\m fle ud CQiig va bat binh dang thu nhap: Ly thuyet 4en thuc tiin tau Viet Nam Le Thj Dieu Huyen Hoc vien Ngan hang Nhimg nam qua dd chieng kiin su gia tdng mgnh me na cdng cua cdc quoc gia thdng qua day mgnh viec vay no nhdm thuc hiin ddu tu bdt kip tde tdng tru&ng kinh ti thi gi&i Tuy nhien, viee gia tdng na cdng khdng duoc kiim soat cd the tr& thdnh mot nhicng nguyin nhdn ddn din tinh trgng ddi ngheo vd gia tdng bdt binh ddng Trong nghien emi cua Oxfarm (2017) dd chl sd, ty phii da s& hihi khoi tdi sdn tuong duong vdi mot nua ngu&i ngheo tren thi gi&i (khodng 3,6 ty ngu&i) Ly duoc di cap & day chinh su phdt triin cua kinh ti dem Igi loi ich cho nhiing nguai giau nhdt, bp phdn cdn lai cua xa hpi, ddc biit Id nhung ngu&i ngheo du&ng nhu lai khong duoc hic&ng loi Theo tinh todn ciia Ngdn hdng The gidi (WB) ndm 2018, hi so GINI ciia Viet Nam da dgt mice khodng 0,4 Diiu ddng lo nggi Id bdt binh ddng thu nhap tdng hai thdp ky qua vd sd ngudi gidu dang chiem phdn thu nhap qua l&n Gdnh nang no cong cdng gia tdng tren vai ngudi ddn xu hu&ng gia tdng khodng cdch gidu ngheo cdng tro nen tram Bdi viit dua trin ca s& ly thuyit vi mdi quan hi giiea no cdng vd bdt binh ddng thu nhap, tic phdn tich cdc khia cgnh tde dpng ciia no cdng den tinh trgng bdt binh ddng thu nhap tgi Viet Nam Qua do, de xudt qudn ly no cdng gdn v&i tdng trudng kinh te - xd hdi, vay no cong phdi Public debt and Income inequality: From theory to pratice in Vietnam Abstract Over the past few years, there has been a dramatic increase in public debt of countries However, uncontrolled [ncrease in public debt may cause poverty and income inequality In Vietnam, income inequality has increased over the past two decades when the burden of public debt l?as been increasing on the shoulders of each people The paper shows the relationship between public debt and income inequality then analyzing the impact of public debt on income inequality in Vietnam Therefore, management of public debt need to associate with socio-economic growth, public debt must be used to invest to stimulate economic growth, loans must to be used efficiently and coordinating in policy to distribute public resources towards the millennium goal of eradicating poverty and social equality Keywords Public debt, Income inequality Economic growth Huyen Thi Dieu Le Email' huyenltd@hvnh.edu.vn Banking Academy of Vietnam Ngay nharr 13/12/2019 Hgc vien Ngan hang • '•— Ngay nhan ban sda- W/01/2020 21 Ngay duyet dang- 05/02/2020 Tap chi Khoa hoc & Oao tao Ngan hang So 216-Thang 2020 Van de nO cong va bat binh dang thu nhap; Ly thuyet den thdc tien tai Viet Nam dup-c su dung di ddu tu kich thich tdng trudng kinh te, sic dung vdn vay hiiu qud, phdi hop ddng bp diiu hdnh chinh sdch nhdm phdn phdi ngudn luc eong hic&ng toi muc tieu thien niin ki la xda ddi gidm ngheo, dam bdo cdng bdng xd hpi Tic khda: No cdng, bdt binh ddng thu nhap, tdng trudng kinh te Cac nghien cihi vS moi quan he giua nff cong va bSt binh dang thu nhap Nghien ciru nudc va nuac ngoai cho thay van de bat binh dang va ng cdng cd nhung mdi quan be cy the khac nhau, cac nghien ciru deu cho thay cac kenh truydn din tac ddng ciia ng cdng den bat binh dang thu nhap thdng qua tang trudng kinh t^ gia tai san, lai suat, chi tieu cdng, thue., Mot so nghien cim cho rang bdt binh ddng thu nhap dang cdng gia tdng, no edng cd the lam trdm trpng hon vdn di ndy Nghien ciru ciia Co quan Nghien ciiu qudc gia My (NBER, 2014) ddi vdi 44 quoc gia, da ket luan rang tang trudng kinh tS se giam trung binh 4% klii ng cdng vugt nguong 90% GDP; ve mat xa hdi, khiing hoang ng cdng gay that nghiep, b4t dn va bSt binh dang Dieu cbo th§y, gia tang ng cdng khien tang trudng kinh te giam, gia tang bat dn, that nghiep tang se lam gia tang bat binh dang xa hdi Nghien cieu ciia Victor Amourreux (2014) dua ket luan rang cugc khiing hoang ng cdng tai Anh vao the ki thir 19 da dan den viec tai san dugc chuyen tii' tang lop cd thu nhap thap va trung binh sang tang lop cd thu nhap cao Chinh phu tang thue nham tao ngudn thu de tra ng Ben canh dd, de giai quyet ganh nang ng, Chinh phii phai cat giam ngan sach hd trg cho cac chuang trinh xa hdi nhu giao due, y te, lam giam ca hgi tiep 22 Tap chi Khoa hoc & Bao tao Ngan hang- So 216- can cac dich vy cdng ciia ngudi cd thu nhap th4p, khiSn bat binh dang gia tang Ngoai ra, nghien ciiu ciia Domaski va ^ cdng sir (2016) phat hien sir gia tang bat binh dang thu nhap hg gia dinh tai cac nudc phat triin bang each xem xet tac ddng cua vay ng len gia tai san va ng cua hg gia dinh, nghia la tac ddng ciia ng len bat binh dang anh hudng thdng qua chinh sach tign te nhu lai suat va gia tai san, dieu ddng nghia vdi miic lai suat thap va tang gia trai phieu Chinh phu la nhan to gia tang bat binh dang Trong nghien ciin cua Azzimonti va cdng su (2012) ciing phan tich mdi quan he giira ng cdng, hgi nhap tai chinh qude te va bat binh dang thu nhap d cac qude gia OECD cho thay Chinh phii cd xu hudng tri ng cdng cao thi truang tai chinh hdi nhap qudc te sau hon va bat binh dang thu nhap gia tang Ciing vdi ket qua dd, nghien ciiu cua Chatzouz (2014) va Floden (2011) phan tich d mdt sd qudc gia thi tru'dng tai chinh chua phat trien thi viec gia tang ng Chinb phii tac ddng thdng qua nhieu yeu td, dd nhan manh ve tac dgng tdng the Ong cho rang, Chinh phii sir dung thue de tra ng se anh hudng tdi hanh vi tiet kiem ciia ngudi ngheo, cd nghTa la dieu chinh ng cd the anh hudng tdi thu nhap va tiSt kiem cua ngudi ngheo, van de lien quan tdi tai phan phdi cac khoan ng Mpt sd nghiin cuu khde cho thay nhung tac dong nguac chieu ve viec gia tdng bat binh ddng thu nhap cd thi dnh hu&ng din LETHI DIEU HUYEN mii-c no cdng thdng qua kenh tdng tru&ng kinh ti Nghien ciru cua Tibi (2015) cho thdy bat binh dang thu nhap cd tac dgng duong den mire ng cdng cua qudc gia d hau hh cac qudc gia ngoai trir cac qudc gia d Chau Au va cac nudc phat trien Ngu'gc lai, quy md ng cdng cung cd anh hudng cd y nghia den van de phan phdi thu nhap ICet qua lam sinh cau hdi ve kha nang kiem soat ng cua Chinh phii de giam bat binh dang thu nhap Trong nghien ciiu ciia Aksman (2017) ciing xem xet tac dgng ciia ddi ngheo va bat binh dang thu nhap len ng cdng d cac qudc gia thudc Lien minh Chau Au Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay mdi quan be nhat dinh giiia ea ddi ngheo va bat binh dang thu nhap vdi ty le ng cdng/GDP Cimg vdi do, Hoang Thiiy Yen (2015) nghien ciiu tac ddng ciia bat binh dang thu nhap den tang trudng kinh te Viet Nam ciing chi mdt sd nguyen nhan ciia bat binh dang thu nhap nhu dac trung ciia nhdm dan sd, sy khac biet ve dja ly, su khac biet ve cac ddng lye tang trudng ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep giiia cac viing, nhirng thay ddi ind hinh san xuat, tii' cdng viec, tay nghe thap den cong viec cd ky nang cao Do vay, bat binh dang se anh hudng tdi tde tang trudng kinh te Tuy nhien, nghien ciru chua xem xet lieu cd tac ddng den van de ng cdng tang trudng kinh te sut giam Trong nghien eim ciia Le Qudc Hdi (2008) cho thay bat binh dang thu nhap cd the xuat phat tir co cau kmh te, tire la phan bd thu nhap khdng can bang, tham nhiing, ng cdng qua nhieu, nen kinh te khong cd hieu qua, thieu nhiing ngudn lire cd the tra ng Ben canh do, nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Thi Hang (2003) ve cac nguyen nhan ciia ngheo ddi va bat binh dang tai Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (TP HCM) cho thay, dii tde tang trudng kinh te cao nhung qua trinh phat trien va md cua n6n kinh td ctia TP HCM ciing da tac dgng tieu cue dgn ngudi ngheo Ca cau dau tu chua hgp ly, ty le dau tu cho ndng nghiep va ndng thdn cdn thap, vdn dau tir xay dyng co ban nganh ndng lam thiiy san ciia thap Tang trudng kinh te giiip xda ddi giam ngheo tren dien rdng nhung cai thien tinh trang thu nhap ciia ngudi ngheo iai phy thugc vao md hinh tang trudng kinh te Ngudi giau huong Igi tir tang trudng kinh te nhieu ban ngudi ngheo va nhu vay da lam tang them khoang each giau ngheo giua ndi va ngoai Mpt sd nghien cieu cho thdy nhdng tac dpng chua ro rdng ciia no cdng din bdt binh ddng thu nhap Nghien ciiu ciia Sigrid va cdng sy (2017) cho rang tac dgng ciia ng cdng den chenh lech giau ngheo phu thugc nhieu vao mire chenh lech giau ngheo Neu mire chenh lech giau ngheo cang Idn thi ng cdng cd tac ddng manh den phan hda giau ngheo dai ban, ddi vdi miic chenh lech giau ngheo chua rd ret thi ng cdng cd miic tac ddng it han Nghien ciru d cac qudc gia Nam A, Akram (2016) da chi mac dii ng cdng cd tac ddng tieu cue den tang trudng kmh tS nhung ng cdng nude ngoai khdng cd tac ddng den bat binh dang thu nhap Tuy nhien, ng cdng nudc thi cd mdi quan he duang vdi he sd GlNl, dd ng nudc tac dgng xau den ngudi ngheo thdng qua tang trudng kinh te Ket qua tuang ddng vdi ket qua nghien ciiu ciia Salti (2011) tai 109 quoc gia giai doan 1990- 2007 cho thSy nq cdng nudc da tac ddng den viec phan phoi thu nhap va tii' dd cang lam gia tang ganh nang ng ddi vdi ngudi ngheo Cac nghien cii'u cho thay van de bat binh dang va ng cdng cd nhirng moi quan he - Thang 2020- Tap chi Khoa hpc & Dao tao Ngan hang 23 Van de nd cong va bat binh dang thu nhap: Ly thuyet den thirc tien tai Viet Nam tryc tiep hoac gian tiep thdng qua cac kenh truyen dan nhu tang trudng kinh te, thue, chi tieu cdng, lai suat, gia tai san Vi the, vdi qui md va tde gia tang ng cdng Idn, khdng kiem soat mdt each chat che, ciing nhu viec phdi hgp chinh sach tai khda, chinh sach tien te phan bd ngudn lye cdng khdng nhip nhang cd the kliien gia tang bat binh dang xa hdi Na c6ng va bdt binh dang thu nhap & Viet Nam Qui md vd tde dp tdng gidm no cdng cd xu hudng tuong dong vdi su gia tdng vd cdi thiin vi bdt binh ddng tint nhap Sau Luat Quan ly ng cdng lan dau tien tai Viet Nam dugc thdng qua va cd hieu lye nam 2010, ng cdng cd xu hudng cang tang nhanh ca ve qui md va tde va cd xu hudng chung lai nam trd lai day Tir nam 2010, ng cdng Viet Nam d miic 56,3% GDP, tang lien tyc tdi 63,7% nam 2016 va cd xu hudng giam dan hai nam trd lai day va d mire 58,4% GDP nam 2018 Trong dd, du ng Chinh phu nam 2010 d mire 44,6% GDP tang tdi 52,7 nam 2016 va giam xudng 50% nam 2018 va du ng nudc ngoai ciia qudc gia tang nhanh tii' 42,2% GDP nam 2010 len tdi 46% GDP^ nam 2018, tign sat muc tr^n ma Quoc hgi cho phep Tde tang ng cdng trung binh ca giai doan khoang 15- 17%, mac dii tde tang ng hai nam trd lai day da giam Theo ddng hd ng cdng toan cau The Global Debt Clock, ty le ng cdng tren dau ngudi tai Viet Nam dang ed xu hudng gia tang lien tiep tir mire khoang 15 trieu ddng/ngudi nam 2010 len miic khoang 32 trieu ddng/ngudi nam 2018 Trong dd, bat binh dang eiia Viet Nam cung cd xu hudng tang giam ciing vdi ng cdng He sd GTNl theo thu nhap gia tang tir 0,42 nam 2012 len 0,43 nam 2016 va sau dd giam xudng cdn 0,42 nam 2018 Dieu cho thay, cd sy tuang ddng toan giai doan ng cdng cd xu hudng giam xudng thi he sd GINI eung cd giam xudng hai nam trd lai day Mac du mifc giam khdng nhieu nhung ciing khang dinh mire ng cong dang dugc dieu chinh giam va xu hudng bat binh dang thu nhap cung dang dugc dan cai thien, cho thay nhiing dau hieu kha quan ve miic binh dang thu nhap So sanh vdi mdt sd qudc gia Chau A cho thay, he sd GINI cua Viet Nam dirng d muc trung binh, cao nhat la Trung Qudc Hinh Tinh hinh ng cong Viet Nam giai doan 2010- 2018 - - ^ • r ^ ' 2011 -'>Jff[6n|.''GDP 2Q12 2013 2C14 — NcCliinhphd/QDc> 2015 2016 2C17 jQig- No n u o c n g o a G D P NgiiSn: Tdng hap lir Ban lin ncr cong so 5.6,7,8- Bp Tai chinh, 2018* la 'id ir&c linh 24 Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang- Sd 216 LETHI DIEU HUYEN Hinh He so GINI cua Viet Nam giai doan 2008- 2018 —•—CA NLfOC ãô^THANH THI NONG THON Nguon- Tong ho-p lir Wealth Dislribution and Income Inequality by Country (2018) vdi hg sd GINI la 0,51 va thap nhat la Lao vdi he sd GINI la 0,36 Theo Comia va Court (2001), he sd GINI nam khoang 0,30- 0,45 la pham vi b i t binh dang thu nhap vimg kha an toan Vdi nguong nay, miic bat binh dang thu nhap la chap nhan dugc de danh ddi dat miic tang trudng kinh te cao Dua tren sd lieu GINI thyc te, cd the thay rang bat binh dang thu nhap cua Viet Nam van nam viing an toan nhung cd xu hudng tang ign neu khong kiem soat tdt Hieu qud sic dung cdc khoan no, cdu true na an todn, dam bdo khd ndng todn no CO nhimg tde ddng khdng nhd t&i kich thich ddu tu vd cdi thien mire thu nhap cho ngudi ddn Trong tdng dau tu vdn cua Nha nudc van chu yeu tir ngan sach (Hinh 3) nhung cung cd xu hudng giam dan thay the bang ngudn vdn vay Theo Tdng cue Thdng kg, giai doan 2010- 2018, ICOR cua Viet Nam giam tir mire 6,42 nam 2016 xudng 6,11 nam 2017 va 5,97 nam 201 8, binh quan giai doan 2016- 2018, he sd ICOR d mire 6,17, thap hon so vdi he sd 6,2 ciia giai doan 2010- 2015 Kgt qua cho thay viec vay ng tap trung dau tu phat trign kinh te, mac dii cd su cai thien ve hieu qua dau tu nhung hieu qua sii dung ng cdng d Viet Nam chua cao Ben canh dd, mgt sd du an vay lai tii' ngudn vdn vay nudc ngoai eiia Chinh phii, du an dugc Chinh phii bao lanh khd khan tra ng Tinh trang sd du an dugc phe duyet nhieu, dieu chinh tang tdng miic dau tu so vdi phe duyet ban dau, giai ngan vdn vay van cdn cham trg, cac dy an, cdng trinh thi cdng dd dang, chuyen tigp, keo dai, cham tien cdn nhigu Digu cung vdi thieu ky luat tai chinh dau tu cong, hoat ddng ciia cac doanh nghiep Nha nudc va cac tap doan Ion, dan dgn dau tu dan trai, lang phi, that thoat vdn dau tu Idn Mgt sd du an dau tu khdng tra dugc ng, phai tai ca can ng khien gia tang nghTa vy tra ng tryc tigp ciia Chinh phu Ben canh do, theo sd lieu cua Ban tin ng cdng ciia Bd Tai Chinh, cau triic ng cdng Viet Nam chu ySu van la ng Chinh phii (trung binh khoang 70% tdng ng cdng), ng ciia Chinh phii bao lanh chii yeu la ng ciia doanh nghiep, ciia cac td chire tai chinh, tin dung vay nudc va khoan vay nude ngoai chidm khoang 17%, ng ciia Chinh quyen dia phuang chigm ty trgng nhd khoang 3% Trong qua trinh ca ; i - Thang 2020- Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang 25 Van de nd cong va bat binh ding thu nhap: Ly thuyet den thu'c tien tai Viet Nam Hinh Co c^u nguon von dau tir cua khu vuc Nha nirofc giai doao 2010-2018 Daii vi: % 2D14 in vay 2015 2016 2017 2018' a Von DNNN va von khac Nguon Tdng hap tir Tong cue Thong ke 2018* Id sou c tinh Hinh Cff cau nff cong ViSt Nam giai doan 2010- 2018 Dan vi- % •F -^^ -^ "T -r -v '^ -^^ Nc chffih quyen iJla phifung illllmi • NO Chinh phu bao lanh • NO Chinh phu Nguon: Tong hap lie Ban tin na cong so 5,6,7,8- Bo Tdi chinh 2018* Id so lieu uac linh cau lai danh muc ng theo hudng an toan nhung ng nudc ngoai van chigm ty trgng dang ke, vay ODA va cac khoan vay uu dai chiem tren 90% danh muc ng vay nudc ngoai, ODA chiem khoang 75% Ngu trudc nam 2010, thdi gian tra ng trung binh doi vdi cac khoan vay ODA (bao gdm ca giai doan gia han) la 30- 40 nam vdi miic lai suat khoang 0,7- 0,8%/ nam Den giai doan sau 2010, thdi gian tra ng giam xudng cdn 10- 20 nam va mire lai suat tdi thigu la 2%/nam Ben canh dd, nghTa 'vy tra ng ciia Chinh phii so vdi thu ngan sach khdng cd sy bien ddng qua Idn, nghTa -vu ng tryc tigp ciia Chinh phii Tap chi Khoa hpc & Dao tao Ngan hang- So 216- va tra ng vay vg cho vay lai khdng xay tinh trang ng qua han, cac chi tieu van d pham vi kiem soat va gidi han duge duyet la 25% theo quy djnh ciia Qudc hdi Tuy nhien, nghTa vy tra ng cua Chinh phii CO xu hudng cang tang ca vg so tuyet ddi lan tuang ddi, dieu gay ap luc ddi vdi viec sap xgp ngudn dg tra ng ciia ngan sach, kha nang can ddi ngudn bd tri chi tra ng hang nam chua tuong xiing vdi nghTa vu tra ng den han, vay dao ng tang nhanh vdi khoi lugng Idn nhigu nam, tigm an nguy co vd ng neu khdng dugc kigm soat tdt LETHI DIEU HUYEN Hinh Thu nhap binh quan dSu nguM/thang theo khu vuc thi- nong thonffViet Nam giai doan 2010- 2018 60D0 — - - - 50C0 4000 3000 2000 IDOO —- - _ 4551 -"" 29S9 H _ • • _ _ 5523 • _ I -ajsjo li li ll: It II 2010 2012 2014 2015 201S' • Thanh Thi • Nong thon 2018* Id sobinh lieuxa sa hoi bo Nguon: Tong cue Thong ke vd Bo Lao dong thim-ng Hon niia, tir thang 7/2017, Viet Nam trd qudc gia cd thu nhap trung binh, khdng cdn la nudc cd thu nhap thap ngn se khong dugc vay theo digu kien ODA ma tien tdi vay theo dieu kien thi trudng, ap lye gia tang tra ng cang cao Trong dd, nhu cau vdn dau tu cua nen kinh te cang Idn dg xay dyng ca sd tang, tang phiic Igi xa hdi nham cai thien ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan Theo sd lieu tdng hgp bi Tdng eye Thdng kg, thyc te hien d Viet Nam, mire bat binh dang vg thu nhap d hai khu -vyc thi va ndng thdn rat khac Cy thg, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi/thang d thi nam 2010 mdi ehi la 2.130 nghin dong, sau tang len dgn 5.523 nghin dong nam 2018, dd khu vyc nong thdn tuang img la 762 nghin ddng nam 2010 va 2.940 nghin ddng nam 2018 (Hinh 5) Tir nam 2016 xu huong vg miic bat binh dang ve thu nhap ciing dan dugc cai thien giiia khu vyc thj va ndng thdn cimg vdi sy phat trign manh me cua kinh tg, xa hdi, thu nhap va miic sdng cua qudc gia Tuy nhien, neu nhu trudc day, bat binh dang thu nhap d khu vyc thi thudng cao hon ndng thdn thi sau nam 2010, bdt binh dang thu nhap d thj cd xu hudng giam nhung van tang nhanh ban d khu vyc ndng thon Dieu cho thay, can lya chgn va chuan bi cac dy an dau tu' cdng dem lai hieu qua de phat trien kinh tg- xa hdi ben virng, ddng thdi nang cao hieu qua sir dung cac khoan ng, cau tnic ng cdng an toan se dam bao ngudn toan chi tra ng, se gdp phan thyc hien dau tu cho cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te, cai thien ddi sdng, tang thu nhap cua ngudi dan, gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo Khi cac khoan ng khong dugc chi tra, viec Chinh phii dy kien tang thug, cung vdi qua trinh dd thi hoa nhanh ehdng dan den phat sinh nhigu van dg xa hdi mdi hgn quan dgn bat binh dang nhu ndng dan mat viec lam, di cu lao ddng tir ndng thdn thi Ciing vdi cac khoan chi tieu cdng tang len nhung chua thyc su giup cho ngudi ngheo tigp can vdi cac dich vy cdng vdi chat lugng tdt, dieu khign phan hoa giau ngheo cang gia tang Bat binh dSng gia tang, ddi hoi nha nudc can phai cd sy phdi hgp chat che va ddng bd dgn nang cao hieu qua sir dyng vdn vay ma khdng lam gia tang ganh nang ng ddi vdi ngudi dan, Phdn bd ngudn von vay dang tgo su bdt binh ddng giiea cdc vimg lanh thd, dia phuang, viing miin - Thang 2020- Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang 27 Van de nd cong va bat binh dang thu nhap' Ly thuyet den thdc tien tai Viet Nam Theo bao cao ciia Chinh phii nam 2018, viec phan bd vdn dau tu hi ngudn vdn vay ng cdng cdn dan trai, phat sinh nhiing riii ro tir cae dy an sii dyng vdn din den khdng tra dugc ng, Chinh phii phai tra ng thay, thieu gan kgt giira quyet djnh dau tu vdi can ddi nghTa vu tra ng, chua gan trach nhiem vay va tra ng vdi viec phan bd, sir dyng ng cdng Ben canh dd, viec huy dgng ngudn lye ODA chua cd chien luge, thigu tap trung, chua cd trgng tam, trgng diem Tai nhieu dia phuong cho thay, dy an cd quy md nhd le, khdng mang tinh ddng bg, chua gan kgt vdi quy hoach tdng the, kg hoach, phan bd vdn vay nhieu trudng hgp chua sat vdi nhu cau thyc te, chat lugng kem Tinh ddng bd, ket ndi cua mdt sd dy an chua dugc chii trgng, chua cd sire lan tda va kgt ndi viing, mien Dieu dan tdi chenh lech vg thu nhap gifl'a ndng nghiep va edng nghiep, djch vu, giiia thi va ndng thdn, giiia lao ddng cac cdng ty nude ngoai va lao ddng khu vyc nudc Neu so sanh khoang each chi tieu, thu nhap ciia ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo duge dai dien bdi nhdm 20%o nhiing ngudi giau nhat va 20% nhirng ngudi ngheo nhat d Viet Nam, sy chgnh lech da va dang gia tang lign tue va dang ke Sy chenh lech vg thu nhap tuyet doi d Viet Nam dang tang Ign nhanh, nhien hien tugng bat binh dang d Viet Nam khdng phai la hien tugng ngudi giau giau len, ngudi ngheo ngheo di ma la ngudi giau giau nhanh hon ngudi ngheo Thyc tg cho thdy, thu nhap binh quan ^ dau ngudi cua hg ngheo da tang len va ty le hg ngheo da giam manh Cu thg, ty^l? hg ngheo giam nhanh qua cac nam, neu nam 2010 ca nudc co 14,2% sd hg ngheo nhung dgn 2018, ty le giam xudng cdn 5,4% Trong dd, khu vyc thj cd ty le hg ngheo giam nhanh va nam 2018 chi d mire 1,88% thi d khu vyc ndng thdn, ty le vin la 6,9%, chenh lech ty le ngheo giiia khu vuc ndng thdn va khu vyc thj kha Idn Digu cho thay, tang thu nhap ciia ngudi dan chua ben virng, cd nghTa la thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi tang Ign nhung khoang each thu nhap giira ngudi giau va ngudi ngheo cang Idn Qua trinh md cua va hdi nhap kinh tg qudc tg, vay ng dg thuc hien dau tu da tao nbirng thuan Igi cho mgt sd viing, mgt sd nganh va mdt sd bg phan dan cu nen kinh tg Tuy nhien, viec djnh hudng chien luge uu tign ciia Chinh phii doi vdi nhiing dja phuang ngheo van chua rd rang, cd thg tao nhirng Id hdng khien cho chenh lech cang Idn Mot so khuyen nghi Vay ng dg dau tu gdp phan tang trudng kinh te nhung xa hon la md rgng kha nang tigp can cho ngudi ngheo hudng Igi tir tang trudng va phat trien kinh tg- xa hdi Bang Ty le h6 ngheo khu vuc thi, nong thon cua Viet Nam giai doan 2010- 2018 Dan VI linh: "/ Nam 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018* 5,4 Ca nii'O'c 14,2 11,1 8,4 5,8 Thanh th] 6,9 4.3 1,88 Nong thon 17,4 14,1 10,8 7,5 6,9 Ngiit : Tdng hop tir Tdng cue Thong ke vd Bd Lao ddng Ihirang bmh xd hdi 2018* Id w heusabo Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang- So 216- LETHI DIEU HUYEN Do vay, vay ng cdng va thyc hien phan phdi tdt hon ngudn luc cdng nham giam bat binh dang ve thu nhap xa hdi, can tap trung vao mdt so van dg sau: Thu- nhdt, quan ly ng cdng gan vdi ket hgp tang trudng kinh te, dam bao cdng bang xa hdi Md hinh xuat phat til' nhu cau tang trudng kinh tg ddi hdi phai cd ngudn vdn Idn, vay ng la digu khdng thg tranh khdi, nhung viec gia tang ng cdng phai dugc kiem soat va phan bd von vay mgt each hgp ly Trong md hinh can phat huy vai trd cua khu vuc Nha nudc van de dmh hudng va chien Urge uu tien ro rang phan bd vdn vay, chi sir dyng vdn vay nudc ngoai cho cac ITnh vyc, dy an dau tu cdng nude khdng dap irng dugc hoac khu vuc tu nhan khdng cd ddng luc dau tu khdng cd Igi nhuan hoac mdt sd ITnh vyc dac thii can nha nudc dau tu de kiem soat Cdn cac nganh, ITnh vuc kliac de tu nhan dau tir hoac phdi hgp cdng tu nham md rdng sy tham gia eiia cac ben vao chien luge xoa ddi giam ngheo eiia qudc gia Thir hai, sir dung cac khoan von vay, dac biet la cac khoan vay uu dai de khuyen khich dau tu, eung cap nhu'ng dich vy cdng cd chat lugng cao ban, giup cho ngudi ngheo va cac nhdm yeu the tiep can, hudng Igi nhigu hon tir cac khoan dau tu Dieu ddng nghTa vdi viec dam bao dau tu tang trudng kinh te tao thu nhap cua ngudi ngheo tang nhigu hon, ngudi ngheo dugc hudng nhigu hon nhung djch vy cdng nham gdp phan giam nhanh ty le hg ngheo Bgn canh dd, ngudi ngheo va nhdm ngudi ngheo de bj tdn thuong cung can dugc tao CO hdi tham gia, chii ddng ddi vdi cac hoat dgng phat trien kmh tg, giam ngheo cho ban than va dja phuong minh Thu- ba, phan phoi ng cdng dang dign su bat binh dang giiia cac vimg midn, dd, cac boat dgng dau tu' cong can dugc cai thien ban nira nham nang cao hieu qua cae dy an dau tu cdng, cai thien mdi tru'dng, cugc song cua ngudi dan Can ddi cac khoan giai ngan ODA ciing can hudng den cac tinh vimg sau, xa, vimg khd khan Thuc hien phan bo vdn dau tu', dac biet la cac khoan vdn vay mgt each hgp Iy, uu tien ddi vdi dia phuong, viing mign gap nhigu khd khan , hudng den ngudi ngheo, dam bao ganh nang ng khong cdn la ndi lo ciia mdi ngudi dan Thu- tir, thyc hien chinh sach an sinh xa hgi ddi vdi nhirng khu vyc kem phat trien va ddi vdi ngudi ngheo Dieu cd thg thyc hien thdng qua nhieu kgnh nhu thyc hien cac chuang trinh trg giiip vg phat trien co sd tang, dat dai, vdn, cac trg giiip vg day nghe, tao viec lam, truyen dat kinh nghiem san xuat, ddng thdi, thyc hien cac uu dai vg y tg, giao dye, van hoa, nha d Do vay, qua trinh tang trudng kinh tg, can kiem soat thudng xuyen, chat che cac chi tieu phat trien kinh tg- xa hdi, dd trgng tam la xoa ddi giam ngheo, giam bat binh dang thu nhap Thir ndm, phdi ket hgp cdng cu chinh sach phap luat, quy hoach, chinh sach phan phoi cung vdi tai khda va tign te gdp phan thiic day kinh tg tang tru'dng bgn virng, bao dam cdng bang xa hdi Chinh vi vay, tir nghign cii'u ly thuygt cho dgn CO sd thyc tidn tai Viet Nam cho thay gia tang ng cong, sii' dung cae khoan ng khdng hieu qua cd nhirng tac ddng khdng nhd tdi kich thich dau tu va cai thien miic thu nhap cho ngudi dan Bgn canh do, phan bd vdn vay khdng phii hgp, khdng tra dugc ng cd thg Idiign tinh hang chenh lech ve thu - Thang 5, 2020- Tap chi Khoa hoc & Dao tao Ngan hang 29 Van de nd cong va bat binh dang thu nhap- Ly thuyet den thi/c tien tai Viet Nam nhap giaa cac dja phuang va gia tang tinh trang bat binh dang thu nhap Qua do, dg xuat quan Iy ng cdng gan vdi tang tnrdng kinh te, vay ng cdng phai dugc sir dyng de dau tu, phan bd va sir dyng vdn vay hieu qua, phdi hgp digu hanh chinh sach nham phan phdi ngudn luc cdng hudng tdi myc tigu la xda ddi giam ngheo, dam bao edng bang xa hdi • Tai lieu tham khao Aksman,E (2017) Do Poverty and Income Inequality Affect Public Debt? GospodarkaNarodowa, (6), 79-93 Akram, N (2016) Public debt and pro-poor economic growlh evidencefromSouth Asian countries Economic researchEkonomska islrazivanja, 29(1), 746-757 Azzimonti, M, De Francisco, E., & Quadrini, V (2012) Financial globalisation, inequality, and the rising public debt American Economic Review 104(8), 2267-2302 Bo Tai chinh Ban tin Na cong s6 5,6,7,8 nam 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Chinh phii (2018), Quyet dmh s6195/BC-CP 17/5/2018 ve boo cdo si> dung vdn vay va qudn ly no cong nam 2017 vdki hoach nam 2018 Chalzouz.M (2014) Govemment Debt and Wealth Inequality Tlieoiy and InsightsfromAltruism Cornia and Court (2001), Inequality, Growth and Poverty in the Era ofLiberlizalion and Globalization ", UNV-WIDER, No Helsinki United Nations University Domanski, M Scatigna A, Zabai (2016), Wealth inequality and monetary policy Floden, M (2001) The effectiveness ofgovernmeni debt and transfers as insurance Joumal ofMonetaiy Economics, 48(1), 81-108 10 Hoang Thiiy Yen (2015), tac dong ciia bat binh ddng thu nhap den tang Inedng kinh te Viet Nam Lugn dn tien •>? 11 Le Quoc Hoi (2008), The Linkages between Growth, Poverty and Inequality m Vietnam: An Empirical 12 Nguyen Thi Hang (2003), Cac nguyen nhdn ciia ngheo doi vd bdt binh dang tai Thdnh Ho Chi Minh, Ludn dn tien si 13 Oxfarm (2017), Bdo cdo bdt binh dang, Bdo cdo Nghien dm chinh sach 12/1/2017 14 Salti, N (2015), Income inequality and the composition of public debt Journal of Economic Studies, 42(5) 821-83 15 Sigrid Rohrs, S, & Winter, C (2017) Reducing government debt in the presence of inequality Joumal ofEconomic Dynamics and Control 82 1-20 16 Tibi (2015), National debt and income inequality 17 Victor Amoun-eux (2014) Public debt and its imequalizing effects Master thesis diserlation 18 https.//wv^w.gso.gov.vn 19 http //www.molisa.gov.vn 20 https://www.gfmagcom/global-dala/economic-data/wealth-distribii(ion-income-ineqiiality 21 https-//www-cdn.oxfamorg/s3fs-piiblic/fite_atlachments/bp-economy-for-99-percent-160}17-en.pdf 22 https//admin.nberorg/xseai-ch^^public+debl+and+mequality+2014&whichsearch^fipub&reslrict_papers^yes&JuJlr esults=1 &datefilter=&b -search+again Tap chi Khoa hoc & Oao tao Ngan hang- So 215 ... hieu lye nam 2010, ng cdng cd xu hudng cang tang nhanh ca ve qui md va tde va cd xu hudng chung lai nam trd lai day Tir nam 2010, ng cdng Viet Nam d miic 56,3% GDP, tang lien tyc tdi 63,7% nam 2016... va cd xu hudng giam dan hai nam trd lai day va d mire 58,4% GDP nam 2018 Trong dd, du ng Chinh phu nam 2010 d mire 44,6% GDP tang tdi 52,7 nam 2016 va giam xudng 50% nam 2018 va du ng nudc ngoai... dgn 5.523 nghin dong nam 2018, dd khu vyc nong thdn tuang img la 762 nghin ddng nam 2010 va 2.940 nghin ddng nam 2018 (Hinh 5) Tir nam 2016 xu huong vg miic bat binh dang ve thu nhap ciing dan