xa hdi gan lien vdi cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, va sy hpi nhap qudc te lam bien ddi va xuat hien nhieu gia tri mdi, la cac yeu td gdp phan giai thieh xu hudng ly hdn d Viet Nam hien Trong mdt thdi gian dai, hr tudng Nho giao va hdn nhan phong kien, bao gdm hdn nhan sip dat, tinh cam nam nil ban che tmdc ket hdn, tu tudng trpng nam khinh nil, hpc van thap khien cho vi the eua phu uQ thip Trinh dp hpc van thap va quyen phu nu han che ly hon, sy phu thude vao gia dinh la dac diem cua phu nii theo Khdng giao Ben eanh do, sy san sang hy sinh cho gia dinh va nam gidi di chien tmdng thdi ky khang chien, cung nhu trach nhipm eham sdc cai va viee nha khien ty le ly hdn d miic thap Ndi each khac, van hda tmyen thdng Vi?t Nam khdng khuyen khich ly hdn Ben canh dd, nhirng dac diem rieng ve lich sii cd cac eude khang chien gianh ddc lap ty cho dan tdc dat trach nhifm eham sdc eai va gia dinh len ngudi phu nu de nam gidi di chien tmdng va tinh tap the ro net cung gdp phan lam cho ly hdn d Viet Nam nhirng nam 1960-1970 thip Van hoa tap tlie eiia Viet Nam bit ngudn tii he tu tudng Khdng hpc, dugc dinh hudng manh me xung quanh gia dinh va cpng ddng, duge thiie day d mpi the he tir nhu cau huy ddng siic manh tap the eho nhiing cupc chien tranh bao ve ty va doe lap nhiiu the ky ciia Viet Nam [9] Ndn van hda mang tinh tap thi thudng cd ty le ly hdn thip ban so vdi eae nen van hda theo ehu nghta ca nhan [10] miie dp khoan Tran Thi Minh Thi dung vdi ly hon thap, nen cae cap ddi phai trai qua mpt thii tuc rat phiic tap d l ly bdn Dinh kien xa hdi vdi ly hdn khiln cae cap vg ehdng tiep tuc ehung sdng hdn nhan khdng hanh phiic Cac quan diim, chinh sach noi ehung, vi du nhu thii tuc ly hdn, ciing phan anh cac gia tri dao diic cua nen van hda mang tinh tap thi khong khuyen khich ly hdn Sy gia tang sd lugng ly hdn va ty le ly hdn ed lien quan den qua trinh thj hda va hien dai hda xa hdi Viet Nam da dat dugc ket qua dang chii y phat triln kinh te-xa hdi Tir diem khdi dau rat thap sau nhieu the ky chien tranh, nen kinh te da phat trien manh me giup cai thien dang k l muc sdng, thu nhap va dich vu co sd ba tang, vii tri sy dn dinh xa hpi Thay ddi kinh te da di kem vdi hien dai hda nhu sy phd.bien rdng rai cua giao due, giao thdng hien dai va cac phuong tien tmyen thdng dai ehiing Nhieu ehi sd phat trien, nhu miic dp tir vong rat thap va trudng trung hpe phd thdng gin nhu phd bien dang tiep can cac tieu chuin hien hanh Su phat triln kinh t l xa hdi nhanh ehdng ke tir ddi mdl da thay ddi dang k l ngudi, thai dp ddi vdi viec ly hdn va phan Idn ndi long cac thu tuc phap ly va hanh chinh han che ciia ly hdn [8] Phu nii ndi ehung cd dja vi cao dl dang cho hp quyin ty chu han cac quyet dinh hdn nhan va ly hdn [5] Phep mau phat trien kinh te-xa hdi sau doi mdi (nam 1986) va chinh sach md cua da thay ddi dang k l cae chuan myc xa hdi Ly hdn khdng edn bi ky thi xa hdi nhu tmdc day Tinh tap the trd nen yeu hon va tinh ca nhan trd nen manh me han Vdi miic sdng vat chat dupe cai thien rat nhieu, ea nhan khdng edn hai long vdi nhftng eude hdn nhan ma chi dap irng nhu cau ndi doi ddng gidng va ddi hdi sy vang ldi va hy sinh tupbunu' Qua trinh hien dai hda mang lai sy ty chii Idn hon cho ngudi Viet Nam Ly hdn mang tinh chat phan anh eae quyet dinh ty ehu va lya chpn hgp ly de theo dudi hanh phiic ca nhan Nen tang ciia ehii nghTa ca nhan nam d quyen dao diic eua ea nhan vice dat dugc hanh phuc ciia chinh minh Viec theo dudi ddi hdi mdt miic dp ddc lap, ehu ddng va ty chiu trach nhiem Idn Chu nghia ea nhan coi trpng sy dpc lap, rieng tu va tdn trpng ngudi khac Quy trinh, thii tuc ly hon Thyc te cho thay, thu tuc ly hdn cd sy khac giira cae nhdm xa hdi va mdi tmdng O ndng thdn, eham diit hdn nhan khdng phai la mdt sy kien don le, ma la mdt qua trinh kha phiie tap Cac nghien ciiu tmdc day cho biet, phu xiQ Viet Nam ed ldi sdng cdng ddng, chju anh hudng eua van hda tap the cao hon nam gidi, nhung eung khac giira cac khu vyc van hda mien Bac va mien Nam, ndng thdn va thi, dan tdc Kinh va dan tdc thieu sd Hon niia, tinh tap the va tinh ea nhan he thdng gia tri Viet Nam co nhiing khac biet theo timg tinh hudng thyc te [2] Vi du, chan doan tmdc sinh ciia phu nii Vipt Nam cd sy tham gia quyet dinh cua nhieu chit the quyin lyc khae [3] Mdt sd nghien eiiu ve quy trinh ly hdn d Ddng bang song Hdng cho thay, quyet dinh Khoa hpc xa bdi Viet Nam, sd - 2020 ly bdn chju anh hudng bdi van hda tap thi, qua tich eye mdt so trudng hgp, la quyet dinh khdng hoan toan cua ca nhan ching han nhu ngudi chdng kilm che ma cd sy tbam gia tap the cita nhieu nhdm khdng danh vg hoae vg nit don xin ly hon ehii the quyen lue khae Sy tham gia Khi hda giai cip thdn khdng thanh, nghia la bao gdm gia dinh, hp hang, cac td chiie khdng the gap duge vg chdng, hoae vg doan the nhu hpi phu nu, ehinh quyen dia ehdng kien quyit ly hdn, don xin ly hdn phuang, the hien sy gan ket xa hpi chat ehe duge giii din tda an va tung tmdng va tinh tap the kha cao [9] Sy tham gia cua hgp cy thi, toa an tiln hanh hda giai tmdc tap the manh den miic nao mdi vu ly xii ly hdn Nhin ehung, hda giai cap gia hdn phu thupc vao mdi quan he giua cac dinh va edng ddng thudng hudng den ban vien gia dinh va muc dp ddc lap gan, va mong dpi ca nhan, nhat la phy nii cua ca nhan v l kinh te, giao due va mang xa hy sinh vi Igi ich ciia gia dinh va cai hpi Gia dinh, cha me va hp hang la ngudn Khao sat nhiing ngudi ly hdn d khu vyc hd trg dang k l cho cac ca nhan qua Tay Nam Bp v l quy trinh hda giai eho thay, trinh ly hdn Phu nu: da ket hon khdng chi ngudi hda giai bao gdm ngudi than, b ^ be, djnh vj minh mdi quan he vdi nha hpi phu nii, ddng nghiep hoae to hda giai ehdng, ma van tri mdi quan he gan bd cua thdn, td dan phd Tuy nhien, cd mpt s6 vdi gia dinh mpt Khi phu nil gap van de tmdng hgp ly hdn ma khong cd hda giai hdn nhan, nhu khd khan ve kinh te, Theo dja ban cu tni, khu vuc thj cd gan bao lyc gia dinh, ngoai tinh hoac mau thuan 50% sd cudc ly hdn ma khong qua thu tuc vdi luat phap, hp thudng xin ldi khuyen, hda giai, d ndng thdn la ehua den dpng vien va giiip tu cha me mot va anh 30%, chiing td viec ly hdn d thi phSn chj em mpt cua hp Do do, quyet dinh ly nhieu la quyet dinh ca nhan, cdn d ndng hdn thudng la ket qua eua mpt thda thuan thdn van cd sy tham gia quyet dinh tap the ehung vdi gia dinh mpt [9] Nghien ciiu ve, Q ndng thdn, ngudi hda giai ehinh cac quy trinh ly hdn d khu vuc Tay Nam Bd eude ly hdn la td hda giai va ngudi t h ^ gia cho thay, cd su tham gia cua mdt sd ehu the dinh, ddng nghiep va hdi phu nit dd thi, quyen lue (nhu gia dinh, td hda giai, can bd ngudi hda giai cbinh la ddng nghiep, td hda tda an) nhung miic dp can thiep va anh giai va sau dd mdi la ngudi than gia hudng eua hp ribe hem dinh Nhu vay, sy tham gia ciia gia dinh, Hda giai la bude can thipp ehinh thiic ddng hp, edng ddng d quyit djnh ly diu tien dai dien cbinh quyen dia hdn d ndng thdn la manh ban, d phuang va cac td chiie xa hdi thyc hien O dd thj, ly hdn la quyet dinh mang tinh ca cap thdn, ehinh quyen thdn, bao gdm dai nhan nhiiu hon (Bang 1) dien ciia hdi phu nu thdn/lang, tmdng thdn Theo gidi tinh, nam gidi thudng tim din va can bd tu phap thdn gap go cap vg chdng nhim khuyin khich hp xem xet lai d l nghj ddng nghiep d l cd ldi khuyen hda giai ly hdn Viee hda giai dan den nhiiu ket phu nii trdng eay nhiiu vao td hda 18 Tran Thj Minh Thi giai va ngudi thSn gia dinh Dieu cho ngoai gia dinh, mdt ben phin nhiiu la gia thiy mang ludi xa hpi va khdng gian sdng dinh hoac cdng ddng minh sinh sdng khae giiia nam va nir, mdt ben la Bang 1: Ngudi tham gia hda giai ly bon (%) D(a ban (Dir tni Do thi Kh "> i£ co '''i^XJi lun ^^^^^ To hoa giai '^^M ^ Gioi tinh Nong;th6n Nam Sq.1 Nil Khong 1-2 3-5 48,3 28,3 51,2 31,2 30 41 22,2 25 43,3 , - :- 40,3 50 34 22,2 13,3 11,6 7,8 20 11,1 18,3 25 16,3 24,7 20 21 33,3 1,7 39 55 2,3 38,1 ,f 3,9 11,1 51,9 40 46 62,5 Nguon: Tac gia khao sat ve ly hdn d khu vuc Tay Nam Bd, 2018 Co khac biet theo nhdm tudi kha ro ddi vdi ngudi tham gia hda giai ly hdn Nhdm ly hdn d dp tudi dudi 30 thudng ed ngudi hda giai chinh la ngudi than gia dinh, ed the chua thuc su ddc lap, tmdng eude song va miie dp gan bd vdi gia dinh ehat che ban Nhom tudi cao han, nhat la nhdm ttr 51 trd len, eung cd ngudi hda giai ehinh la ddng nghiep, ngudi than va td hda giai Dieu dd eho thay d dp tudi cao, cac mdi quan he xa hdi nhieu trai nghiem va co dp tin cay qua thdi gian thi nhom cao tudi thudng trao ddi nhieu vdi ddng nghiep Thanh vien gia dinh tiep tuc dong vai trd quan trpng vdi nhdm tren 51 tudi, chu yeu la cai, theo nghia mong mudn han gan de nuong tua tuoi gia va tranh nhirng thay ddi Idn cupc sdng Trong mpi nhdra xa hdi, td hda giai ludn dong vai trd rat quan trpng, song song vdi vai trd quan trpng cua ngudi than gia dinh Dieu dd cho thay, quan diem cua cpng ddng, ciia xa hdi ve ly hdn van mang tinh chit cita n i n van hda tap the va ehua hoan toan khuyen khich ly hdn Thanh phin tham gia hoa giai gdm ed td dan phd, tmdng khu vyc, tmdng cac doan t h i d chi hdi d khu vyc Hoa giai thi phan tieh mau thuin chd nao, n l u giai quyit duge hoac la hda giai dugc thi la Da sd era thiy ngoai tinh thi la hoi khd hoa giai, vi du xich raich hay danh thi em thay hda giai de, edn ngoai tinh thi (PVS can bd phu nu phudng Hung Lgi, cin Tho) Khoa hpc xa hpi VietNam, so - 2020 Mpi ngudi eiing khuyen la tdi chua cd thay cudc hdn nhan nao ma thir thach nhu cupc hdn nhan ciia chii thim, nam la 11 nam rdi, ma chii thim ciing vay, ma phai chi chii cd vg khac rdi, thim cd chdng khae rdi thi tdi khdng ndi, cdn dang la khdng cd ehdng khdng cd vg, ma thim lai ty lap, ty trpng thim rat eao, tai ma thim khdng quay ve Tdi bao da khdng phai, em cimg rat mudn quay ve, em dau mudn bd hanh phiie dau, nhung ma em chua thay dupe, anh thay dugc nhung ma em chua thay dugc, len hdi cd phu trach cai don ciia thim tdi dau rdi, cd bao mdi chii Ba hoai ma chu Ba khdng cd ma mdi thim thi khdng biet thim d dau eon mdi (N.T.V, sinh 1952, ket hdn nam 74 quen thi la ngudi lang gieng) Ci khu vyc ndng thdn, ly hdn thudng cd sy tham gia mang tinh tap the Tinh tap the ly bdn the hien ro net d khu vuc ndng thdn va nhdm cd hpc van thap Theo do, ly hdn cd su tham gia quyet djnh cua ca gia dinh ben vg va gia dinh ben ehdng (Bang 2) Nhdm ly hon d dp tudi dudi 30 ciing can sy tham gia cua hai ben gia dinh nhieu hon han nhdm ly hdn d dp tudi eao ban Cac cap vg chdng cd hai lua ehpn sau tham gia vao cac cudc hpp hda giai Mpt la cap ddi cd the nit yeu cau ly bdn Dan xin ly hdn sau se bj dinh chi d cap xa Thii hai, rapt hoae ca hai ben cd the khdng mudn tai hgp va mudn ly hdn Trong tmdng hgp nay, hd so ly hdn, bao gdm don xin ly hdn, bien ban cudc hpp dugc giri tda an nhan dan huyen thy ly Thdi gian thyc hien quy trinh nay, tu nop don xin ly hdn den hda giai cd the dao ddng tii mdt thang den vai thang den nam, ttiy thupc vao muc dp phuc tap cua vu viee Phan quyit ly hdn bao gdm mpt sd thu tue: thy ly ly hdn, hda giai, phan quyet va quyit dinh ly hdn Trong qua trinh xir ly, xet ly hdn se bi dinh chi neu nguyen don nit don Sau thim phan quyet djnh ly hdn, dd neu ro quyet dinh ve sap xep cai, nha d va tai san, trg cip, v.v., cap vp chdng cd 15 de xem xet va phan hdi quyit djnh vl eham soc eai, trg cap va phan chia tai san Sau khoang thdi gian do, ly hdn cd hieu lyc va eupc hdn nhan chinh thiic bi ehim diit Vi vay, ly hdn la mdt thii tuc bao gdm nhieu bude hda giai, dae biet la d cac vimg ndng thdn, va dd, qua trinh xin ly hon, vg chdng cd nhiiu thdi gian de xem xet lai va thay ddi quan diim ciia hp Hp ed nhieu hon mpt co hdi de kiem tra cam xiic cua minh, danh gia tinh hinh va tham khao y kien vdi cac can bp hda gia, ngudi than gia dinh, ban be va ddng nghiep d cac bude hda giai va tu van hdn nhan Tuy nhien, ddi nhftng nd luc hda giai la vd ich Ngugc lai, moi tmdng thi, quan he gia dinh it chat che hem, dieu cd the dan den tinh ca nhan nhieu ban cac quyet dinh ly hdn va thii tuc ly hdn it phiic tap ban Cap vg ehdng cd the khdng trai qua toan bd qua trinh gap go, hda giai, v.v nop don xin ly hdn nhung vln cd thi xin ldi khuyen tu cac vien gia dinh va ban be than thiit vl cac van de lien quan din ly hdn, nhu phan chia cai va tai san sau ly hdn Tuong ty, kit hdn duge thdi gian cang dai, dp tudi cang cao, tinh tu chii, ty quyit dinh ly hdn cang ro net Tran Thi Minh Thi Bang 2: Chu the tham gia quyet dinh ly hon theo cac dac di^m nhan khau (%) Dja ban cutnl Do thi Ngu6i dlhigdon Nong than Dufti tieu hoc THCS THPT CD, DH 1830 3150 no Ito 36,7 33,3 37 60,9 26 47,6 83,3 74 47,8 84 66,7 Chong Vo Tuban than 30 47,4 45,7 36,1 Cahai quyet dinh 71,7 52,6 68,6 77,8 76,7 Gia dinh chong 20 10,5 14,3 13,9 16,7 8.2 8,7 16 9,5 16,7 10,5 5,7 19,4 6,7 16,7 11 4,3 IS 4,8 Con edi 3,3 0 2,8 3,3 2.7 0 To chuc 1,7 18,3 5,3 14,3 13,9 3,3 8,3 11 8,7 Gia dinh va 12 11,9 Nguon: Tac gia khao sat ve lyhon ff khu vuc Tay Nam Bg, 2018 Bang 3: Chii the tham gia quyet dinh ly hon theo cac dac diem nhan khiu (%) "TW~ DodSi hon nhan Khu vuc ^ vi?c lots 1620 2158 Khong 1-2 3-5 Nha nu6c Tu nhan Tu Khdng doanh Idmgi TirbSnthSn 46,9 35,7 29,4 41,2 44,4 42 44,4 48,3 40 C4 hai , quyet djnh 71,4 67,9 76,5 70,6 66,7 72 44,4 65,5 85 Gia dinh ch6ng 10,2 10,7 17,6 5,9 11 11,1 Gia dinh VO 12,2 10,7 11,8 11,8 0 13 6,9 20 11,1 0 11,8 0 3,4 1,6 17,6 11,8 11,1 10 22,2 6,9 10 12,7 Con edi To chuc dodn the : 8,2 7,1 Nguon: Tac gia khao sat ve ly hdn d khu vuc Tay Nam Bd, 201; 36,5 57,1 42,9 Khoa hoc xa hpi Vigt Nam, sd - 2020 Sau thdi ky ddi mdi, ly hon tang len kha nhanh chdng Trong giai doan nay, miic dp thi hda va hien dai hda va phat triln kinh te tang len, cimg vdi nhiiu thay ddi hdn nhan va gia dinh (nhu tang tudi k i t hdn, tang trinh dp hpe vin, tu hon lya chpn ban ddi, tinh cam vp chdng than mat edi md ban) Nhii'ng thay ddi xa hdi di cimg vdi hien dai hda da lam phai nhat nhieu chuan myc tmyIn thdng, va cd thi giai thich cho viee tang ly hdn d nhiiu gdc dp khac Nhirng gia trj xa hdi mdi v l hdn nhan va gia dinh lua chpn ban ddi, muc dp the hien tinh cam ca nhan, quyen phu nii, tinh ca nhan da trd nen quan trpng hem Qua trinh toan ciu hda ciing dan den nhirng thay ddi theo hudng cac chuin myc tmyen thdng v l gidi va quan he gia dinh giam siit Khi ca nhan trd nen ty hon cac quyet dinh hdn nhan, va du luan xa hdi ve ly hdn trd nen edi md ban, thi ly hdn trd nen de dang hon Sd lieu cho thay cae chu thd tham gia vao quyet dinh ly hdn bao gdm ca hai vg ehdng, rapt hai vg chdng, gia dinh vg, gia dinh chdng, cai, va td chicc doan the Trong mpi nhdm xa hdi, ly hdn ca hai vg chdng cung quyit dinh ly hdn la phuang an phd biin nhit, sau la ben nguyen dan (Bang va Bang 3) Ngudi duTig don xin ly hdn Thu nhdt, dja ban cu tni So lieu cbo thay, ty le phu nir diing don xin ly hdn cao ban han so vdi nam gidi d mpi nhdm tudi, miic sdng, nam, dja ban cu tni va cac dac diem nhan khau xa hpi khac Trong sd 8.992 hd so ly hdn dugc phan tich giai doan 2000-2017, cd 31,3% nam gidi diing don va 68,7% nii gidi diing don Ly hdn trd nen dugc chap nhan ve mat xa hpi ban, nen dan xin ly hdn nhung nam gin day chi cin vp hoac chdng diing dcm, khdng ghi nhan hd sa ca hai vg chdng ciing diing don nhu tmdc Dieu eho thiy binh ding gidi khdng ngimg tang va phu nir tu chu, ddc lap cudc sdng cao ban Tuy nhien, miic dp chu ddng xin ly hdn ciia phu nir va nam gidi cd khac biet theo mdt sd bdi canh nhat dinh Bang 4: Ngudi diing don xin ly Hon theo dia ban cu tru va miic song (%) Dia ban cir tni (N=8978) Mirc song (N=6I81) Nong thon Do thi Kha Trung binh Ng|,jo chong dung don 26,8 32,3 33,6 32.4 22,2 Vg dimg don 73,2 67,7 66,4 67,6 77g Ngudn: Tac gia tinh toan tir thong ke cac hd sa ly hon d cac quan, huyen Can Tha giai doan 2009-2017 22 Tran Thj IVIinh Thi Trong b6i canh do, xu huong phu nit dling dcm ly hon la chit yeu va thugc bat ky nhom xa hoi nao Theo dia ban cu tni, phti na a nong thon dung don xin ly hon cao hon phu no thi (73,2% so voi 67,7%) Theo muc s6ng, phii nil c6 muc song thap hem thi dling don xin ly hon cao hem (Bang 4) Thii hai, nam ly hon Tir nam 2010 din nay, ty le phu ntt diing don xin ly hon dSu cao hon nhieu so voi nam gioi, va co xu huong tang mot vai nam tro lai day (Bang 5) Bang 5: Ngucri dung don xin ly hon theo nam (%) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ch6ng dling dcfn 10,3 28,2 33,8 31,6 35,7 31 3,1 32,7 29,1 Vg dling dan 89,7 71,8 66,2 66,2 64,3 69 69 67,3 70,9 Ngudn: Tac gia tinh toan tii thong ke cac hd sa ly hon d cac quan huyen Can Tha giai doan 2009-2017 Thic ba, li ly hdn Theo cac Ii xin ly hdn, miic dp diing don xin ly hdn cua chdng va vg vi li khac biet ldi sdng, eai, kinh te, bao luc hay te nan xa hpi la tuang duong Su khac rd ban giua vg va ehdng diing don xin ly hdn la li ngoai tinh, theo do, ty le vp diing don vi li la 8,3% va eua chdng la 6,9% (Bang 6) Bang 6: Ngudi diing don xin ly hon theo ly ly hdn (N=6420) (%) Vg dung dan Chong dijng dan N Kinh t8 Ngoai tinh 0,4 8,3 Bao lite 5,6 Te nan 5,6 khac biet 80,6 Con cai 0,3 0,4 6,9 5,6 5,7 81 0,3 2610 2610 2610 2610 2610 2610 Nguon: Tac gia tinh toan tii thdng ke cac hd sa ly hdn d cac quan huyen Can Tha giai doan 2009-2017 Tha tu, sd va dp dai hdn nhan Theo sd eon, phu nii cd nhiiu hon thi it chu ddng ly hdn hon phu nir it hon hoae khdng CO Sd cang tang, ty le phu nir chu dpng cang giam, eho thiy sy hi sinh cao hon cua phu nir va ehap nhan nhihig van de cua hdn nhan nhieu hem cd nhieu hon Tucmg tu, theo dp dai hdn nhan, dp dai hdn nhan cang lau, ty le phu nii diing dan xin ly hdn cang giam Viec chju dung Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, s6 - 2020 hdn nhan d nhdm cao tudi dudng nhu raanh mudn yen dn cua phu nii tudi cao hon ban, the hien tinh tmyIn thdng kha manh (Hinh 4) me d nhdm tudi hoac sy chip nhan va Ngudi dling dcm xin ly hdn theo sd va dp dai hdn rdian long 1-2 Tir 0-5 So (N=6089) 6-9 10-15 16-21 OQ dai h5n nh§n (N=6439) a Chong dung dan EVg- dCfng don Hinh 4: Ngudi diing don xin ly hon theo sd va dp dai hdn nhan Ngudn: Tac gia tinh toan tu thong ke cac hd sa ly hon d cac quan huyen Can Tha giai doan 2009-2017 Thic ndm, dp tudi Muc dp diing dcm xin ly hdn theo tudi ciia phy nu va nam gidi ciing tuong tu vdi dp dai hdn nhan Phan tich ve cac dac diem tudi ly hdn cho thiy rapt xu hudng kha rd rang la phu nii d dp tudi cang eao thi muc dp chu ddng xin ly hdn thap han so vdi nhdm phu nir d dp tudi tre tmng hem Dieu cho thay mirc dp hien dai hda, tu ehii cao hon d nhdm phu nii tre ban (Bang 7) Bang 7: Nguai diing dan xin ly hdn theo nam sinh cua ngudi ly hdn (N=6439) {%) Tudi chdng Tru:6cl960 19611975 Sau 1976 Tnioc 1960 19611975 Sau 1976 Chong dling dan 32,6 30,6 31,5 44,8 34,2 29,8 Vg dling dan 67,4 69,4 68,5 55,2 65,8 70,2 Ngudn: Tac gia tinh toan tit th6ng M cac h6 so ly hon a cac quan huyen Can Tho giai doan 2009-2017 Tran Thi Minh Thi Bang 8: Ngudi dung don xin ly hon theo dp tudi ket hon (%) Tudi ket hdn ciia vg (N=2610) Tuoi ket hon ciia chdng (N=2264) 31 23-3 27 Chong dling don 30,2 32,9 31,9 30,6 32 34,6 Vo dling dan 69,8 67,1 68,1 69,4 68 65,4 Ngudn: Tac gia tinh toan tii thdng ke cac hd sa ly hon d cac quan huyen Can Tha giai doan 2009-2017 Bang 9: Ngudi diing dan xin ly hdn theo tuoi ly hdn (%) Tudi ly hon cua chdng (N=6439) 20-30 31-40 Tuoi ly hdn cua vp (N=6439) >41 18-30 31-40 >41 chong dling don 29,6 32,1 31 27,7 32,9 36,2 Vo dling dcm 70,4 67,9 69 72,3 68,1 63,8 Nguon: Tac gia tinh toan tii thong ke cac hd sa ly hdn d cac quan huyen Can Tha giai doan 2009-2017 Theo dp tudi ket hdn cua ngudi ly hdn, tudi ket hdn cua ngudi vg cang tre thi miic dp xin ly hdn cita ngudi vp cang cao so vdi cac nhdm tudi ket hdn khae (Bang 8) Nam gidi ket hdn d dp tudi tre ciing cd miic dp vo xin diing don ly hdn cao ban eae nhdm tudi khac Dieu eho thay ket hdn sdm cd mdi quan he vdi viec phu nii xin ly bdn cao hon Xu hudng ciing tuong ty theo dp tudi ly hdn ciia nam va nu Dp tudi ly hdn tre hon thi ty le phy nir diing dan xin ly hdn cao hon (Bang 9) Chinh phu Viet Nam uu tien thuc diy binh ding gidi, nham nang cao vi the va quyin phu nii gia dinh va xa hdi Binh ding gidi va vi the cua ngudi phu nii Viet Nam dang dugc cai thien dang ke theo thdi gian Sy ddc lap ve kinh te ciing vdi t h i ehi phap luat uu tien eho ngudi phu nu: khien hp ed nhiing ddc lap ve suy nghi va tinh cam, khien hp du dOng cam de bude khdi cudc hdn nhan khdng hanh phiic Sy ddc lap, tu ehu ciia phu nu kinh te da lam thay ddi ban chat ciia quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh, ma ehinh nd, lam thay ddi cac dac diem ciia cudc sdng gia dinh, va tao nen su dan chu va binh dang hon Dac diem ndi bat ve phu nii diing don xin ly hdn tuong ung vdi binh dang gidi va su ddc lap, ty chu cang cao ciia phu nu hdn nhan va gia dinh d Chau A, nhat la vdi phu nfi tre tudi Ket luan Hien dai hda, di cimg vdi su phat triln ciia cdng bing xa hpi, binh ding gidi, nang cao Khoa hoc xa hpj Viet Nam, sd - 2020 vi the kinh te xa hdi ciia phu nii va md rdng [2] Do Long and Phan Thi Mai Huong (2002), chu nghia ca nhan, la nhirng chiiu canh giai Collectivism Individualism thich cho viec ly hdn dang cang tang d the Vietnamese Viet Nam Ly hdn trd nen d l dang hem qua trinh hien dai hda Chinh sach va chien lupc ciia Nha nude Vietnam: citizenship", gidi; phat trien kinli te xa hdi; hdi nhap Power, American subjectivity and Anthropologist, Vol 109, No [4] dai ehung ciing anh hudng quan trpng den Goode, W.J (1993), World Changes in Divorce Patterns, University Press, Yale New xu hudng ly hdn Nhiing thay ddi ve Haven ciu true xa hdi va phap ly theo qua trinh [5] Hirschman, C Bussarawan nhan chap nhan rihieu gia tri tu hon ddi and Teerawichitchainan (2003), "Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Divorce during vdi hdn nhan, gia dinh va ly hdn so vdi Modernization: tmdc day Chu nghia tap the dang suy yeu to 1960s", chii nghia ca nhan trd nen manh Southeast Population Asia: and 1940s Development Review 29 (2) me hon Chii nghta ca nhan, vdn it bieu hien xa hdi truyen thdng, da trd Gammeltoft, T (2007), "Prenatal diagnosis in postwar ve hdn nhan, gia dinh, dan sd va binh dang hien dai hda cang tang khien cac ca of Publisher, Hanoi [3] qudc te ve van hda xa hpi; va tmyen thdng and "the self Today, Chinh tri quoc gia [6] Jones, Gavin W, (1997), "Modernization and rapt nhirng yeu td anh hudng nhat den Divorce: ty le ly hdn gia tang Southeast Asia and the West", Population and Contrasting Trends in Islamic Development Review, Vol 23, No [7] Cbii thich Thornton, Arland (2001), "The Development Paradigm: Reading History Sideways, and Family Change", Demography, No 38 ' Bai viet dirge thuc hien khuon kho de tai [8] "Van de Iy hon ciia cac cong dong toe ngucri cr Tay Tran Thi Minh Contemporary Thi (2014), Viel Nam: A Divorce in Socio-economic Nam Bo hien nay: Thirc treing, nguyen nhan va he and structural analysis of divorce in the Red qua xa hoi", mS s6 504.05-2016.04, Quy Phat River trien Publishing House, Hanoi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Viet Nam (NAFOSTED) tai trp [9] Tran Delta Thi in 2000s, Minh Social Sciences Thi (2015), "Divorce prevalence under the forces of individualism and collectivism in 'shortcut' modernity in Tai lieu t h a m k h a o Vietnam", Weaving Women's Spheres in Vietnam: The Agency of Women in Family, [1] Cho, Lee-Jay Tradition and Yada, and change Moto in the Asian (1994), family Religion and Community Brill Publishers Asian Studies, The Netherlands University of Hawaii Press, East West Center, Honolulu 26 [10] http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.i.3 ... thu ly hd so ly hon va sd ket qua xu nhan eiia cae nude Ddng Nam A [6], ly ly hon ciia 8.993 bd sa ly hdn cua Tuy nhien, hiu bet cae nha ly lu^n cho quan, huyen tren (nhu nam ket hdn, nam ly ring,... eupe ly hdn vao khoang 15.000 2.3 Ly hon tie goc dp binh c jgiai tmdng hgp mdi nam Ly hdn tang nhe vao nhimg nam 1980 va 1990, sau dd bit diu Vdi nhiiu phu nir Chau A, ly hdn khdng phai la mdt lya... Sau mdi khoang mudi nam, sd cae eude ly hdn lai tang gap ddi Tuong tu, ty I? ly hdn d Viet Nam dang tang nhanh Nam 2000, ty le ly hon thd (CDR) (CDR eua mpt vung/qudc gia mot nam/ giai doan cu the
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