56 Trao doi nghiep vu xa h&t hgc s62(i34),2oi6 MOT SO DAC DIEM NHAN KHAU - XA HOI CUA CAP VO CHONG LY HON (QUA NGHltN CUtl H SO TOA AN) PHAN THI LUYSN* Hifn tupng ly hfln ngdy mdt gia tang dnh huflmg khong nhd den sy dn djnh vd phdt triln cua thilt chl gia dinh vd xa hfi Ly hdn cd thg nhin nhgn tfl hai gdc dp Mft mdt, ly hdn Id tich cyc vd d n thiet neu quan hf vp chdng da mau thuan fram ttpng, khflng thg ndo khac phuc dupc Khi dd, ly hfln la sy gidi phdng cho cdc cd nhan thoat khfli cupc hfln nhan khdng hanh phdc Mgt khac, rapt cupc ly hfln, dau la chinh ddng, van gdy nhihig dl vo vl tinh cdm cho tat ca vien ttong gia dinh, ddc bift Id phu nft vd fre em Vi vgy, ly hdn dang thu hflt su quan tdm ciia todn xd hpi, vd can dupc nghien cuu tfl nhieu hudng tiep can khde nhu ludt hpc, xd hpi hgc, tdm li hpc Trgn ca sd nghien cuu hfl sa dan sy sa thara cua Tda dn nhdn ddn qudn Thanh Xudn, Ha Npi, bai viet se tim hieu ve cac dgc diem nhan khau - xd hfli cfla cdc cdp vp chflng ly hfln tgi dja ban khao sat Cac sfl lifu trinh bdy ttong bdi dupc ting hpp tfl hi so vd sy cho phep cfla Tfla an qudn Tinh hinh Iy hon d quan Thanh Xuan tur nam 2005 den nam 2010 Tfl chieu cgnh phdp ly, Iy hfln Id viec chdm dut quan h$ vg chong theo bdn dn, quyit dinh cd hieu l\rc phdp lugt cua Tog dn (khodn 14, Dieu 1, Ludt Hfln nhdn vd Gia dinh ndm 2014) Tfl xua tdi dli vdi m5i ngudi trudng thdnh, hdn nhdn cd y nghia vd cflng quan trpng Nd Id mpt "dgi sy" cupc ddi, danh dau sy trudng cua mflt cd nhdn tiep nhgn nhflmg vj the xd bpi mdi - la vp, chflng, la cha, me Do ly tudng nhat la mpt cupc hdn nhan ben vurng, "trara nam hanh phuc" Tuy nhien cupc sflng khflng ludn thudn chilu, trdi ngupc hdn vdi kit hdn, ly hdn Id sy thdt bai cua hfln nhan, sy tan va cua cdc ky vpng, raong dpi va cho thay muc dich hfln nhdn khflng dat dupc Trong thfli gian ndm (2005 - 2010), Tda dn nhan dan qugn Thanh Xudn dd giai quylt ly hfln cho 1.369 cgp vp chflng Sfl vy Iy hfln tfl ndm 2005 din ndm 2010 tdng Ien 38,6% - tu 164 vu lgn 267 vy (Tda an nhan ddn qudn Thanh Xuan 2005-2010) Khflng chl tdng vl sl lupmg cdc vy ly hdn md cd ve ty If Iy hfln tten ting sl cdp ket hon (Bang 1) Ty If ndm 2010 la 16,96% so vdi ndm 2005 la 9,72% Ly hdn Id mpt hifn tiipng xd hpi, cfl dnh huflmg tivc tilp din dfli sing vd Ipi ich cfla gia dinh, xa hfi Khi gidi quylt cdc vy vifc ly hfln, toa dn tiudc tien thudng laytifluchi hda gidi la trpng tam Trong ndm ndy, Toa an nhdn dan qugn Thanh Xudn da hda gidi Dgi hgc Lugt Hd Ngi Phan Thi Luyfn 57 cflng 551 trudng hpp cd ^ djnh ly hfln, giiip hp tai doan ty Trong tong sd cae vy vifc tfla dn gidi quyft cho ly hdn, quylt dinh cflng nhan thudn tinh ly hdn vd thda thudn giOa cdc duomg sy chilm 89,4 %; xSt xit chiem 10,6% Bing S6 Iir^g vi ty 1$ ly Ii6n ir qu§n Tiianli Xudn - Hd N$i Nam 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 S6c$pvc»cli6ngk4tli6n* 1687 2786 1593 2076 1983 1574 S6 c$p v(r ch6ng ly tion 164 203 217 244 274 267 Ti 1§ Iy ii6n (%) 9,72 7,29 13,62 11,75 13,82 16,96 Ngudn: Tong hgp so lieu cua Phong Ttr phdp qugn Thanh Xudn - Hd Ngi Nhihig dac diem nhan khau - xa hfi cua ngirdi ly hdn 2.1 Ngirdi dirng ten (nguyen dctn) ly hdn Theo sfl lifu thong ke, ttong 1.369 hfl sa, ty If phy nft la nguyen dan chiem 47,3%, nam gifli chiem 23,4%, cfln lai Id dem chung cua ca hai vp chdng Vifc phy nu la nguygn dem chilm ti If cao cd thg cd ly Thfl nhdt, xu hudng chung, cdc cd nhan dupc ty lua chpn bgn ddi, dupc phap ludt bdo hp Va mpt khflng thda man vfli hdn nhan, phy nfl cfl thi quylt djnh ly hon Thfl hai, ngdy nay, vaifrdgjfli da cfl nhihig thay dli ddng kl gia ^nh vd ngoai xa hgi Vj thi ngudi phy nft mpt nang cao, hp tham gia vdo cac lmh vyc cfla doi song xa hdi, d^ bift la lmh vyc kmh tl Bdi phy nu ngdy cdng ttd ngn bmh ddng han voi chflng, giam bflt sy phy thufc vl kinh tl vao ngufli chflng Hinh Ty 1$ ngirdi dung tSn ly hon • Vp BCbdoa NeuSn: Tong hgp sd lieu cnia Phong Tuphdp qudn Thanh Xudn - Hd Ngi mCithmvtfthoa^ 58 Mpt so ddc diem nhdn khdu -xahgi Hinh cho thay, tfl nam 2005 dfln ndra 2010, phy nft Id nguygn dan lufln chilm ty If cao nhdt, song cung cd xu huflmg gidm din tfl 65,9% ndm 2005 xuIng cdn 39,3% ndm 2010, va nhudng ch5 cho sy gia tdng sd vy vifc ly hfln cd hai vp chlng dflng tfln (tfl 12,1% ndm 2005, tdng lfln 22,3% nam 2006 vd 35,6% ndm 2010 (gin lin so vdi ndm 2005)) Trong dfl, ty If nam gifli la nguyen dan cdc vy ly hdn thay dli khdng ddng kl, dao dpng td 22% din 25% Xu hirong tang ty If cd hai vp chflng Id nguyen don dupc ly gidi qua y kiln mft thim phan nhu sau: "Theo quy dinh cua Bp Lugt td tung ddn sir 2005, tda se gidi quyet ly hdn trudng hgp vg chdng cung yiu cdu ly hdn md hod gidi tgi Tod dn khdng thdnh, vd niu xet thdy hai bin thgt s{c t{c nguyen ly hdn vd dg thod thupn vi viic chia tdi sdn, viec trdng nom, nudi dudng, chdm sdc, gido due Uu diim la nd dan gidn hod thii tvc vi ly hdn, rdt ngdn thdi gian gidi qt^et cdc trudng hgp ly hdn theo lupt dinh" (PVS, nft, Thim phan TAND) 2.2 TaSi fy bdn, tbdi gian cbung sSng trw&e kbify bdn, tbdi gian fy tban cda vg cbSng Hinh dufli ddy cho thdy ty If ly hdn cao nhat la d cdc gia dinh fre, d dp tufli tfl 26 tudi dgn 35 (nft 57,4%, nara 46,4%) Tudi ly hfln cfla nam gidi cao hem nfl gidi O df tuli tfl 36 tuli din 45 tuli, ty le nam gifli ly hdn chilm 30,1% tiong dd nft chi Id 20,7% Dieu ndy la tudi kit hfln cua nam gifli thudng cao ban tuli ket hdn cfla nu gifli Cang vl gid ty If Iy hdn d nfl cdng gidm tfl 57,4% d dp tuli 26 - 35 xuong, 9% df tuli tren 55 Nam ty If ly hdn thip nhdt d nhdra tufli tfl 18 - 35 chiem 1,9%, cdn d nft d dp tuli tien 55 Tuyft dai da sl ngudi ly hdn Id tfl kit hdn lln ddu (96,4% ngudi vp, vd 92,6% ngufli chlng), chi cfl 7,3% nam gifli va 3,6% nu gidi ly hdn tfl cupc hfln nhdn lln hai Hinh 'Dioi ly hon cua vgr vi chlng • tulididiig •tudivp 50 ^ Ngudn: Tong hgp so lieu cUa Phong Tuphdp qudn Thanh Xudn - Hd Ngi Phan Thi Luy$n S9 Hinh chi thiri gian chung sing vp chflng ly hon Id khd ngdn, chilm t^ If cao nhat (34,8%) Id cdc sl cap vp chdng mdi chung sflng vdi dudi ndm, ttong sfl nay, 63,1% cfl nhd Thfm chi cd 5,3% sd cdp mdi ddng ky kit hon ma chua sdng chung da tda ly hdn Cfl 23,3% cap vp chdng ly hdn sau ndm din 10 ndm chung sing 11,7% cap vp chdng ly hdn dd cfl thoi gian chung song ttfn 20 ndm Hinh Thod gian chung sdng cda yif cllong trird-c Idii Iy hdn I II I Nguon: Tong hgp so lieu cua Phong Tuphdp qu^n Thanh Xudn - Hd Noi Nhu vgy, cfl the thay thfli diem ndm dau sau kdt hdn, cdc cap vp chdng cd nguy co ly hdn cao, dgc bift la cdc cap vp chflng tte Trong thoi kj' ndy cd vp va chflng diu phdi ttdi qua nhilu bifn ddi df thich umg vdi cufc sflng Tinh yfu ldng mgn se somi qua di, hp phdi dli mat vdi thyc tl diy thd thdch cua cufc sdng dfli thuomg: gdnh nang kinh tl gia dinh, cdng vifc chua dn djnh, khdc bift ttong each sflng Ddc bift, dira diu ldng ddi, khdi lupmg cdng viec nhieu len gap bdi Dfli sdng thay dfli, nhifu nghia vu hom, tinh thin cdng thing, mit di Iflng kien nhdn, thieu su kilm soat, vd cfl nhimg loi le hode hdnh dfng xiic pham dfn nhau, diy hon nhdn vdo tinh ttgng xung dft trim ttpng nhu trucmg hpp sau: "Co T thucmg di lam vi muon Mm chl thu 7, chii nhat co iy cung dl lam Khi toi hdl CO dy bdo: cong viec aia toi la nhu thi Bl lam nhu thi co Tsao nhang viec cham soc, dgy dd cal Vi thi vg ching thucmg co nhOng cuoc tranh cai cang thing Nhiing tte nong nay, thiiu kiim chi nen tdi co nhiing lai 11 xiic phgm din co T Mdu thudn bit hoa thudng xuyen Id vg chdng thiiu tdn trgng nhau" (Trich Bifn bdn ghi nfi dung trinh bdy eiia Anh C, smh ndm 1971, ly hfln ndm 2009) Vf tiiiri gian ly thdn ciia vp chdng, sfl lifu cho tiiiy: 95,7% sl cdp vp chlng diu cfl khoang flidi gian ly tiidn truoc ly hfln, ttong dfl 62,8% ly tiidn dudi ndm, 20,4% ly than khoang tir ndm din ndm vd 12,5% ttfn nam frd len Ly tiidn hilu don gidn Id vp va chflng khflng an chung, fl chung, khdng sinh hogt vp chflng d Vift Nam, Luat Hon nhdn vd Gia dinh 2014 khflng cfl chl djnh vl ly tiian Nhung day la gidi phdp 60 Mpt so dgc diem nhdn khdu - xa hgi dupc nhieu cdp vp chflng lya chpn de gidm thilu nhihig cang thdng, xung dft gay gdt gifla vp vd chflng hole ttanh thih ti^g bgo lyc gia dinh Ding tiifli ly thdn la thdi dilm d l cdc cdp vp chlng cd thfli gian can nhdc k^ ludng trudc di din quylt djnh culi cung v l cufc hdn nhdn cfla hp 2.3 Nghi nghipp vd thu nhgp cda vg, chong ly hdn Sau 30 ndm Ddi moi, ca hfli vifc lam cho ngudi phy nfl diu tdng len S l lifu cho thiy 91,4% phu nft Iy hfln dang lara viec vd cd thu nhdp chi cd 9,6% phy nft d nha ldm npi ttp Phy nu ly hfln nhilu nhdt d ba nhdm nghl nghifp: lao dpng ty do, nhdn vien vdn phflng vd cdn bp vien chflc Trong dd, phu nfl Id lao ddng ty chigm ty If cao nhit (30%) Phu nfl Id nhdn vign vdn phdng ttong cdc co quan, doanh nghifp ngodi nhd nudc xip vj tri thfl hai vfli 25,3% Phu nfl Id can bp cdng chuc, vidn chflc nhd nudc chilm 18,1%, phy ntt nghi buu chigm 4,2% Hinh Nghl nghifp cua VQ^, chlng t^i thdi dilm ly hdn Kliitc I i NdiiiiiiBlii^ Bf dfi.ci^imnii • NIBJU hmi • Nlirtnvi^i vfln phdng COiiiiidihAii Lno (t^Siigtu t'ttiibilt.vi^icJuic ! !i ! • Chin; -a^ssBi BlK^llbtt^ NfihP KJiiMiuco \\i\ Iitiii Nguon: Tong hfxp so li§u aia Pfidng Tuphdp qudn Thanh Xudn - Hd Npi v l nghl nghifp cua ngucri chdng, ty If ly hdn cao nhat ciing thufc ba nhflm nghf nghifp chinh: lao dfng ty chifm 35,1%; nhan vien vdn phdng clufm 22,1% va cdn bp, vien chile 17,3% Cfl 3,1 % s l nguiri chflng khdng cd vifc lam ttong mau ngliifn ciiu Cdc cdp vp c h l n g frong mau nghifn ciiu cd xu huomg cimg nhdm nghe nghifp Ty If cdp vp chlng ly hfln ciing nghl nghifp cao Id nhflm: lao dpng ty chiem 20,5%; cdn bp, vifn chile chilm 11,1 % va nhan vien van phdng 15,3% Dilu ndy khdc vfli nhdn djnh til nghifn cim cua Goelame va Facques, cho ring nghl nghifp khdc cfl tdc dyng fliiic diy vifc chim dirt quan hf vp chdng Sy khac v l nghl nghifp ciia vp va chong da chua sdn xu hudmg dan dfn ly hon (Goelame vd Facques, 1974: 37) So Ufu d Hinh cho bilt fliu nhdp binh qudn cua vp, chong dupc kf ttong Ban ty khai Khflng cd sy khdc bift nhilu v l tiiu nhdp giOa vp vd chdng Trong dd, ty If cao nhit 50,4% ngudi chdng vd 47,4% ngudi vp cd thu nhgp tir ti«n ttifu din trifu dong Trong Phan Thi Luyfn 61 dfl, 20,7% nguiri chflng va 22,9% so ngufli vp cfl miic tiiu nhdp dufli tiifu dflng/thdng Mft bf phfn duong su khdng cfl tim nhgp chilm 6,2% ngudi chflng vd 4,6% ngudi vp Cdc duomg sy cfl thu nhgp frfn tiifu ding/flidng ttong difn khdo sat chilm ty If 22,1% sfl ngufli vp vd 25,8% sl ngudi chlng Hinli Thu nb$p cila V7, ching t^i thAi di^m ly hdn Ngudn: Tdng hgp sd Heu cua Phdng Tuphdp qudn Thanh Xudn - Hd Ndi Yfu td kinh tl ddng vai ttd quan ttpng ttong vifc tri sy In djnh cua gia dinh Nghifn Cliu cho thiy phin Iflm vp, chlng cfl thu nhap d miic trung budi ttd xuflng dl ddn din mdu thuan, xung dft vp, chlng Mdt khdcfrpngxS hfi truyin thing, nam gifli Id try cpt kinh tl vd hp cfl quyln quylt djnh ttong hdn nhan Nhung xd hfi phat triln, nguIn tdi chinh dl ddp iing nhu ciu ngdy cdng cao ciia gia dinh tang Ifn, ttong thu nhgp cug nguiri chdng khflng tdng lentircmgiing Nguiri chlng mat din vj thi "try eft" so vfli xd hpi truyin thing Sy gia tdng vifc ldm cd thu nhdp cua phy nu cung ldm cho hp cd khd ndng tai chinh dl rdi bd nhimg cufc hfn nhdn khdng hgnh phiic Nhu trudng hpp chi H vd anh P dupc ghi Bifn bdn hfla gidi cua tfla an nhu sau Y kiln chj H; "Tdi khdng cdn tlnh cdm vg chdng vol anh P mdu thuin vg chdng keo ddi dd nhiiu ndm Anh P sdng thiiu trdch nhifm vgl gla dinh, khdng ddng gdp kinh ti, hay chgi cd hgc" Y kiln anh P: "Do dgc thii cdng vi$c ciia tdi khdng thi kiim dugc nhiiu tiin, thu nhgp thip nen khong cd khd ndng ddng gdp dugc nhiiu cho kinh ti gia dinh Tdi khong phdi chai eg bgc chuyen nghifp md chi chen cho vui, diy chi Id cdi ca cia cd H Cd H hay dl cdng tdc, quan hf rdng nen vi nhd che ching Tdi khdng ding f ly hdn vi mdu thuin giiia chiing tdi chua tdi miic trim Tdi lo ling cho vd khdng thi yen tdm vcri vifc chi mgt ngudi nudi con" 2,4 S6 con, tuii c&a con, ngitM nuSi sau ly HSn Sfl lifu cho tiiiy cfl 17% sd cgp vp chlng ly hfln chua cfl con, tiung dfl, cd 3,4% cap vp chflng chim diit hfln nhdn du chua cfl tiidi gian chung sdng cimg Cd 3,9% sd cdp vp chflng ly hfln vi nguyfn nhan khong cd Chilm ty If cao nhat (48,7%) la sd 62 Mpt so dgc diem nhdn khdu - xa hpi c^p vp chong cd con; 32,3% so c$p vp chong cfl va 1,5% sl cap cd tfl trd len Trong sfl cac c|p vp chlng cd con, thi cd tfli 74,5% Id sfl chua thdnh nifln (dudi 18 tuli) va 25,5% la da nien Vdy sau ly hon Id ngudi nudi con? Nghidn cflu cho tbay 71,4% phy nft Id ngudi nuoi sau ly hdn, dd 30,7% nufli cd hai Chi cfl 12,9% sl nam gifli nufli va 15,6% cd bai vp chlng cung nufli Tren phgm vi ca nuflfc, da sfl trudng hpp sau ly hdn cdi d vfli m? 64,3% (Tdng cue Thing kg, 2008: 21) Mdc du phdp lugt quy djnh nam, nft cd binh quyln vl mgi mgt, nhung vfli ttdch nhiem nufli thi phu nfl sau ly hfln thudng ddm nhdn vifc nhieu hem Khi phy nft chu dgng ly bfln, bp ciing thudng chd dfng gidnh quygn nufli cpn va tfla dn ciing giai quylt nhu vdy vd coi la sy dam bao nguyen tdc bao vf quyen va lpi ich cua phu nu vafreem Iy hdn Tiln cip duang nudi bao gflm nhimg cbi phi toi thilu cho vifc nudi dudng va hgc hdnh cfla la hai ben thfla thuan Phucmg thflc cap dudng cd thi djnh ky hang thang, hang quy, nda nam, bdng ndm hogc mpt ldn Qua nghien cflu cho thdy cd tfli 41,6% ngudi tryc tiep nufli khdng yeu cdu phia bfln phdi cap dudng; 26% cap dudng tfl 500.000 dflng din trifu dflng/thdng; ed 12,2% cap duong tien trifu; cd 4,4% cd mflc cdp dudng dudi 500.000 ddng/thdng vd 0,4% cdc ben duang sy thda thudn hinh thflc cap duong ldn Kit lu^n Tren ddy Id mpt sd van dg vg tinh hinh ly hdn tgi qugn Thanh Xuan, Ha Ndi vd ddc diem nhan khau - xa bpi cfla cac ducmg sy Iy hfln Qua nghign cflu hd sa Tda an nhdn dan qugn tfl ndra 2005 din nam 2010 cho thay ly hdn cung gia tdng cd vl sfl lupng va ty If, phu nft la nguygn dan chiflm ty If cao, nhung cd xu hudng gidm dan qua cac ndra nhudng cho eho sl dem hai vp chong cflng dflng tgn Tudi ly hfln cfla nara gifli cao hom nfl gidi, ty le ly hfln cao d cdc gia dinh tie, cd thdi gian chung sdng dudi nam va da phin phu nft la nguoi dufli 35 tudi va thupc ba nhdra nghl nghifp chinh: lao dfng ty do, nhan vien van phdng vd cdn bf, vifln chflc nhd nudc vdi mflc thu nhgp trung binh vd thip Hifn ngufli phy nft van phdi chjufrdchnhifm cbinh ttong vifc nudi day cai sau Iy hdn Dilu ndy dnh hudng khflng nhd din cufc sing cfla hp nhu: khd ndng tai hdn, khd khdn ve kinh tg, nudi mft minh Do vdy cdn cd nhieu nghign cflu sau horn ve d$c diem vd xu huflmg ly hdn, bdu qud xd hfi cda ly hfln cho phy nft, tre em sau gia dinh tan vd Tai lifu tham khao Boi Goelame vi C Facques 1974 Ly dj - moifrudngvi hoin cinh cua phy nil Tgp chi Kinh ti vd Thing ke, sl 53 Tia in nhan din qu^n Thanh Xuin Hi Nfi Hi so din sy so thdm tir nim 2005-2010 Tong cyc Thong k6 2008 Kit qud dik tra gia dinh Viet Nam nSm 2006 Nxb Thing kS Tong cyc Thing k6 2011 Tmh hinh kinh ti - xa hgi Viet Nam 10 nSm 2001-2010 Nxb Tiling ke ... 1971, ly hfln ndm 2009) Vf tiiiri gian ly thdn ciia vp chdng, sfl lifu cho tiiiy: 95,7% sl cdp vp chlng diu cfl khoang flidi gian ly tiidn truoc ly hfln, ttong dfl 62,8% ly tiidn dudi ndm, 20,4% ly. .. tfl 57,4% d dp tuli 26 - 35 xuong, 9% df tuli tren 55 Nam ty If ly hdn thip nhdt d nhdra tufli tfl 18 - 35 chiem 1,9%, cdn d nft d dp tuli tien 55 Tuyft dai da sl ngudi ly hdn Id tfl kit hdn lln... da tda ly hdn Cfl 23,3% cap vp chdng ly hdn sau ndm din 10 ndm chung sing 11,7% cap vp chdng ly hdn dd cfl thoi gian chung song ttfn 20 ndm Hinh Thod gian chung sdng cda yif cllong trird-c Idii