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CHUYAN MUC VAN HQC - N G O N NGCf HOC CACH TAN NGHE THUAT TRONG DOI BAN QUA N H A T LINH NGUY6N HUONG NGQC' Nhit Linh li mgt sd nhirng cay but tieu biiu vin hgc tang mgn Vigt Nam giai dogn 1900 - 1945 Ong cd ddng gdp viec cich tin nghg thuit tiiu thuyit Vigt Nam Cic ky thuit sang tic theo phwang Tay hien dgi dwgc sir dicing nhuin nhuyin tic pham cua dng Ddi bgn li tiiu thuyit thi hien rd sw cich tin nghi thugt ciia nha van Vdi sw phin tich cic khia canh nhw kit ciu, tim iy nhan vat vi ngdn ngir trin thuit tiiu thuyit Ddi bgn bai viit iim rd them sw cich tin cua Nhat Linh tic phim niy Tir khda: Nhit Llnh, tieu thuyet Vift Nam d i u the ky XX, van hpc Vift Nam 1900 - 1945 Nhin bai ngay: 24/3/2020; dwa vio bien tgp: 30/3/2020; phin bign: 14/4/2020; duyit ding: 10/5/2020 I.DANNHAP Nam 1932, Nhat Linh da mua Igi td Nhit Linh t f n thgt la Nguyin Tudng Tam l i ngudl eon thu ba gia dinh Nguyen Tudng, la anh eua P''°"9 " " ^ ^ " ^ ^"^^"^ H^^" Ninh v i Nguyfn Xuan Mai, huy dpng Tran ^hanh Giu (Khii Hung), He Trpng Hieu (Tli Md), Nguyfn Tydng Long (Hoing Dgo), Nguyfn Tudng L i n (Thach Lam) tao thinh mpt ban bien , , ., tap bao moi Ngay tu nhung so dau „ , , ,, , , , ^ , tien, Phong hda da thpl mdt lupng gid mdi d i y sinh vao Idng bgn doe, ,, .^ ,• ^ dupe dong dao tang lop tieu tu san Nguyen Tudng Long va Nguyen Tudng Lan, Nhat Linh l i ngydi ed vai tro quan bgc nhat viee I.- u u , ' J^ , J, ã ô hlnh nen T u luc van doan, to chirc van hpc cd nhllu heat ddng dgt hifu qua ca cap nhat tronq nhifng nam V H = ^o" lai i a 1932-1945, -Tnrdng Dgi hoc Khoa h,c X i hfl v i Nhin vin, Bgi hoc Quic gia H i Nfl thinh thj v i trl thirc trung luu ddn nhgn TCr thinh cdng dd, Nguyen Tudng Tam da lap Tu lye v i n 3oan vdi co quan ngdn luan la b i o NGUYEN HiroNG NGOC - CACH TAN NGHE THUATJgglJg:: Phong hda ( n i m 1935 l i Ngay nay), n h i xuat ban la Diri Ban d i u trg sd d gdc H i n g Cdt v i Cira B i c sau ddi d i n 80 Quin Thanh ( H i Npi), Nhit Linh, Khii Hung va Hoang Dgo trd thinh ba tn,i opt ciig T u lyc v i n d o i n (Phgn Cy D f , 2013; 529) Nhit Linh l i c i y but v i n xudi, sing t i c nhllu tilu thuyet ling mgn Trong thdi ky dinh cac ciig T y lyc v i n d o i n , dng ddng gdp mpt sd t i e phim quan trpng, neu len dupc tdn chi, tuyfn ngdn cua t l chCre v i g i y tiing vang nhu Dogn tuyit Ning thu, Lgnh lung, Ddi ban Mpt s l t i e pham, Nhit Linh dung t f n chung cung Khii Hung cung dupc d i n h g i i r i t cao nhu Anh phii sing, Ginh hing hoa Nhit Linh l i m f t sd nhirng c i y but quyit lift vifc t h i hifn qugn dilm sing t i c ciia T y lye v i n doin Trong tilu thuyit, truyfn ngin cug minh, dng mgnh me t h i hifn tu tudng b i i tru eie hu tgc phong kiln Igc h i u khdng edn phil hpp vdi thdi dgi v i co siiy eho i l l song hifn dgl, thirc thdi "Nhin vgt ciia Khii Hung y f u ddi Ige qugn, cd nhirng udc mo khdng tudng v i thudng dgt den mgc dieh mpt eieh d l d i n g Cdn nhung nhan v i t cua Nhit Linh thudng cd nhu'ng khung hoang v l tinh thin, nhu'ng giing xe npi t i m giua c i nhin v i gia dinh, tinh y f u va b i n phin, chi hudng v i hoan canh" (Nhit Linh, 1988: 13-14) Nhieu t i e pham xuat hifn nhifng cap hinh tupng hofc c i c chi tilt d l i lgp giu'g cu - mdi, giu'a Ige hfu - cich t i n nhu la eieh d l dng nhin mgnh quan diem cua minh T y tudng phai thoit ly khdi l i i sing cu, "edi ddi cu" xuit hien k h i nhllu sing tic cua dng v i Khii Hung Nhin v i t cua dng san sing dirng Ifn, t h i hifn c i i tdi c i nhin, ching Igi c i c l l thii b i t cdng eiia xa hoi phong kiln trudng gia Dot bgn chlnh l i mpt s l nhung sang t i c nhu t h i Tilu thuyit Doi bgn dwgc dang tren Ngiy n i m 1938 v i duoe xuit ban thinh sieh n i m 1939 Tilu thuyit da t h i hifn rd quan diem nghf thuat eua Nhit Linh cOng nhu pheng eieh viet ciia dng, mpt c i y biit cd kha nang khai thic ddi sing npi t i m eua eon ngudi vd eiing pheng phii v i s i u s i e Day l i mft trpng sd nhirng tilu thuyit the hifn dupe sy cich tan nghf thugt eua t i c gia ndi rifng va ciia T y lye v i n doin ndi ehung Bai vilt p h i n tieh e i e y i u t l nhu k i t c i u , nghf thugt x i y dung t i m ly nhan vgt v i ngdn ngir tran thuit d l l i m s i n g td Iugn diem trfn NH&NG DONG GOP TRONG SANG TAO NGHE THUAT TlfeU THUYAT HIEN DAI CllA N H A T LINH QUA TAC P H A M BOI BAN 2.1 K i t c i u Kit cau l i don vj gdp p h i n tao nen hlnh thire be ngoai cua van ban nghf thugt va dong thdi cung l i soi day lien k i t mach truyen npi ham cua t i l u thuyet Trong van hpc trung dgi, t i l u thuyit ehu yeu d y p c to chuc theo ket e i u chuong hoi C i c chuong cd dung lupng g i n tuong duong TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so (261) 2020 dd tifu d l chuong ludn tdm t i t dupc nfl dung ndng cot eua chuong dd va euli m i l ehuong thudng la eac binh lufn d i l n giai Cau ehuyfn t i l u thuyit ehuong h l i thudng dupe ke theo ddng thdi gian tuyen tinh S u kifn gl d i n trude se dupe ke trudc Sy kifn sau If h f qua ciia mpt hofe nhllu s y kifn trudc dd K i t e i u tilu thuyit trung dgi ve co ban cd nhCfng quy djnh eh^t che, nghifm nggt Day eOng l i mpt d$e d i l m ehung cua van chuong nho gia Mpi sing t i c d i u phai dya trfn mpt khung quy chuan So d i Kit c i u cic chuong tilu thuyit Odi b$n cua Nhit Llnh Nhit l i bing (Thay miy Idi nOi diu) Phin thli' nhi Phin thir hai: Phin thii' ba: Ngydi viet ed t h i s i n g tgo nhung khdng dupe phep di qug nhung dudng bien niem lugt chit ehe da dupc quy djnh Bydc sang thf ky XX, nhu c i u eieh t i n van hpc trd nen birc thilt, k i t e i u cua v i n xudi bupc phil vfn dpng theo t i i n trinh thay doi dd Nhit Linh ciing cac n h i v i n T y lyc v i n doan la nhu'ng ngudi da thyc hifn trift d l d i l u dd Tieu thuyit Ddi bgn cung dype ehia thinh eie ehyong nhyng eich chia h i t sire sing tgo, hifn dgi Md d i u tieu thuyit l i mpt ehyong vdi s y x u i t hifn e i a mpt bCre thu Dung viet cho mdt ngudi ban xung tdi TCf bCfc thu dd, cau chuyen v l Dung, v l Loan, v l True v i nhCfng ngudi ban dupc t i i hifn Cot truyfn ed sy h l i e l , tU' dilm dirng hien tgi nhin v l q u i khCf C i u ehuyfn da khdng b i t dau theo ddng thdi gian tjnh tiin thdng thudng ma ed sy ngoii lai So vdi tilu thuyit chuong hoi v i n hoc trung dgl, k i t c i u eua Ddi bgn phirc tgp hon v i khdng t u i n theo bat ky quy dmh eu the nao Day hoin toan l i s y s i n g tgo eiig Nhit Linh nhim triln khai dupe trpn vpn nhu'ng y nghf thugt cug chinh minh NhCfng dien bien ehinh eua c i u ehuyfn dupe trien khai phan Idn Trong moi phin Idn, t i e gia ehia thinh eie ehuong nho hon dupc danh s l La Ma Chimg tdi dua bang thing ke dung lupng eac p h i n , ehuong de cd eai nhin djnh lupng tong quaL Mau khao s i t la tilu thuyet Bdi bgn Nha x u i t NGUYEN HUO-NG NGOC - CACH TAN NGHETHUATTRUriH, ban Dgi hpe va Giio dge ehuyfn nghiep xuit ban n i m 1988 Bang Bang dung lupng phin b i cic phin, chucmg tilu thuyet Ddi ban cua Nhit Linh STT Phin Chirong] Nhit l i bing (Thay m i y ldi nOi dau) trang 58 trang S i trang P h i n thCr n h i t 12.5 trang II 9,5 trang III 6,5 trang IV Strang V Strang VI 11,5 trang 61.5 trang 10 P h i n thir hai trang 11 II trang 12 III 5,5 trang 13 IV 14,5 trang 14 V 12 trang 15 VI 7,5 trang 16 VII 11 trang 45 trang 17 P h i n thir ba 13,5 trang 19 II 10,5 trang 20 III 10 trang 21 IV trang 22 V trang 18 Nguin: Tic gii lift ke Dung Iupng c i c chuong tirng phin ciia tieu thuyit khdng q u i chenh Ifch nhung giira e i e phin thi ed sy khie biet Phan thif hal ciia tilu thuyit dypc t i p trung nhllu nhit vdi 61,5 trgng, p h i n thir bg t i c gia viet ngin nhit (45 trang) D i l u n i y hoan toin cd t h i hiiu dupe bdi t i l u thuyit Ddi ban khdng chi l i m f t t i e phim cd ket c i u chuong h l i , phi tuyin tinh ma quan trpng hon day l i mdt tilu thuyet luan d l Toan bd tilu thuyit Bdi ban khong chi l i c i u ehuyfn tinh yeu ciia hai ngudi Dung Loan m i no l i c i u ehuyfn v l ly tudng eua nhii'ng ngudi nien tri thue nhyng nim d i u the ky XX ma Dung, True v i nhung ngudi bgn eug c i e gnh l i hlnh i n h bieu tupng eho dilu dd Trudc sy thay d l i eua ddi sing x i hpi, hp khao khat ed dupc cude sing ty do, thoit khdi c i i khung chit hpp eila x i hdi phong kiln e l hu m i dng Tuan ( b l eua Dung) hay b i Hai (me cila Loan) la dai dien cho dilu dd Ho mong mudn dupe thoit ly - dd l i ly m i tir phan thif nhit cua tilu thuyet, n h i van dua c i c ehi tilt, eiu ndi gpi m d eho cau ehuyfn thoit ly cua eac nhan vat Phin thir hal la liie Nhit Linh xay dung s i c net hon nua cae mau thuin giifa nhCfng ngudi tre v i t h i he cu nhu su b i t hda giu'a Dung v i bo minh, m i l quan he m i n thuong ty tim den vdi cang b i n chgt eua Dung va Loan mac eho viec hp da dypc gia dinh ehpn m i l khae d l lap gia dinh Cimg vdi dd, nhu'ng bien co quan nhat da xay ra, phan niy thir thach sy quyet tam vupt thoit cua Dung dd la c i l chet ciia Thai v i cua Tgo, su gigc g i i cug bd me Dung viee muon Dung l i y ed Khanh, cung nhu sy bao hieu can benh lao eua Ha T i t ca nhirng d i l u dd khdng lam ehp Dung m i t kien dinh Phin ba (phin cudi) Dung quyet tam cCing True thoat ly khdi ngdi n h i , khdi c i i TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s i (261) 2020 ling til tung, chat hep, khdi ngdi nha vdi ngudi cha gia trudng ma nhllu lue DQng t h i y x i u h i ; tir bd ca Loan vi anh khdng muon lam cd kho Nhat Linh da ed s y each t i n ket c i u rit rd rang (5ng da thoit khdi c i i khung cila loi vilt trung dai, theo k i l u ehyong h l i co dien Ong da b i t kip vdi cieh td chire van ban nghf thugt v i n chuong hifn dgl phuong Tay Cae ehuong dupc to chirc d i l ngin khic tiiy v i o mgc dieh sing tgo ciia ngudi viet Sy c i c h t i n niy da gdp phan tgo nen dp linh hpgt trpng triln khgi ndi dung t i c p h i m ding thdi giam dypc dung lupng cua tiiu thuyet khien nd phu hpp vdi ngudi dpc hifn dgl 2.2 Nghf thuat xay dung tam ly nhin vat Trong cae t i c gia van xudi giai dogn 1900 - 1945, Nhit Linh la mpt nhCfng c i y but t i i nang viec mlfu tg difn bien tam ly nhin vgt Tilu thuyet Ddi ban l i t i e pham the hien rd nhit d i e diem phong each nghf thuat eua nha van Biet tai eua dng la di sau vap nhu'ng ehuyin biln tinh vi nhit cua ddi song ndi tam nhan vft va the hien nd qua he thdng ngdn tir tinh t l Dpc Ddi ban, ngudl dpc ddi ed cam tudng nhu dupc dpc mpt ban mieu ta chi tilt sy van dpng tam Iy cua nhu'ng ngydi trl thire tre tuoi nhu'ng nam dau t h i ky XX doi m^t vdi nhu'ng thich thirc ciia t h i hf, thdi dai; s y ehuyen biln tinh cam eon ngydi b i t dau yeu vdi t i t ea cae cung bae eua nd VI the se khdng h i sai ndi Odi ban eung la mdt tieu thuyet tam ly x u i t sie, dinh d i u s y thay ddi sang t i c eua van xudl Viet Nam Trude dd, e i e t i c gia trung dai khdng chii trpng t h i hifn c i c bilu hien tinh vi eua ddi sdng tam ly nhan vgt, khdng khai t h i c chi tilt, eg t h i ddi sdng npi t i m nhan vgt nhung den Nhit Linh, cimg c i c sang t i c ciia T u luc van doan, the gldi ndi tam eie nhin vat da dupe the hifn sinh dpng, eg t h i , chl t i l t v i logic Nhu vgy, d tieu thuyet Odi ban cd s u t i n tgi ca hal k i t c i u : tieu thuyit Iugn d l v i tieu thuyit t i m ly Dung, True, Cgn, Thai dgl dien cho nhifng nem nien tri thirc dirng giu'g d i l m gigp eug nhung hf g i i trj cu mdi Ban than hp hieu dupe nhifng m i u thuin v i n ton tai xa hdi luc dd D i y I i mdt xa hpi nhung g i i trj mdi trin vao nhu mpt l i n sdng giifa lue nhung hf g i i trj truyen thong v i n dang tdn tai, b i m rf sau ddi sdng eua ngudi The gidl quan eua mdt xa hdi ed lieh sir hing ngin nam khdng d l gl bj suy ehuyen doi dien vdi lye hap d i n den tir t h i gidi quan Tay phuong hien dgi Thieh thire dat la vgy dieu gi se d Igi va dilu gi se bj thgy t h i Cie nhin vat eiia Ooi ban d i bj dgt v i o l i n rgnh mong mgnh ay ciia s u vgn dong thdi t h i Ho thiy ring; "sy t r i i ngype eua tham tam ehing - ma chang khdng d l i khac dupc - vdi canh sing hien tai khdng eho phep Dung t u lam ngy nd dupc nhan eieh minh Igi thi ehi cd heo mdn dan dl, dau k h i m i l m i NGUYEN HUONG NGOC - CACH TAN NGHE THUAUgg^iiivd ieh cho minh, cho ca mpi ngudi" (Nhit Linh, 1988; 157) NhO'ng nam nien tri thCrc dupc hudng nen giap dgc T i y hpc nhy DQng, True va c i c bgn ciia hp s i n sing d i u tranh chong Igi nhirng co hu t i n tai c l huu ddl sdng VI t h i trii tim va khii dc hp ludn nung n i u kbit vpng dupe khdi luy tre ling, dupe di nudc ngoai Khi ehua ed du quyit t i m de di Dung ty trich ban thin: "DQng thiy ring buIn cho Tgo, l i chinh ehing d i budn cho ddi ching Phai sing mft ddi ngang trii nhung ehing khdng cd du can dam d l thoit ly " (Nhit Linh, 1988; 133) N h i v i n mifu t i t i m ly sdi sgc mong udc dupc thoit ly h i t sire rd rang thdng qua nhung eufe trao d l i v l ehuyfn phai Ifn dudng cila DQng va Tnie eung nhung ngudi bgn Logn Igi l i dgi difn eho nhifng nu thgnh nifn dupc hpc hinh thdi ky dd Cd dupc quen b i l l vdi nhung ching trai cd hpe hanh nhu DQng, True, C i n T i m nhin cua cd cQng dupc giai thoit khdi nhung h i khic eiia suy nghi cQ Tuy da dupe cha mp djnh s i n hdn su vdl T h i n , b i phin Lpi nhung Loan van t h i m thuong DQng v i ludn td thich thu, hgnh phuc moi dupe g i n gQi DQng hay dupc anh quan t i m Tuy t h i gia dinh Loan lgi khdng dupc k h i gig nhu n h i DQng, bo me Loan cd m i l hiim khich vdi b l Dung Do dd, ban thin cd van ludn tu y thire v l than phgn eug minh Cd chug bgo gid dam budc qua gidi hgn m i l tinh t h i m kin eua minh vdi Dung Ban t h i n ed trin trpng tirng phut giiy ben anh nhung chua bao gid d i m nghi ring hal ngudl se cd dupc hgnh phOc b i n trpn ddi N i u DQng True Loan l i dgi difn eho nhung ngudl tre dupe hudng nen T i y hpe, cho nhung tu tudng mdi cap t i i n thi nhung ngudi nhu dng b i Tuin (bo mp DQng) v i dng ba Hai ( b l me Loan) l i dgi difn che nhu'ng c i l eu, nhung quan dilm d i 111 thdi, Igc hau Ong ba Tuin tifu bilu cho ting Idp cudng quyin, cd tiin bgc cd quyin lye cd kha ning trin i p ngudi khie Mac du dupe sing sung sudng nhung Igg nhyng DQng ludn cd t i m ly xau ho DQng tirng ndi vdi Loan; "Giiu mpt cich thing thin cOng da khd ehju roi, huong ho giiu mot cich khdng xirng ding Ngudl ta ngoii c i l an mgc, edn eii kien sr (Nhit Linh, 1988; 111) Anh c i m thiy khinh bi thdi de npt, gilm dgp ien ke y i u the eug chg minh Dd l i ly chg anh ludn eang thing d i n d i n ming md, cai va v i trd ddng lye mdt Idn de anh quyet di Ben cgnh dai difn ciia tang Idp cudng quyin trpng xa hpi cQ, dng b i Hal lgi l i dai difn eua tang ldp ngydi lao ddng ngheo ludn ty ti v l phgn cua minh Ong Hgi Hgng, h o i n egnh khon khd khdng l i m rg dupe nhieu cila cai phai ciing trai ea len viing cao day hpc cho dii ehing biit tuong lai the n i o Ba Hai d nha quan s i t moi quan he giCfa gal v i egu Dung thi hieu ring giua hgi ngudi hp cd v i n de Ba biet Dung l i ngudi tot, la mpt m i i TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQl s i (261) 2020 thyc s y hon eau T h i n nhyng ban thin ba khdng vupt qua dupc suy nghi "mon dang ho doi", eung nhu m i l eing thing von cd b i y l i u ciig chong b i va dng T u i n Vi t h i moi luc hai ngudi tinh cam canh nhau, b i lgi eo td rg khdng vui Idng nhu Dung h i i dfu giup Loan nhu la c i i ed de hai ngudi dupc dCrng egnh nhgu thi ba ndi; "Cd m u l n an dgu v i n ma cd mpt vlfe hai cQng h i t nhd ngudi np den ngudi kia" (Nhit Llnh, 1988; 96) Day l i tam ly rat d f hliu eua mpt ngudi mp, hp b i l l rd ring giCfa hai ngudi se khdng bao gid ed tuong lai khdng biet nen ndi hay khdng r l l c u l i eiing khdng ndi khien cho eiu ehuyfn cua ho m i l la ehuyfn ciia ddi bgn N h i v i n nhin rg nhifng bieu hifn t i m ly tinh vi, duyen dang ciia nhifng ngudi cd cam tinh d i e bift vdi nhgu nhu cd the doin- dupe y nhgu r i t nhgnh du ehi b i n g anh m i t , thgm chi ehi la linh cam: "Khdng nhin han v i o c h l Loan ngii, nhung DQng biet ring tir luc vao Loan v i n c h i m chu nhin minh Loan ngdi khuit sgu Hiln d l khdng gi chu y den Nang khdng ndi, khdng mim cudi ehi y f n lfng nhin DQng Nghf thugt mieu ta tam ly cua Nhat Linh dupe the hifn tap trung va rd ring hon ca qua nhCfng dogn v i n phan tich tam trgng, e i m xue, cam nhgn eua Dung va Loan mdi ggp hay di ben N h i van mieu ta sy chuyen biln tam ly ciia hp bing v i n phpng rat eham rai khdng vc v i p , vpi v i nhu cimg nhdm bgn den nhi Cgn choi, cung t y nhien chi ed Dung va Loan cam t h i y ngupng ngimg; "Chi ed Dung va Lean dirng Iai dudi goc cay k h i Hai ngudi t h i y ngupng NhCfng c i u ehuyfn thdng thydng ndi trudc mgt mpi ngudl mdt cich rit d l dang, tu nhien, thi liic hlnh nhu hoi bgo dan qua, khdng al dim ndi" (Nhit Linh, 1988: 32) Hay nhu hai ma ndng hoi vi t h i y DQng nhin minh dd xeL Loan vol ndi; "Hdm trdi gid nom, em dl mdt luc ma ndng ca ngudl" (Nhit Llnh, 1988; 60) Ngay ca den luc muon td tinh ma Dung cung cir loay hoay suy nght Dung dat mQ xuing ban v i dirng dua v i o ghe, hoi nghifng ngudi d l l i n mat v i o bdng toi Loan biit ring Dung muon dupe tu nhin Igi minh; hal m i t nang bdng tuoi hin len dudi i n h den v i hai hang Idng mi ning hoi rung ddng Nhin Lpan, DQng thiy rd y ning m u l n bing hai eon m i t lang le dien eho ehing biet noi vui sudng i m tham dupe trdng thiy mat chang" (Nhat Linh, 1988:75) Hay nhu hal ngudi muon dupe tieh khdi vp ehing anh chj giao Lam Thao; "Loan dua m i t nhin Dung that nhanh Hal ngudi eung di ve phia m i y eay thdng, tim dudng xudng Sp cd ve l i dinh t i m ru ehi dl rieng cd hal ngudi nen Dung ndi to; - Ai nhu anh True duong dirng dpi d dudi kia? Loan n d i ; - Khdng la anh True thi la nua NGUYEN HUONG NGOC - CACH TAN NGHE I H U A T J j S ^ Thft ca DQng va Loan khdng ngudi n i o nhin t h i y Tnie dau ca - Di v l phia cd Loan g, xudng g i n hon, - Em v l phia i y dde nga chiL DQng dirng Igi dpi; - Nga da ed tdi dirng d dudi dd" (Nhit Linh, 1988:174) Tinh earn giua DQng v i Loan thuc d i dgm sau nhung khdng the hifn ngoii, "tinh nhu d i , mgt ngoii cdn e" vi t h i m i sy hp ed t i m ly nggi ngung, giU' ke Nhit Linh d i mifu t i trgng thii n i y xuyen suit thifn tilu thuyit r i t khf o leo H i u nhu luc n i o hai ngudi b f n nhau, hp deu t h i hifn t i m ly dd M i e du sau ben trpng, tinh y f u cila hp r i t tha thilt nhung giua hp v i n l i nhirng rao can ciia hai ben gia dinh, eua thuin phong my tgc v i eua nhung m f c cam c i nhin khdng the bilu hifn bing ngdn tu vdi Cd nhung d i l m ehung ve tinh y f u , s u e de nhu v f y nen hp doin y rit mau chdng ehi qua mpt i n h m i t , mpt CU' chi khudn mat hay mpt Idi ndi Vlfe tgp trung v i p bleu hien t i m ly nhan vgt, nhit l i nhin vat dang yeu mdt eich ehi tilt, ti mi l i thao t i e nghf thuat eich tan so vdi van hoc trung dgl truyin thing Trudc diy, c i c nhi tho, n h i v i n trung dgl thudng khdng di s i u khic hpa ehi tilt va tn/c tllp tam ly nhin vgt N i u cd dien ta thi thydng la "ta canh ngg tinh" hogc khii quit b i n g cae dien e l diln tieh Npi tam nhin vgt khdng phai yu tifn hang d i u eua c i e t i c gia trung dgi Thgt rg ban t h i n t i c pham v i n hpe trung dgi g i n nhy l i mpt ban ty thuit cot cich, tinh t h i n v i tam trgng ciia ban than t i c gia thdng qua nhirng hinh tupng van hpc D i l u n i y khic vdi van hpc hifn dgi ma nhin vft t i c phim dyoc n h i v i n quan tam den tdng bilu hifn nhd nhgt nhit Dae bipt hon nO'a, v i n hpc trung dgl vdi nhyng luin ly nho gia h i khic khdng khuyen khich nam nu ty yfu dyong tim hiiu (Tnyyfn Kiiu eiia Nguyfn Du la mft ngogi If) thi vifc Nhit Llnh tgp tmng v i o tinh c i m yeu dyong t y nguyfn cua eie nhin vgt la mdt s y cich t i n nghf thugt 2.3 Ngdn ngu' t r i n thuat Nhit Linh la mdt nhu'ng "thu Itnh" quan trpng nhat cua T y lue v i n dpin, t l chuc van hpc ed quy md, tdn chi v i hogt ddng tuong doi on djnh van hpc Viet Nam t h i ky XX Chinh vi le dd, dng l i ngudi tuan thu k h i trift d l v i nhit q u i n eac tdn chi hinh dpng ciia to chCrc Trpng tdn ehi 10 dieu dupc dua nggy tir T u luc van d c i n mdi dupc lap, dieu thir tu l i mpt so nhu'ng dieu vd eiing quan trpng v i ed y nghtg q u i trinh c i c h t i n vgn hpe; "Dung mdt ldl van gian dj, de hiiu, it chu nho, mpt ldl van that cd tinh c i c h An Nam" Day chlnh l i dgc diem qugn trpng giup v i n chuong the ky XX cd budc tiin so vdi v i n hpc nho gia trudc day Van hpc trung dgl truyin thing ua sir dgng d i l n co diln tieh 111 ndi khoa truong, phdng dg va dupc v i l t bing chu H i n hoac ehu' Ndm ChQ' Ndm du l i mpt togi ngdn ngCf ghi am TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQl so (261) 2020 tieng Viet ngu'ai Viet sang tao, song Igi si> dung bp chD' Han s i n co nen ve ca ban rat kho de quat Van chyang hien dai noi chung, tieu thuyet Nh^t Linh noi rieng su* dung chi> quoc ngO va viet bang mot loi het SU'C d§ hieu va binh dj Nhat Linh lu-gc bo nhieu cac tru'ang tu", tir vtrng Han Vi$t va du'a vao Ddi ban nhu'ng ti> rat thuan Viet nhu- "mot xa hpi du'ong thay doi" (Nhm Linh, 1988: 21), "va lai khong dip nao tot hon" (Nhat Linh, 1988: 32), "Ba Hai ngCmg len noi" (Nhat Linh, 1988: 38) Ngon tCr tieu thuyet tu" nhien, dung di nhu" doi song h^ng ngay; ngon ngO ke va ta khong tinh bien ng^u nhu' thu-ong thay van hpc trung dai va dac biet khong tru- tinh ngoai de Dieu da rut ngan khoang each giOa tac pham van hpc nghe thuat voi hipn thyc doi song tho nham Cang v^ sau nay, ngon ngiJ' van hpc cang gan voi do! song hon tham chi la xu xi, thong tuc hon Cac nha van c6 thien hu'ong gian lyge toi da cac lop ty bong bay de di den mot thy van ehyong tho rap, thu§n doi s6ng Tat ca sy thay doi dyp'c bSt d^u boi nhyng each tan van hpc dau thd ky ma T y lyc van doan la mpt nhyng hat nhan Trong Doi ban Nhit Linh da ket hp'p nhuan nhuyen gii>a ngon ngij' ke va ta Cac chi tiit, s y kien, bidn co di§n tac pham dyp'c ke ty nhien, khong go bo khien cyong Sy kien d i n d§n s y kien khac Cac s y ki$n lam tien dk cho s y xuat hien cua them logic va kM noi mpt he thfing chung phuc vu viec the hien t y tydng chu dg tac pham Trong qua trinh di§n giai cae sy kien, chi tiet cua cau chuyen, nhyng loi ta ve thien nhien, ve b6i canh gia dinh, ve c^ nhan cac nhan vat dygc dat vao hgp ly, ty nhien ma khong gay bat ky sy khien cyong nao Ngay ca nhyng doan van thuat lai sy cang thing giya Dung va ong Tuan thi loi s y dan xen cua loi ke cung rat hgp ly: "Muon khoi cai lai ong T u i n , DQng cam am nygc rot vao ehen, ch^ng t h i y tay chang run run Biet la mpt phut rat nghiem trpng, DQng phai co syc giu' cao long dygc than nhien Loi mang cua ong tuan chang cho \d khong quan he gi; ong tuin khuyen chang hpc eham chi thi chang se hpc eham Nhyng sy xung dot eua chang voi ong t u i n n g i m ngam da ty lau roi; nhyng sy trai ngygc, nhyng cai m^ chang ghet, nhijng viec khien chang khd chiu d^n ndi bo ca hpe Dung biet la ong tuan khong hieu dygc Chang khong phai lam viec gi, song sung sygng nhan nha hon mot nam troi, doi voi ong t u i n , chang khong c6 quydn dygc phan uiL Neu luc ndi ra, chac dng tuan khdng chiu nghe, dng se noi gian mang chang la bat hidu, co ldi ma khdng chju nghe loi cha, rdi cau chuyen se to Dung dya m i t nhin vyd'n hoa Trong mdt chau sy, giya may hdn da cudi tring, mdt choi lan, mo'i nhu len, bong va sach nhy mdt lygi gygm NGUYEN HUONG NGOC - CACH TAN NGHE THUATJgH!!^ Mpt gid thping qua nhe dug d i y nhirng ngpn l i d i l va l i m l i p linh i n h sing d chd l i cong cong ru xuong Dung n g i m nghia nhung gid hoa tring xanh m i m mgi trpng d i m euing la Ching thd d i i , ngudi nhp nhdm v i tir luc dd ching biet c h i e l i se khdng xay ehuyfn gl nO'a" (Nhit Linh, 1988; 86-87) NhCfng Idi k l v l m i l quan hf chg d i gigi thieh thfm eho t f m ly lo ling ciig Dung cDng nhu khdng cing thing giira anh v i dng T u i n Dogn sau dd, t i e gia mifu ta ve dpp cua ehfu hog lgn mdi nhu chii nhung khdng h i khiin nd bj Igc long m i hoin toin phu hop vdi sy biln d l i t i m trgng eua nhin vgt Thifn nhlfn i y cung chinh l i t i m trgng cua nhan vgt Dung biit dng tuin m i n g minh nhung rdi mpi ehuyfn se Igi trd v l binh thydng Anh biit minh cd ldl vdi dng v i biit ring dng lo ling cho anh nhyng ban c h i t tinh eieh va suy nght cila hai cha q u i khic bift nfn d l xay xung dot Chi can Dung nhun nhudng va If phfp thi mpi vifc se trd Igi binh thudng Tieu thuyet Ddi bgn eiia Nhit Linh, vdi ban chit l i mpt t i e pham lang mgn ehii nghtg, mang minh nhung dge d i l m qugn trpng cug phuong phip sing t i e n i y m i ngdn ngu trin thuft giiu c h i t ling mgn l i dilu dupc t h i hien r i t sang rd Trong t i e phim tran nggp c i e degn vgn mifu ta suy nght, t i m trgng eua nhan vgt bing 111 k l nhp nhing, dua d i y dge trung eua v i n ehuong lang mgn Biet l i Logn se den vi Thao d i mdi co sang nhung Idng DQng v i n mong ngdng Loan d i n Ig; "Mft bdng tring thoing qua sau giiu tre Dung ngd l i Loan nhung lgi mirn cudi thit vpng vl bdng dd di thing v l phia cinh ddng Ching liy l^m Ig ring tgi Igi cd the mong Logn tha thilt nhu vfy, mong Loan nhu mong mft ngudi xa eieh da m i y nam Muln g i p Loan khdng khd gi e i , nhung Logn phii ty y d i n v i den gida luc niy thi g i p gd i y mdi quy M i l mft phut chd dpi doi vdi DQng l i m f t phOt hy vpng; cinh trdi dep q u i m i Idng ching luc dd ty nhlfn vui ve qua nfn DQng chie ring khdng t h i n i o thiiu dupc c i i vui g i p mat Loan N i u hit ngiy hdm m i Loan khdng d i n thi ching se ghf qua n h i Loan v i trich Loan vl cd lgi khdng d i n Ching mim cudi vi c i i y trich i y thgt l i v d l ^ " (Nhit Linh, 1988:59) Nhu'ng cau van nhp nhing, nhjp cau thong t h i , tu tdn mang lgi e i m xue sau ling Tinh cam eua DQng danh eho Loan l i thgt Idng va sau s i e bdi ehi ed nhu the thi trgng t h i i hoi hpp mdi xuit hien nggy ca biet ring chie chin cd se x u i t hien Van phpng trpng 06/ bgn nhe nhang, ling mgn nggp t r i n e i m xue ay xuyen suit ea tieu thuyet Ngay ea khoanh khae Dung biet minh s f rdi xa Loan mai mai, khdng gian v i n nggp trin tinh y; "Ching dua m i t nhin Loan va t h i y rgo rue noi tile mpt cupc ddi TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so (261) 2020 sung sudng vdi Loan dang le chang dupe hudng Mpt eon gid heo may thom mill lua dua mgnh thing v i o m$t ehing l i m hifn trude m i t eanh tupng tyng birng cua bao miia thu sing dpp ehya den ddi ehing v i ddi Loan" (Nhit Linh, 1988; 179) Con gid heo may cua bull chiiu miia thu dudng nhu c i n g l i m cho ndi buon chia ly eing trd nen sau s i c Dung b i l l ring cudc ddi khdng yu i i cho anh cd mpt cupc tinh nhu y b f n Loan Dil da CO gang nhung anh chua the nio ngd Idi vdi Loan ca trudc ngiy anh quyit djnh thoit ly, tron sang nudc ngoii ciing vdl True Gipng van lue n i y chgm v i buIn, v i n trin nggp tinh y nhyng l i mdt thir tinh cam null tile, buon vd vgn khdng gian Lien tllp tieu thuyet Ddi ban ngip trin nhung doan van dam mau sac lang mgn, gipng van nhe nhing, dung dj v i d i y e i p , ngupng ngung, "tinh nhu da mat ngoai cdn e" nhu the Nhat Llnh da bang t i i van ngu' cua minh de thi ea hda m i i tinh du ehdm nd nhung da r i t sau s i e giu'a hai n h i n vgt ehinh Mae du tinh yfu dd cd the dom hoa k i t trai song trudc nhu'ng lua ehpn ciia cude ddl Dung bupe phai t u minh k i t thiie nd d l m i l quan he eua hai ngudi mai mai chi l i "ddi bgn" nhu nhgn d f eua tieu thuyet Ngdn ngu' tran thuat Ddi ban Nhat Linh dgm mau sac hien khdng bj rang bupe bdi c i e diln diln tich d i y i n y hgy eac cau eua dai, eo, van bifn ngiu ma phdng khoing, dung dj, t y nhien va d i y tinh te T i l u thuyit luan de ve s u giai phdng tu tudng ty dp, mong m u l n thoat ly khdi nhung ring bupe da ldi thdi, co hii nhung Igi duoc v i l t b i n g mdt 111 v i n r i t ling man, khdng e i u ky Chinh dilu da gitip eho t i c p h i m d i n g i n hon vdi ngudi dpc, dae bift la nhung ngudi tre tuoi K E T LUAN Ddi ban l i mdt so nhO'ng t i e pham xuit s i e eua Nhit Linh ndi rieng v i cua T y lyc v i n d o i n ndi chung N h i van da cd s u eich t i n van xudi mgnh m f trfn c i e phuong dien; k i t c i u , nghf thugt x i y dung tam ly nhan vat v i ngdn ngu tran thugt So vdl cie bae tien boi nhu Tan D i , H i Bilu Chinh hay Nguyfn Ba Hpc, Phgm Duy Ton, v i n chuong ciia Nhit Linh da b i t nhjp dupe vdi l i n sdng vgn hpc hifn dai phuong Tay nhuin nhuyen hon, hoan chinh hon q u i trinh hifn dgi hdg v i n xudl Vift Ngm Den dng va nhung ngudl ciing thdi nhu Khai Hung, Thgch Lam, Nguyfn Cdng Hoan, Ngd Tat To van xudl Viet Nam d i cd s u thay i o d l m d dudng eho mot hanh trinh mdi keo d i i cho den bay gid Van chuong eiia Nhit Llnh ndi rifng va T y lye van d o i n ndi ehung ludn ludn hudng d i n su mdi me each the hifn v i tu tudng NhCfng hlnh thirc nghe thugt mdi me dm ehira nhu'ng t u tudng ldn ve chinh trj, xa hdi va ngudi Sy dau dau vdi thdi eupe la spi day keo dai NGUYEN HUONG NGOC - CACH TAN NGHE T H U A U g g ! ^ xuyen sudt v i n ehyong cua Nhit Linh va nhieu t i c gia khac trpng T y lye v i n dean Tuy nhlfn nhu'ng v i n d l dgi ngdn dd Igi dupc d i t an y trcng nhung cau ehuyfn ddi thudng r i t eg t h i Chinh vi t h i m i nd d l dupc ngudi dpc tllp nhin, nhit l i ngudi dpc thudc tang Idp giau ed, thupng luu x i hdi luc bay gid nhdm ngudi p h i n nhieu dupc hpc hanh dudi ngdi trudng T i y hoc Bude dl cila Nhit Linh v i nhung ngudi ciing chi hudng vdi dng da giup van hpe Viet Nam cd sy thay da doi thjt, gdp mpt phin Idn viee djnh hudng dien mgo v i n hpc nudc n h i sau niy • T A I L I E U TRiCH D A N H i Minh Due, B i Vin Khang, Phgm Quang Long, Phgm Thanh Hung, Nguyen V i n Nam, Boin Difc Phuang, Trin Khanh Thinh, Ly Hoii Thu 2002 Ll luin vSn hoc H i Nf i: Nxb Giio dgc Nhit Linh 1988 Ddi ban H i Nfl: Nxb Oai hoc v i Giio due chuyen nghifp Phan Cy Df, Trin Oinh Hupu, Nguyfn Trie, Nguyfn Hoinh Khung, Le Chl Diing, H i Vin Bde 2013 VSn hgc Viit Nam 1900- 1945 Ha NQ]: Nxb Giao dgc ... dupc dpc mpt ban mieu ta chi tilt sy van dpng tam Iy cua nhu'ng ngydi trl thire tre tuoi nhu'ng nam dau t h i ky XX doi m^t vdi nhu'ng thich thirc ciia t h i hf, thdi dai; s y ehuyen biln tinh... eung la mdt tieu thuyet tam ly x u i t sie, dinh d i u s y thay ddi sang t i c eua van xudl Viet Nam Trude dd, e i e t i c gia trung dai khdng chii trpng t h i hifn c i c bilu hien tinh vi eua... dang tdn tai, b i m rf sau ddi sdng eua ngudi The gidl quan eua mdt xa hdi ed lieh sir hing ngin nam khdng d l gl bj suy ehuyen doi dien vdi lye hap d i n den tir t h i gidi quan Tay phuong hien
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