I^hien ciiu - Trao doi 53 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri QUYEN Life LANH DAO T GOC Dd TAM LY HOC Nguyin Dinh Phong''' Q uyen lgc la v a n de quan trpng cua xa hoi loai ngadi Linh vgc ed r a t nhieu khoa hpc quan tam nghien cdu, dd t a p trung n h a t la Triet hpc, Chinh tri hpc, Luat hpc va Tam ly hpc lanh dao, quan ly Tam ly hpc lanh dao, quan ly tiep can nghien cdu quyen lgc moi quan he ngadi va ngadi, boat dpng cac nhom xa hoi vdi mgc tieu la dieu chinh t a m ly, h a n h vi ngadi Vi the, tiep can nghien cdu quyen lgc dadi goc dp Tam ly hpc l a n h dao, quan ly CO the de cap den ba van de ea ban, la: ban chat t a m ly cua quyen lgc lanh dao, sg anh hadng hay la ket qua cua tac dung quyen lgc lanh dao va van de suf dung quyen lgc lanh dao n h a m nang cao gia tri lanh dao thge tien Cac nghien cdu ve boat dpng lanh dao luon ed diem chung cho rang, lanh dao la sg thdng nha't van dpng, mdi quan he hdu CP gida hai n h a n td trung t a m la '''ThS Tam ly hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh khu vuc II, Hoc vien CT-HCQG Ho Chi Minh ehu the va khach the lanh dao Lanh dao dape hieu la sg tifang tac gida hai n h a n to' nay, chu the lanh dao (ea n h a n va nhom) la ngadi anh hadng den khach the lanh dao (ca nhan va nhom, td ehdc xa hoi) bang nhdng hanh vi, dng xd de dinh hadng, dieu khien va dieu chinh h a n h vi eua khach the nham dat den mgc tieu dap dng ky vpng eua nhom, td chde Quyen lgc lanh dao dage hieu la nang lgc cua ngadi lanh dao viec tac dpng den doi tifpng lanh dao nham hoan t h a n h td't nha't nhdng mgc tieu cua nhom, td ehdc xa hoi n h a t dinh Quyen lgc la kha nang, sdc manh eua lanh dao, la CP sd de ngadi lanh dao thgc hien vai tro cua minh doi vdi xa hoi Trong tidng Anh, thuat ngd "power" cd nghia la "quyen lgc - ngudn sdc manh"; tidng Latinh, thuat ngd "authoritas" co nghia la "quyen uy" va "sg phuc tung" Tiep can dadi goc dp tam ly hpe thi hai thuat ngd thdng n h a t vdi nhau, nhang khac d vi tri va tam vgc khai niem "Powder" d vi tri tiem nang, ngudn gay a n h hadng, ngudn sdc manh; 54 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri eon "authoritas" thi d m a t hien thgc tde sg a n h hadng eg t h e , sdc m a n h hien thgc a n h hadng tdi dd'i tagng "Power" la sdc m a n h tdng hgp, toan the; "authoritas" de cap chu ydu tdi sdc m a n h cua "quyen uy", uy tin eua ngufdi lanh dao, quan ly N h a vay, "power" da bao h a m t h u a t ngu "authoritas" Quyen lgc lanh dao da cd r a t nhieu cong trinh nghien cdu vdi nhieu quan niem: Cac tac gia Blau, Dahl, Fiske, Gruenfeld, Keltner va Anderson, Keltner, Thibault va Kelley, Weber cho rang, quyen lgc la k h a n a n g dan dat h a n h dpng cua nhdng ngadi khac n h a m dat difpc nhdng mge tieu nao co y nghia doi vdi ngadi cam quyen J.P.Chaplin dinh nghia: "Quyen lgc la kha nang hoac uy quyen ddi vdi viec kiem soat ngifdi khac"'" Raymond va J.Corsini cho rang: "Quyen kfc la kha ndng kiem soat, ep bupc, anh hifdng hoac 16i keo nhdng ngadi khae"'^' Cac tac gia Paul Hersey va Ken Blanchard quan niem, quyen lgc la tiem nang gay a n h hifdng - la nguon tao dieu kien cho mot nha lanh dao difpc ngifdi khac phgc tung hay tuan thu O day, cac tac gia da de cap den va thd'ng nha't vdi quan niem cua Rogers, dng cho rang, quyen lgc la "tiem n a n g tac dpng" - quyen lgc la mot ngudn cd the dufpc sd dgng hoac khong dage sd dgng Tde la nhdng hinh thdc eg the eua thge tien, quyen lgc cd the dage p h a t huy tac dgng hoac khong difge p h a t huy tac dung, dieu thupc vao chu the eua quyen kfc Tac gia Bui Anh T u a n eho r a n g '' Dictionary of Psychology, 1968 '"'•' The Dictionary of Psychology, 1999 'Xghien ciiu - Trao doi quyen lgc la k h a n a n g gay a n h hifdng tdi cae quyet d i n h eua ca n h a n va t a p the Tuy d n h d n g goe dp n h i n n h a n khac nhau, nhufng n h i n chung deu thdng nha't ve quyen lgc l a n h dao t r e n mot so diem ea ban: Thii nhdt, quyen lgc lanh dao la ngudn sufc m a n h cd d ngadi lanh dao, la kha n a n g gay a n h hufdng tdi ngadi nhdm, td ehufc xa hoi Ngudn sdc m a n h n a m d d a n g t i e m nang, tde la no CO the dufpc ngadi lanh dao sii dgng hoac k h o n g sd dgng Chang ban: ed n h d n g ngadi l a n h dao sd dgng phong each dpe doan, khai t h a e sd dgng triet de quyen lgc vi tri td chde, nhien CO n h d n g ngadi l a n h dao thi khong ehu trpng den quyen lgc vi tri ma chi chu y den quyen lgc t a van, thuyet phgc Thii hai, quyen hfc l a n h dao difpc the hien, p h a t huy vai trd doi tifgng lanh dao tiep n h a n va the hien thai dp, h a n h vi td chde Thii ba, sdc m a n h n a y dape tao bdi nd lgc cua ca n h a n ngufdi lanh dao tde la san p h a m eua qua t r i n h hpc tap, tich luy kinh nghiem va r e n luyen pham chat dao ddc cua ngadi l a n h dao va sg cung cap td sufc m a n h cua moi trufdng td chde xa hoi - tde la vi tri - cap, chde vu ma ngadi l a n h dao d a m n h a n Xet ve b a n chat, quyen kfc lanh dao the hien t r e n hai khia canh ca ban Khia canh t h d n h a t , quyen kfe l a n h dao hay sdc m a n h ma ngadi l a n h dao dung de tac dpng tdi ngadi dadi quyen, den nhom - td chde xa hoi, dd la ngudn quyen kfc - sdc m a n h khdi thuy, cai tiem n a n g co d ngadi lanli dao; va khia canh t h d hai, ngudn quyen lgc n a y phai di vao nhan thdc, thai dp va h a n h vi cua ddi tapng l a n h dao, quan ly - tde la he qua cua sd a n h hadng 1\[ghien ciiu - 'Trao doi (J khia canh t h d nha't, "sdc manh" khai niem dage the hien d nhiJng ngudn quyen lgc ma ngadi lanh dao td chde ed dage Trong nghien cdu ciia Tam ly hpc lanh dao, quan ly hien van eon nhieu each phan loai khae ve ngudn quyen lgc, thdng thadng xua't p h a t tif hai ngudn ea ban la quyen lgc vi tri va quyen kfc ca nhan Quyen lgc vi tri dage the hien qua cap, ehdc vg ma bg dam nhan Day la quyen lgc chinh thdc cd tinh phap quy dape the hien qua viec lanh dao ngadi va kiem soat eac ngudn lgc eua td ehdc ma b a t ke ca n h a n - nhom, td chde nao d vao vi tri lanh dao deu CO dage O khia canh ngudn quyen lgc chinh thdc, mdi ngadi lanh dao d cac vi tri khac ed sdc a n h hadng den doi tifpng lanh dao khae t r e n cac m a t tinh chat, mdc dp va dieu chinh h a n h vi cua ddi tapng lanh dao quyen b a n dage quy dinh khae Chang ban: mot huyen thi sg a n h hadng cua vi chii tich den can bp ca quan khae vdi sg anh hadng eua cap tradng dd'i vdi mot phong ban Ddng thdi, ddi vdi ngudn quyen lgc chinh thdc lai cho thay rSng, ciing mot vi tri chinh thdc, tde la ciing quyen b a n n h a nhifng d mdi ngifcri lanh dao khac thi viec phat huy, sd dgng quyen lgc cung khac Chang ban, cung d caang vi ehu tich mot phadng, nhufng d mdi chu tich phadng, sg manh ye^u cua quyen lgc vi tri ciing khac Dieu thupc vao kha nang n h a n thdc, ky n a n g sd dgng quyen lgc chinh thdc ma hp dape td ehdc trao cho Td dd dan den cac khuynh hadng suf dgng hieu qua quyen ban, sd dung khong b e t quyen b a n (thieu trach nhiem) hay la lam dgng quyen Ige (tde la vapt quyen) Ddi vdi quyen lgc vi tri, nghien cdu 55 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri cua French va Raven da chia lam ba loai quyen Ige ca ban, dd la quyen kfc phap ly, quyen lgc cadng bde va quyen lgc khuyen khich Quyen liic phdp ly: la sdc manh cua ngadi l a n h dao, quan ly cd kha nang chi phdi dieu k h i e n ngadi dadi quyen dga tren ca sd sg thda n h a n ve vai tro, vi tri, nhiem vg cua ngufdi lanh dao, quan ly mot td chi'fc cua he thong xa hoi n h a t dinh Quyen lUc cUdng biic: la sdc manh cua ngifdi lanh dao, quan ly chi pho'i, dieu khien b a t bupc cap difdi phai thgc hien nhdng nhiem vg dga tren ca sd nhdng hinh phat Nhdng ngifdi difdi quyen eo the tuan theo hoac td cho'i sg trdng phat Quyen lgc cadng bde chu ydu sd dgng vdi nhdng h a n h vi sai trai hoac kem hieu qua cua ngadi difdi quyen Bieu hien cua no la cac hinh thdc ky luat nhif: khien trach, canh cao, sa thai Quyen lUc khuyen khich: la sdc manh cua ngadi lanh dao, quan ly co kha nang chi phdi, anh hifdng, dieu khien ngadi dadi quyen bang each daa nhdng hinh thdc dpng vien, khen thadng, kich thich phu hpp Sg ban thadng dage the hien rd cae hinh thdc: dd xuat t h a n g tien, tao ca hoi dd hpc tap vifan len, thadng bang vat cha't, khen trade tap the Quyen lgc ea n h a n (nhdm) la loai quyen lgc dage ca n h a n (nhom) tao t r e n ca sd boat dpng cua nhan each, kha nang gay a n h hadng, thuyet phuc den ea n h a n va nhdm Quyen hfc ca nhan dga t r e n he thdng nhdng gia tri xa hoi dape dieu chinh bang he thdng cac nhu cau, lpi ich thong qua cac chuan mge dao ddc va dif luan xa hoi Quyen kfc ea n h a n la ngudn sdc manh gan lien vdi mdi chu thd lanh dao nha't dinh Mdi ehu the lanh dao khac 56 - Khoa hoc Chinh tri bdi tai n a n g chuyen mdn, p h a m h a n h va kha n a n g loi cudn thuyet phgc ngadi khac Sdc m a n h cua quyen Ige ea n h a n dage the hien b a n g k h a n a n g chinh phgc ngadi khac cua b a n t h a n ngadi lanh dao Moi ngadi lanh dao tg ban t h a n minh deu ed n h d n g a n h hadng, tac dpng nha't dinh den doi tapng lanh dao mot each tg nhien Dieu n a y dage the hien rd qua t r i n h xay dgng uy tin lanh dao va v a n dgng sg a n h hadng nhdng gia tri cua uy tin l a n h dao ddi vdi viec thgc hien n h d n g mgc tieu cua nhdm - td chde xa hoi Cung theo French va Raven, quyen lgc ea n h a n cd hai loai cP ban, dd la quyen lgc chuyen mdn va quyen lgc t a van Quyen liic chuyen mon: la sdc m a n h cua ngadi lanh dao, quan ly cd k h a n a n g a n h hifdng, dieu khien ngifdi dadi quyen bang sg thCfa n h a n eua hp vao trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghiep vg, bang ca'p, kinh nghiem eua ngadi lanh dao, quan ly Quyen lUc tU vdn: la sdc m a n h ciia ngadi lanh dao, quan ly ed k h a n a n g a n h hadng ehi phdi ngadi dadi quyen dga t r e n ca sd n e n t a n g dao ddc va quan he chia se kinh nghiem, hieu biet va ky nang boat dpng Quyen lgc t a va'n eon dage gpi la quyen hfc h a p dan Khi ngadi lanh dao, quan ly trd t h a n h t h a n tapng cua ca'p dadi, la t a m gapng eho cap dadi hpc tap, noi theo thi sdc a n h hadng, thuyet phgc cua ngadi l a n h dao, quan ly cung dage t a n g len Nhin chung d khia c a n h nay, b a n chat cua quyen lgc l a n h dao dadi gdc dp t a m ly hpc dage t h e h i e n d k h a n a n g sd dgng cac ngudn quyen lgc k h a e d mdi chu t h e (ea n h a n hoac nhdm) l a n h dao Khia canh t h d hai cua b a n cha't t a m ly eua quyen lgc lanh dao la qua trinh a n h hadng tdi ddi tagng lanh dao ?{£hien ciiu - Trao doi quan ly Trong n g h i e n cdu eua T a m ly hpc l a n h dao, quan ly, l a n h dao la qua t r i n h sd dgng quyen lgc l a n h dao dage the h i e n b a n g dadng "anh hadng xa hoi", a n h hadng cua ngadi l a n h dao tdi cac ea n h a n , n h d m xa hoi Khi ndi den "qua t r i n h anli hadng" la ndi den b o a t ddng cua ngadi lanh dao nhdm, td chde De ed dape quyen lgc thgc sg td chde thi ngadi lanh dao phai the h i e n b a n t h a n b a n g nhdng boat dpng cu t h e , sinh dpng phu hgp vdi mgc tieu cua td chde va n h d n g gia tri ma ddi tagng l a n h dao mong mudn Ban dau l a n h dao m o t nhdm, td chde xa hoi, cd the ngadi l a n h dao cd dape quyen lgc vi tri, n h a n g lieu quyen Ige lanh dao cd dage t a n g cadng va p h a t trien hay khong? Dieu n a y phg thupc vao qua trinh h a n h dpng cua chinh b a n t h a n ngadi lanh dao Quyen Ige vi t r i se cd the mat tac dgng hoac t h a m chi cd the m a t di neu "qua t r i n h t h e hien" cua ngadi lanh dao khdng phd hgp vdi n h d n g gia tri ma ddi tagng l a n h dao ky vpng Trong cac n h d m , td chdg xa hoi khac thi sg a n h h a d n g cua quyen lgc cung ra't k h a c n h a u ve each thdc, mdc dp va k e t qua Sg k h a e dufge t h e h i e n t h o n g qua qua t r i n h nhan thdc, bieu thi t h a i dp va h a n h vi d ddi tapng l a n h dao, q u a n ly Ngufdi lanh dao se k h o n g t h e h i e n dape vai trd neu n h a ngudn quyen lgc k h o n g dage ddi tagng l a n h dao t i e p n h a n va cai bien t h a n h t h a i dp va h a n h vi d hp CJ mdi t r a d n g td ehdc n h a cac ca quan, edng sd hoac eac td chde xa hoi k h a c thong t h a d n g , sg a n h h a d n g cua ngadi lanh dao tdi ca'p dufdi t h e h i e n qua eac ket qua sau: - Sg tich cgc n h i e t t i n h t h a m gia (commitment) Day la sg a n h h a d n g tich egc nha't cua ngufdi l a n h dao tdi thai 57 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri • Nghien ciiu - 'Trao ddi dp va h a n h vi n h a n vien No the hien sg sSn sang, tich cgc, tg nguyen cao ve thai dp eua n h a n vien va sg hang hai tham gia vao boat dpng de dat mgc tieu cua nhom ket qua quyen lgc lanh dao dape the hien mot each toan dien nhat Tde la ngadi lanh dao vda phat huy tdt cac ngudn quyen lgc, vda tac dpng tich cgc vao nhan thdc, thai dp va h a n h vi ciia ddi tapng lanh dao -Sg tuan thu, phgc tung (compliance) (j day sg anh hadng cua ngadi lanh dao tdi nhan vien chu yeu ve m a t h a n h vi Tde la nhan vien van thgc hien yeu cau ma ngadi lanh dao daa nhang ed the thai dp la hp chaa ddng tinh Chang ban: ngadi lanh dao giao nhiem vu cho n h a n vien, thai dp cua nhan vien the hien "tuy thu tradng, thu tradng da quyet thi tdi chap hanh" Ddi voi ket qua giai quyet nhdng nhiem vg dan gian thi viec hoan t h a n h nhiem vu ed the dat den yeu eau, song nhffiig nhiem vg co tinh cha't phdc tap doi hoi mot sg by sinh va nd lgc cao d nhan vien thi thadng khd dat dage mgc tieu mong mudn Cf ket qua nay, ve ca ban ngifdi lanh dao ehi phat huy difgc quyen hfc vi tri, cac ngudn quyen hfc deu chifa the hien difpc vai tro Tde la dd'i tifgng lanh dao mdi thda n h a n ve vi tri ma ngadi lanh dao dam nhan, eon ngadi lanh dao chaa thgc sg thuyet phgc difgc dd'i tagng lanh dao ve tai nang, dao ddc hoac tao difgc niem tin vdi dd'i tifgng lanh dao - Sg khang eg, chdng ddi (resistance) Day la ket qua xa'u nha't sg anh hifdng cua ngadi lanh dao tdi ddi tifgng lanh dao Ddi tagng se chu dpng chong doi lai nhdng yeu cau cua ngadi lanh dao Trong eac nhom, td ehdc xa bdi neu keo dai tinh t r a n g se dan den hau qua la thay ddi l a n h dao, td chde, tham chi la lam pha vd td ehi'fe (j k e t qua nay, cac ngudn quyen lgc khong the hien dage vai tro, ngadi lanh dao da "danh mat" quyen lgc lanh dao nhdm, td ehdc De p h a t huy tdi da ngudn quyen lgc vdn CO d ngadi lanh dao, can ehu y mot so yeu cdu n h a sau: - NgUdi Idnh dao can nam bat het cdc nguon quyen lUc cua bdn thdn Viec n a m b a t day du cac ngudn quyen lgc eua ban t h a n se giup ngadi lanh dao chu dpng va mem deo viec sd dgng phong each lanh dao Thge te da eo nhieu cong trinh nghien cdu cua Tam ly hpe lanh dao, quan ly chdng minh viec sd dgng phdi hgp nhieu ngudn quyen kfc d ngifdi lanh dao - Chu dong ndm bdt cdc ddc diem ve nhdn cdch cung nhu cdc dac tinh cila cdc cd nhdn vd nhdm CSLC dac tinh dage bieu h i e n b e t sdc phong phu moi t r a d n g lanh dao Chang b a n n h a tinh each, sd thich hoae thoi quen, Idi sd'ng eua dd'i tagng lanh dao Viec n a m rd dufge dac tinh cua n h a n vien se gidp ngifdi l a n h dao sd dgng tdt ngudn quyen hfc, tao phong each lanh dao hgp ly, giam thieu difgc sg khang eg, chdng dd'i va tao difgc thai dp, hanh vi tich cgc, n h i e t t h a n h d do'i tifpng lanh dao, quan ly - Chil dgng ren luyen ve nhdn cdch Idnh dao, thufdng xuyen neu cao viec xay dgng va gin gid uy tin eua ngadi lanh dao Ngifdi lanh dao vdi gia tri tdt dep ve mat nhan each, eo uy tin thge chat thi mdi co sg anh hadng tich cgc den niem tin va sg nhiet t h a n h cua ddi tifgng lanh dao, quan ly vdi nhdng nhiem vg difgc giao - Cdn trau doi khd ndng giao tiep, dng xd thich dng vdi moi trifdng td chde.a