TIM HIEU TRUYEN THUYET KHMER NAM BO TiS GOC NHIN VAN HOA TOC NGUOl NGUYEN THI KIEU T I E N " Tom tat: VM hoc dan gian iihmer Nam Bo thdi gian gin day duac quan tam nghien citu, bitSc diu da tao duac nhUng d^u ^n nhat dinh Tuy nhien, sau nhUng nghien cUu mang tinh khai quat chung ve van hgc dan gian Khmer Nam Bg d giai doan diu thi can nhieu hdn nhiing ngbien cUu mang tinh chSi chuySn sau d cac goc tiep can Vi the, viec sd dung nhiing tri thtic vin hoa tpc ngiidi de minh giai cac van dScua truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bp se la mpt hiidng tiep cin mdi, dUdc khuyin khich thUc hipn Trong bai viet nay, tac gia se mo ta mpt each khai quit cac van de ve van boa tpc ngiidi, ve truyin thuyet dan gian IQimer Nam Bp, va nhOng dac diem cua truyS'n thuyet Khmer Nam Bp tU goc nhin van hoa tpc ngUai Tiikhoa: Truyen thuyet IQimer Nam Bp; dac diem cua truyen thuye't IQimer Nam Bp; van hoa tpc ngiidi Abstract: Folk literature of Khmer people in the south of Vietnam has attracted considerable attention among researchers However, most existing research tend to give a general description of Khmer folk literature More in-depth research on Khmer folk literature from various angles are needed Etimic culture provides essential knowledge to explain legends of the Khmer; as such it is a new perspective in research on this topic This article briefly reviewed issues of ethnic culture of the Khmer and their legends 6'om the perspective of ethnic culture Keywords: Khmer legend; feature of Khmer legend; ethnic culture Ngay nh$n bai: 12/6/2019; Ngay siia bai: 03/8/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 20/9/2019 Dat van de Viet Nam la qud'c gia da dan tdc, mdi tpc ngudi deu mang nhflng sdc thai van hoa dae trUng, gdp phan tao nen mdt nen van hda Viet Nam da dang tho'ng nhd't Cae toe ngfldi thieu sd' ci Viet Nam noi chung, Nam Bp ndi rieng deu cd truyen thd'ng van hda lau ddi va dac biet la CO kho tang van hoc dan gian da dang, phong phu Ve ngUdi Khmer d Nam Bd, hp ciing cd kbo tang van hpe dan gian giau ban sde va da dflpe cac nha khoa hpe gifl gin, phue dflng tao kho tfl lieu van chfldng dan gian dang chu y Ngoai ra, dudi cae gdc nhin, kho tang van hpe dan gian Khmer Nam Bd da ph^n nao dfldc soi truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bd tfl gdc nbin van hda tdc ngUdi la xud't phat tii dac trflng nguyen hpp va dat van hpe dan gian vai trd mdt td' van hda dan gian Bai vie't se dung nhflng tri thflc van hda tde ngudi de minh giai eac hien tfldng van hoc dan gian Khmer, eu the la truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bd Dac diem van hoa toe ngU'di Khmer Nam Bo Dong bao Khmer co mat lau ddi tren manh dd't Nam Bd Vao nhflng nam dau cdng nguyen, chau tho sdng Ciiu Long da dupe hinh va phat trien vdi nen van hda 6e Eo rfle rd Day la ke't qua eua sfl chig'u dd' lam sang ro cae gia^tri van hpe, giao due, lich sii, D a t va'n de n g h i e n cflu OTS., Tracing Dai hoc Tra Vinh; Email: ntktien82@gmail.com SaiO-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHM Q TIM HIEU TRUYEN THUYET KHMER NAM BO hdi t u h a i t r u y e n thd'ng: v a n bda Dong N a i b a n dia va v a n hda An Dp co ngoai n h a p De'n the' ki VII, v a n hda c Eo bdt d a u t a n lui sfl t a n p h a cua thien n h i e n v a dpi q u a n Khmer C h a n Lap t r e n dudng N a m tie'n Trong nhieu the' ki s a u dd, v u n g Dong bdng Sdng Cv(u Long ndi rieng trd nen hoang vu, t i n b t r a n g khdng ngUdi keo ddi de'n the' ki XI, XII Ngoai ra, tfl the' ki X trd di, vdi sU p h a t tri^n riic rd cua t r i e u dai Angko, nhflng ngfldi ndng d a n K h m e r ngheo kho t r e n dfldng tim each trd'n chay n a n hoc lot va lao dich h a khde da di efl ve vung ehau tho sdng Ciiu Long vdi dia h i n h efl t r u d4u tien la nhflng giong cat Idn Ben canh dd, tfl the' ki XV, de' che Angko sup do, ngfldi Khmer di efl de'n Dong b a n g sdng Ct(u Long cang ddng Tfl dd, cung vdi nhflng ddt di cfl tfl nhien tfl cud'i the' ki XV - d a u XVI, ngfldi K h m e r da cd mat k h a ddng d Ddng bdng sdng Cflu Long, t a p hdp t h a n h nhflng ddn vi xa hdi tfl quan Vi vay, cd t h ^ ndi ngudi K h m e r d N a m Bp ndi ehung, Dong b a n g sdng Cliu Long ndi rieng va ngudi K h m e r d Campuehia cd ehung nguon gd'c, ngdn ngfl va eac dac trflng tdc ngfldi Tuy nbidn, each biet ve khdng gian, dieu kien hch sii, h o a n canh sd'ng, dieu kien san xua't, giao lflu, n e n ngfldi K h m e r d N a m Bd da tao r a nhflng dac diem rieng cu tru, kinh te', v a n hda va xa hdi Hien nay, ngoai Dong b d n g sdng Ciiu Long la vung t u eu Idn, ngfldi K h m e r cdn sd'ng r a i rac d T h a n h phd' Ho Chi Minh, eac t i n h Mien Ddng, eac t i n h Tay Nguyen co bien gidi giap vdi Campuehia Dae diem efl t r u eua mdt tdc ngudi dflpe h i n h t h a n h tac ddng ciia nhieu ye'u td' nhfl: nguon gd'c lieh sii tde ngfldi, dia h tfl nhien, t a p q u a n canh tae, Va ciing chinh nhflng dae diem da hinh t h a n h n e n t a p q u a n cfl t r u t r e n da't giong, t r e n da't rupng, ven sdng k e n h rach, ven chan nui, Q NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HM theo t r u e Id giao t h d n g eiia ngfldi K h m e r d N a m Bp Theo t r u y e n thd'ng, ndi ngfldi K h m e r ehpn dinh cfl d a u tien la eac viing da't cao d N a m Bd, tao t b a n b cac k h u vflc Cfl t r u tdp t r u n g d Sdc Trang, T r a Vinh, A n Giang va r a i r a c ci m p t so' ndi k h a c D i l u n a y p h a n a n h sfl t h i e h n g h i di d'n d i n h v a p h a t t r i e n d a n tpc S v u n g d d t mdi Ngoai ra, ddi soiig g d n vdi s a n xud't n d n g nghidp lua nfldc da g d n kd't cdng d o n g K h m e r ndi rieng t h a n h nhflng t d p t h e l a n g gieng nho, mdt t a p t h e d i n h cU b a m s a t da't t r o n g trpt B e n c a n h dd, phfldng thfle sd'ng q u d n efl, t d p t r u n g d cac p h u m sdc chinh la dieu k i e n de v a n b o a K h m e r N a m Bd n a y nd va d i n h hfldng cho le sd'ng, cho t i n h t h d n P h a t p h a p thd'm n h u a n t r o n g k h d n g g i a n v a n h d a b i n h di nhflng s a u sdc ciia ngfldi K h m e r Ve hdn n h a n , gia ^ n h c u a ngfldi K h m e r N a m Bd dflpc xay diing t r e n n e n t a n g hdn n h a n mdt vp mdt chong Mdi gia dinh thuong sd'ng t r e n mot ngdi n h a r i e n g p h u m sdc va dpc lap ve k i n h te', cung cd n h i l u gia dinh eo h a i , b a the' hd dng ba, cha me va chau sd'ng c h u n g vdi n h a u cflng mot ngdi n h a N h i e u n h a nghien eflu cho r d n g h d n n h a n cfl t r u bdn vp la bien tflpng phd' bie'n, dflpe ngfldi Khmer yeu thich tfl xfla N g a y nay, dieu khdng bdt bude Vp ehong mdi cfldi cd quyen tfl lfla ehpn ndi cfl t r u hoac ben Vd hoac ben ehong t u y theo y n g u y e n , dieu kien k i n h te' cua cha me ddi ben,' D i l u ndy eung p h d n nao p h a n a n h md'i q u a n h e t h a n tde khdng b i n la p h u h e h a y m d u h e cua ngflPi Khmer; d6ng thdi nd cdn tao dieu kien mS rdng md'i q u a n h e gifla ca nhan, gia dinh vdi epng d6ng xa hpi Ve mac, t r a n g phuc eua ngudi K h m e r d N a m Bp trfldc day qua t a n i e u c d d d ' l a i vai h tiet: la nhOng chiic ''chin" yii toic ^^^-^ ^^0^'cua nan gidi cung ysisd thich sii 10-2019 NGUYEN THI KIEU TIEN de minh tran, di chin dat '-^K Ngfldi Idn tuoi, cac cii ba vao ll, hoac cd viec quan trpng thi mac ao dai mau den, khan quai^ vat vai, cac thidii nfl eiing cd nhflng trang pbuc ll hpi nhieu mau sac, cd khan quang eheo qua ngfldi va vay (xam pd't) dtlcic mac theo kieu each rieng Mpt so' dan ong mac vay qua'n bdng td'm vai kho rdng phu din bdp chan*^' Cdn cudi, CO dau ngfldi Khmer van flu tien chon trang phuc truyin thd'ng Nd la mdt net dep van hda khdng the thie'u cua ngfldi Khmer bao ddi Thdng thfldng cd dau hay mac chile xam pot mau tim sdm hay mau hong canh sen, mac ao dai tam pong mau tham, quang khan ngang ngfldi va dpi mii pkal plac; loai mii hinh thap nhpn nhilu tang, bdng kim loai hoac bdng gia'y boi, dfldc trang tri bdng eanh eon kim quyt mau xanh biec Trang phuc cii6i ciia chu r^ ngUdi Khmer ciing mang d&m tinh truyen thd'ng Dd la bp xa rdng va ao ngdn bd ngoai mau do, cd' dflng, xe dang trUde va cai khuy Ngoai ra, chu re quang them loai khan truyen thd'ng len vai trai Net van hoa dae trflng ma ehung ta dl nhan tha'y nha't ciia dong bao Khmer Nam Bp la cae ll hpi Trong nam, ngUdi IQimer cd ra't nhilu le hdi, ke ca le hdi Phat giao va ll hdi dan gian Cd ba li hdi dan gian quan trpng dd la Mflng nam mdi (Choi chnam thmay), Ll gid nhiing ngfldi qua CO (Sen dolta) va Ll Cung trang (Ok om bok) Ngoai ra, ngfldi Khmer cdn cd nhieu ll hdi bdt nguon tfl tin ngfldng dan gian nhfl: Ll cat tde tra dn mu, ll giap tuoi, le len nha mdi, ll xuc hon, le nhap than, ll Cling san lua, Ngoai nhflng dae did'm tren, nen van hda cua ngfldi Khmer, vai trd cua Phat giao, eiia cae vi sfl, cua nhflng ngdi chua Khmer ludn chi phd'i manh the' gidi quan, nhan sinh quan, tap quan, ll nghi stf 10-2019 va ldi sd'ng cua tdc ngfldi Tfl the' ky XII trd ve trfldc, dao Balamdn dflpe xem la tdn giao ehinh va Phat giao du nhap vao vung dan toe Khmer kha sdm, nhflng mai de'n the' ky XII trci ve sau mdi trd tdn giao chinh, gifl vai trd quan trpng ddi sd'ng eua dong bao Khmer Nam Bd Do doi sd'ng tinh than gdn chat vdi tdn giao, vdi ngdi ehua ke tfl luc mdi chao ddi cho de'n tfl gia edi ddi, nen van boa cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp mang ddm da'u an Phat giao Ben canh Phat giao, ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp c6 nhieu loai hinh tin ngfldng dan gian Trong ddi sd'ng tam linh, ludn cd sfl hien dien cua nhilu than linh va ma quy Trong cac phum sdc Khmer, cd nhflng ngfldi hanh nghe tin ngfldng nhfl cac ba dong bdng, cae thay phap (Krou) lo viec cung bai, giao tie'p vdi thdn linh va ma quy Dang luu y, tuc thd cung Arak va Neak Ta la nhflng tin ngfldng dan gian ddc dao eua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp Mdt nhflng dae diem van hda dang lflu y nfla la khuynh hudng bieu diln va nghe thuat tao hinh cua ngfldi Khmer Trong dd, mua, hat va san kha'u la net ndi bdt nghe thudt bieu diln cua ddng bao Khmer Nam Bd Am nhac dan gian Khmer the' hien mdt each duyen dang nhflng tinh cam te' nhi, nhflng khia eanh tham thuy cua cude sd'ng, nhflng tfl tfldng, quan niem cung ldi tfl va each flng xxi eiia ngfldi Khmer dd'i vdi tfl nhien, eon ngfldi, xa hpi Cac dieu mua cua ngfldi Khmer ra't da dang va phd" bie'n Hdu nhfl ngfldi Khmer nao cung bie't mua mot vai dieu mua dan gian nbu Rim "* Phan Thi Yfin Tuyet (1993), NhA d, trang phuc, an uong ctia cac dan tpc viing Dong bkng song Cdu Long, Nxb K h o a h o c X a h o i , HaNpi, tr.l49 '^' Phan An (2009), Dan tpc Khmer Nam Bo, Nxb Chi'nh tri quoc gia, t r l l NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl g| TIM HIEU TRUYEN THUYET KHMER NAM BO vdng, Lam lev, Sarvan, Sarikakev, mua trdng Chhayam, VI nghe thuat tao hinh, kie'n true va dieu khde cua nhflng nghe nhan Khmer mang mdt dae diem rd't rieng biet so vdi ngfldi Viet va ngfldi Hoa d Nam Bd va the hien tap trung nha't d kie'n true chua Khmer Nhflng dac diem tren la nhflng gia tri van hda dac sdc ehi ed d tpc ngUdi Khmer Nam Bp Va phdn nao dd da dfldc lflu gifl, phan ehieu qua van hoc dan gian ndi ehung, the loai truyen tbuyet dan gian Khmer Nam Bd ndi rieng Khai quat chung ve truyen thuyd't Khmer Nam Bo Thuat ngfl rUdng pO-reng dupc dung de chi the loai truyen thuyet dan gian Khmer Theo Pham Tie't Khanh, truyin thuyet thudc chii de giai thich phong tue, ll hdi va giai thich dia danh chid'm so' Ifldng Idn, tieu bieu eho truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bp Ve phan loai, theo Nguyin Thi Nhfl Uyen: truyen tbuyet Khmer Nam Bd dflpe chia hai loai la truyen thuye't dia li vi truyen thuyet lich sa^K Cdn theo Pham Tie't Khanh: truyen thuye't Khmer dfldc phan bd'n loai: Truyin thuyet dia danh; Truyin thuyet giii thich phong tuc; Truyin thuyit ve sing tao van hoa, cac vi to nghi; va Truyin thuyet ve tinh doan kit cda cic din tdc cdng cU d Nam Bp Trong nghien cflu nay, tren cd sd eac tai lieu da ed va khao sat tfl nguon tfl lieu truyin thuye't Khmer Nam Bp hien ed, bai viet chpn each phan loai cua tac gia Pham Tie't Khanh*^* Ddng thdi, each phan loai cdn cho ta cai nlun toan dien ve truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bp, vfla tha'y dupe nhflng diem chung cua truyen tbuyet Khmer he thd'ng folklore the' gidi, khu vflc vfla tha'y dflpc dac trflng dpc dao cua the loai gdp vao sii dpc dao cua kho tang van bda dan gian Khmer Q Trong cac the loai truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bd, truyen thuyet dia danh chie'm so" Ifldng Idn nhd't Dilu phan anh lich svi hinh tdc ngfldi, cung nhfl da'u a'n dam net eua vung dat hoang vu Nam Bp dd'i vdi nhan thiic, tinh cam eua ngfldi Khmer hp de'n day sinh cd, ldp nghiep Ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp da tfl xa la, bd ngd de'n than thien roi gan bd vdi nhflng gidng dd't, cay eo, thidn nhien ndi nhfl mpt phdn mau thit cua hp Rdi tfl dd, nhflng truyin thuyd't v l nhflng ndi hp sd'ng, hp de'n, hp di, idn Ifldt ddi nhfl mpt each thd hien tinh yeu cua ngfldi Khmer dd'i vdi vung dd't mdi Ngfldi Khmer Nam Be thfldng gdn ten ngfldi ed cdng khai mci vung dd't vdi y mud'n tdn vinh, hay dung ten gpi cua mpt dung eu phd' bien hay dac diem thuc vat quen thupc eupe song hang eua ngudi dan de gpi ten cho phum sdc eua minh Qua qua trinh dien da d tinh Tra Vinh, ehung tdi thu thap dudc rd't nhieu truyin thuyet giai thieh v l cac dia danh theo phfldng thflc nhfl: Su tich Ao Bi Om (Thanh phd Tra Vinh), Phum Kom - bang - bat (Cdu Ke), Phum Ach (Binh Phu - Cang Long), Phum Ba- se (Ap Ba Se - Lfldng Hda - Chau Thanh), Ngoai ra, cdn rd't nhieu nhflng truyen thuye't dia danh quen thupc vd'n la nilm tu bao ciia ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp nhfl: Sfl ti'ch chiec thuyen vd; Su tich Giing Chi - Gieng Anh (Sdc Trang), Sa tich niii Me Deng (nui ba Den - Tay Ninh), 3u tich VUng Thdm (Soc Trang), Su tich Bai ' • ' N g u y e n Thi N h a Uyen (2006), Luan van thac si Khao sat nguon truyen dan gian Khmer Nam Bo, Truong Dai hoc Su pham Thanh pho' H6 Chi Minh, tr,41 ' •; ^ ! 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