m PHU NO VIET NAM VA SI/ KHAC BIET GI6I TRONG DINH H I / O N G GIA TRI n Giii quylt miu thuin gifia vai tro, trach nhiem vdi gia dinh vi cdng vile iuyin mdn, thing tiln chinh tri ludn li vin dl dat Dac bilt li ddi vdi phu nuC, viec vtfa theo dudi sti nghiep chinh tri, vifa giu! gin hgnh phiic gia dmh li mpt thich thiic, dd cd nhu!ng rio can tii tam ly cua can bo nii Ket qua khio sat hoc vien tai Hpc vien phan anh ro hcfn vin dl niy TS L £ THI THVC Vdi trudng hpp nhdm nii uu trpi chinh tri Vi^n Xd hgi hgc, Hgc vien Chinh tri - Hdnh chinh Viet Nam, vi?c trd thinh mpt ngudi Ianh dgo quoc gia Ho Chi Minh chua bao gid dupc nhin nhin la vai trd cd tic V in dl xung dot vai trd thuc hi^n trich nhiem gia dinh vi trach nhiem su nghiep ciia phu nii ndi chung tir lau da dupc cic hpc gii dl tam nghien ciiu Ching han, cic nhi nghiin ciiu theo Iy thuylt khic biet gidi, vdn cd ngudn gdc tu ly thuylt "kinh tl gia dinh mdi"'^^ khing dinh ring khing nhu phu nii, nam gidi khdng gap cin trd si; nghiep vi muc tilu xiy dung va tri cudc sdng gia dinh ben viing, bdi vi hp cing thang tiln nghi nghiep thi cang cd nang hd trp gia dinh tdt hon Cic chuan mvc xa hpi va van hda phd biln diu cho ring tham vpng ngbl nghipp ciia nam gidi la phu hpp vdi trich nhi^m ciia hp, khdng dl chip nhin cic tham vpng nghi nghiep tuong ti; Clia phy nii dung bd trp cho hinh anh "mdt ngudi phu nir tdt" Ndi cich khic, viec uu tiln cong viec hon so vdi gia dinh Ii khong dupc chap nhgn mpt cich phd bien ddi vdi phu nii Khong gidng phu nii d cac nen van hda khic, phu nii Viet Nam khdng dl giai quylt vin dl xung dot vai trd bing each Iua chpn nhiing loai nghe nghiep hay cdng viec Iinh hoat hon, theo kilu it phai lim viec them gid, hay cd thi dilu chinh gid Iam viec linh hogt cho phu hpp vdi nhu ciu cua gidi minh Vdi thuc tl tu truyen thdng d Viet Nam ludn coi Ianh dgo chinh tri li "Ianh dia" ciia nam gidl, cpng vdi nhiing hgn chl vl viec phu nii khd cd dupc nhiing giai phip dieu chinh cong viec nhu da dl cap, cd thi dua gii thuylt ring nhdm nii uu trpi chinh tri d Viet Nam gap nhilu khd khan hon nam gidi giii quyet xung dpt vai trd thuc hien cdng viec va nhiem vu gia dinh Lf LUAN CHlNH TR!-So 9/2013 U Mr.ui^M c a u Vf LUAN V A T N G KgrTHLfCTlEN Cic ddi tupng nghien cuii'^' da neu mdt sd bien phip giup hp dilu hda mau thuin giiia cac vai trd cdng viec va gia dfinh Trong sd cic phuong an tri Idi ddi vdi cau hdi "Khi cd ging dieu hda cudc sdng gia dinh, hogt dpng chuyin mdn vi hoat ddng chinh tri, anh/chi su dung nhiing bien phip nio sau day?", viec hy sinh mdt sdmuc tieu chuyin mon va giam bdt boat dong chinh en ciia cabin than hogc Clia ban ddi diu khdng phai li giii phap dupc nhilu ngudt Iua chpn Ty Ie nhiing ngudi ddng y vdi cic bien phip nhd, chilm dudi 10%, va hau nhu khdng cd su khac biet giiia hai nhdm gidi tinh Trong do, bien phap nhd/thui ngudi khac lam viec nha Igi nhan dupc su ddng tinh ciia nhieu ngudi hon, vdi khoing 21% nam gidi va 29% nii gidl tham gia tra ldi nghien ciiu Ding chu y nhat li viec cic ddi tupng nghien ciiu danh gii cao giii phip hysinh mot sd nhu ciu cinhin ciia ban than va ciia vp'/chdng mmh no Iuc dilu hda cupc sdng gia dinh Du Ulu nghiin cihi cung thi hiln ring cic ddi tupng tri ldi phdng van cd xu hudng nhin mgnh vao viec hysinh mot sd nhu ciu ca nhan cda bin than hon so vdi viec hy sinh cac nhu ciu cua ban ddi Tuy vgy, ddi vol ca hai Ioai bien phip niy, miic dp lua chpn cua nhdm nam la cao bond nhdm nii Gia tri ciia hon nhin va cupc sdng gia dmh, theo quan niem cua cac ddi tupng nghien ciiu, cdn dupc the hiln uu tien lua chgn ciia hp ddi vol cudc sdng gia dmh, cdng viec chuyin mdn hay su nghilp chinh tri sau kit thuc khda hpc tgi Hpc vien Trong hau nhu khdng cd su khic bilt Iua chpn ddi vdi cdng viec chuyen mon, thi Iai cd nhiing khac biet dang kl Iua chpn ddi vdi su nghiep chinh tri va cupc sdng gia dinh giiia cac nhdm ddi tupng Bieu 1: Cac giai phap dieu hoa mau thuan giiia cuoc song gia dinh, cdng viec chuyen mon va sir nghifp chinh trj Ban than hy sinh mot so nhu cau ca nhan Dpng vien va / chong hy sinh mot s6 nhu c^u ca nhan Nhcr / thue nguoi khac lam viec nha Dong vien va / chong giam bdt hoat dong chinh tin Ban than hy sinh mot so muc tieu chuyen mon Dpng vien va / chong hy sinh mpt s6 muc tieu chuyen mon Ban than giam hot boat dpng chinh tn LYLUAN CHlNH TRj-So 9/2013 _iJ Quan dilm iing xii ddi vdi cdng viec chuyin mon t6 thdng nhit, nhu thi hiln d su khdng khic nhilu vl Iua chpn cic miic tieu linh vuc Ddng thdi, hp cung quan tam nhilu din viec ttau ddi tri thiic chuyin mdn cua ban thin Ddi vdi nhilu ngudi, viec thinh datttongnghi nghiep chuyin mdn Ii nin ting bio dam cho cupc sdng tdt hon so vdi vile thinh dgt ttong su nghiep chinh tri, nhit Ii ddi vdi phu nii Khuynh hudng vl diuc chit cd phan phin anh mdt trilt ly liu ddi Clia ngudi Vilt Nam so sinh khoing thai gian mOt dd ddng vai tro li nguoi lanh dao hay khdng: "Quan nhat thdi, din van dai" C6 hai khuynh hudng ttong quan dilm ciia nhom uu ttdi chinh tri Viet Nam vl su nghidp chinhtiivi cupc sdng giaffinh.Gin mdt niia sd ddi tupng nam gidi khing dinh ring theo dudi SI; nghi0p chinh tri Ii uu tiln sd mpt cua hp sau hoan thinh khda hpc tgi Hpc viln, nhung ngudi ddng quan dilm niy chi chilm dudi mdt phin ba d nhdm nii gidi Dilu niy cho thiy xu hudng uu tiln su nghiep chinh tri d nam gidi Ii manh hon phu nii rit nhilu MSt khic, phu nu lgi cd xu hudng uu tien cho cupc sdng gia ffinh hon so vdi nam gidi, dupc xic dinh Ii uu tiln sd mpt Clia 44% phu nii thupc nhdm uu ttdi chinh tri dupc phdng van ttong chi cd 33,5% nam gidi xac dinh nhu viy Tir kit qui nghien ciiu niy, cd thi thiy kha rd ring phu mi thudc nhdm uu ttdi chinh tri Viet Nam, cung nhu ddng dio phu nii thudc cac nhdm xa hpi khic, coi cupc sdng giaffinhli quan trpng hon rit nhilu so vdi su nghiep chinh tri Xu hudng niy thi hiln theo chieu ngupc lai so vdi suy ngbl ctia nam gidi Nhin chung, cic quan niem truyin thdng ve vaittdgidi van tdn tgi kha phd biln d ci nam va nii thupc nhdm uuttpichinh tri Ci nam va nii ddi tupng nghiin ciiu deu tuong ddi nhit tri vdi Bang 1: Tbu- tu- ini tien cho sir nghifp chinh trj, c6ng vifc chuyen mon, va cupc song gia dinh Llnh vyc va thu t\r uu tien Nam Nu Chung (%) (%) (%) 47,7 29,5 22,7 31,1 26,2 42,7 41,6 28,3 30,1 Vtl tien 53,4 36,0 10,7 56,3 38,4 5,4 54,5 36,9 8,6 C D ^ song gia dinh ITu Hin I Uu tiln UutiSnS 33,5 28,1 38,3 44,0 38,5 17,4 37,7 32,2 30,1 S^ nghilp chfnh trj Uu tiln U'utien2 ITutiftiS CSog vi|c ChuySn mon ITu tien Uu«tai LVLUAN CHiNHTRI-So 9/2013 Kll "' "•gN ctfu Ly LUAN VAT6NG Kfr THI/CTltN mo hinh "nam ngoai, nii npi" Hon niia, nhom thuc hien cai quydn phu nii cila minh a? Thff nam gioi the Men Idiao Idiat manh me iiy cho du minh co hien d?i, xinh dep, tai viec thang tien su ngiiiep ciiinh tri Duoi gidi va kidm duoc nhidu tifa, minh ciing khdng day la mot so tlii dij tieu bieu trich tii cac phong dutjc xa hpi danh gia cao nfa minh chua cd v&i sau, ve ling xii cila hai gioi duoc dat cau dupc cai chiing nhan kdt hdn (nO, 34 tudi, chua hoi: "Neu pbii chpn giOa su nghiip chinb tri,kit hdn, phd phdng caphuyin, miin Trung) cdng viec chuyin mdn, va cudc sdng gia dlnh, Ungxuciianam gidi: anh/chi se chonnhuthinao ?" Tit nhien danonglaphmtap trung vao pha trifa su nghiep chinh tn rdi Ndi that nhd, bgn Ung xtr oia phu nii: Tat nhien la toi chon gia dinh Toi nghi la gia minh ma cha thd (nam, 46 tudi, di kit bin, dinh phai dupc uu tien nhat (nir,43tudi,dikit con, trudng ban, cip trung uong, miin Bic) Duong nhidn la chinh tri rdi "Lam trai cho hdn, phd phdng, cap huyin, miin Bic) La phu nO thi khong duijc quen minh la dang nen trai", phai lam lanh dao chu Khi nguoi va va nguoi me Truoc hit minh phai anh da dat vd chinh tri rfii thi ti^ nhito hoan bdn phan gia dinh cua minh (nO, anh se cfi tat ci nhQng cai khac (nam, 42 tudi 42 tudi, da ket hdn, con, trudng ban, dp xi,da kit bdn, con, tmdng pbdng, cip huyin, miin Trung) miin Trung) Khfing chi cfi vay, mfit sfi nam gifii td thai Khong lay chdng mpt xa hpi phuong Dong nhu thi nay, dii it dil nhilu thi cting la bi dfi gay gdt doi vfii viec uu tien su nghifp kich (nd, 48 tudi, dikethdn, con, chuyenchinh tn cOia phy nii: gia vegitri, vien nghien cuu, mien Bic) Tdi khdng nghi mfit ngufii phu nii dst sy Phu nu ma khong chdng khong thi cha nghidp chinh tri cao hon cufic sfing gia dinh la gi ca (nd, 46 tudi da kit bdn, con, chuyenlai la nguoi phu nii tot Khong the tuong tupng vien, cap tinh, mien Nam) ndi neu vp tfii ma nhu the thi the nao (nam, Cung kho ndi ldm Thuc ra, ma chdng 52 tudi di kit hdn, con, tnrang ban, cipxa, mudn dupc thang chirc? Nhung phu nii cd thg miin Bic) cd nhidu khd khan hon Ndu minh qua chu Theo tdi thi gia dinh hanh phuc chinh lil cai trpng vao chinh tri thi dng chdng se chan Kd ca lam cho ngudi phu nii hanh phuc Neu chi ta lii minh cd dupc vi tri cao, nhimg ma cai hu ciing dat su nghidp ntia thi cflng hdng, hpc hanh khdng p, thi cd chap nhan tot, vi du nhu nghien ctiu khoa hpc chdng h?n minh khdng? Day la chua ke ddn nhiing dng Nhung viec theo dufii chinh trl thi lai la chuyen chdng dau dc hep hdi, khdng chap nhan vp ban hoan toan khac Giua gia dinh va cong vide, qui minb niia chit Ndi gi thi ndi, em cQng v5n phai nghieng vd ben nao thi cung ddu khdng 6n uu hen gia dmh hon (nd, 36 tudi, di kit hdn, (nam, 52 tudi, di kit hdn, con, trudng ban, con, tnrtmg ban, capxa, miin Nam) cipxa, miin Trung) "Trai ba muoi tudi dang xoan, gai ba muoi Rfi rang, vto de giai quydt mau thuSn giOa mdi da toan ve gia" Tdi 34 tudi rdi Chi thay cdng vi^c va gia dinh chua bao gifi- la dd dang, day qua nhieu ap lijc nhieu luc tdi cOng dac biet la ddi vol nu gifii Nhu thd hidn cam thay budn Tdi da lam gi sai? ChSng le toi bai vidt, cfi nhiing khac biet dang kd cich phai Viit bo tidn bac, chiic vu di thi mdi dupc diiic ma nam gifii va phu nu thuflc nhfim uu LVLUiilNCHiNHTRI-So 9/2013 trpi chinh tri Vi0t Nam giii quylt cic cSng ngudi Ianh dgo, vl thuc chat cac nii chinh tri thing vi xung dot vai trd dd Nhiing khic biet gia phii chiu "ginh nang kep" Trong thuc te, giiia hp phin inh nhiing khuynh huong khic khdng cd nhilu ngudi thinh cdng vile mi nam gidi va phu nii phii ddi mat, dilu hda nhu vay Ndi each khic, viec tri ciing nhu cic chiln Iupc hp sii dung dl vucm hgnh phuc gia dinh ddng thdi vdi vile theo tdi cic vi tri Ianh dgo, quin Iy, va each thiic hp dudi su nghiep chinh tri la mgt muc tieu vd tilp can cic co hdi thang tiln nhu thi nio Mdt cimg khd thuc hiln ddi vdi cic cin bd nu Da mgt, phu nii quan tam nhilu hon din cic bdn CO rat nhilu nhung bi kich gia dinh d cac phgn vdi gia dinh va din nhiing mong dpi ddi trudng hpp ngudi phu nu dgt uu tiln hon cho vdi hp vdi tu cich ngudi vp vi ngudi me muc tilu thSngrienchinh tri De cd the theo Nhung mdi quan tim niy cd thi keo hp lui ve dudi muctieuchinh tri, ngudi phu nii cd thi bi phia sau mpt cich ding kl tren dudng su roi vao tinh trgng Iy hdn hoac sdng Iy thin vdi nghiep Do do, mpt phu nii mudn cd dupc vi chdng Ngupc lgi, nlu ngudi phu nii dinh hi cao hon lanh dao thi phai vupt qua nhilu thdi gian vi sue luc cho cupc sdng gia nhiing rio cin nhu vay Hon niia, ngudi phu dinh thi se cd rat it co hpi dl thang tiln nii dd cung phii phin diu dl xuit sic vugt Ien su nghilp chinh tri Ndi cich khic, nhiing rio uln cic ddng nghilp nam gidi ciia minh de cd can ddi vdi su tiln bg cua phu nu Viet Nam vin thi dupc cit nhic Ien cic vi tri cao hon tai noi cdn rit Idn vi rit kho giai quylt G lim vi$c Trong dd, nam gidi dupc hudng nhiing dieu ki?n thuin Ipi hon phu nu rat nhilu Duong nhu nam gidi rinh rdi trudc nhiing bdn phin mi phu nii phii ganh vie gia dinh vi ddng hp, ddng thdi cung n h ^ dupc nhiing su ung hp manh ml hon tii cic ding nghilp vi cip trln tai noi lim vile, d^ cd thi dupc thang tiln Iin cic vi tri cdng vile cao hon Nhuviy, ddi vdi phu mi thupc nhdm uu trdi chinh tri Viet Nam, vile vira theo dudi su (1) Barker 6.S.1981, A TreaUes on the family, nghilp chi'nh tri vira tri dupc cupc sdng gia Cambrige: MA: Harvard University Press dmh hgnh phuc la vd cung thich thuc Thuc (2) Cac sd lieu su dung bai viet la kit qua tir trgng binh ding gidi d Vi|t Nam cd nhieu diem mot cuoc Ichao sat xa hpi hoc duac thuc hien nam tuong ding vdi tinh trgng d mdt sd nudc nhu 2006 vdi ddi tupoig la 324 hoc vien he cao cip Iy luan Canada, Y, Ba Lan va Rumani vio cudi nhiing chinh tn - hanh chlnh cua Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh nSm 1970'^' Mac du cd nhiing khac biet nhat chinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh dinh tren nhilu khia cgnh, nam gidi vi phy nii (3} Xem Vianello, M., R Siemienska, N Damian, E uuti-Oichfnh tri Viet Nam vin thdng nhat cao Lupn, R Coppi, E D'Arcangalo, S Boiasco, and CF dp vl vi§c coi cdng viec npiti:pvl co ban li bdn Epstein 1990 Gender Inequality: A Comparative phgn Clia phu nu Do dd, dl cd thi ffilu hda Study ofDiscrimination and Participation London, dupc vai trd la ngircri vp, ngudi me vdi vai trd la Newbury Park, CaUf: Sage Publications LYLUAN CHlNH TRI-569/2013 ... nghilp nam gidi ciia minh de cd can ddi vdi su tiln bg cua phu nu Viet Nam vin thi dupc cit nhic Ien cic vi tri cao hon tai noi cdn rit Idn vi rit kho giai quylt G lim vi$c Trong dd, nam gidi... ngupc lai so vdi suy ngbl ctia nam gidi Nhin chung, cic quan niem truyin thdng ve vaittdgidi van tdn tgi kha phd biln d ci nam va nii thupc nhdm uuttpichinh tri Ci nam va nii ddi tupng nghiin ciiu... xu hudng uu tiln su nghiep chinh tri d nam gidi Ii manh hon phu nii rit nhilu MSt khic, phu nu lgi cd xu hudng uu tien cho cupc sdng gia ffinh hon so vdi nam gidi, dupc xic dinh Ii uu tiln sd