TAP CHJ CONG THlTtfNG HOAN THIEN KHUON KHO PHAP LUAT VE PHONG, CHONG TRA TAN Cf VIET NAM • PHAM THANH SCJN - VU CONG GIAO TOM TAT: Bai viS't khii quat ntiflng noi dung chinh cua Cong Udc cua LiSn hdp quoc ve chd'ng tra tan vh nhiJng hinh thtfc dd'i xu", trii'ng phat tan bao, vd nhan dao hay nhuc va nhu'ng quy dinh c6 ban cia phap luSt ViSt Nam hen quan den va'n de Tren cd sd do, tac gia phSn tfch, danh gia sU tUdng thich giifa phap lutt Viet Nam va phap luat quo'c te va de xuat nhiJng quan did'm, giai phap nham hoan thiSn khudn kho phap luat hien hanh cua ViSt Nam vl phong, chd'ng tra tS'n, Tijf khoa: Tra tan; ddi xu" hay triirng phat tan bao, v6 nhan dao va nhuc; Cong Udc cho'ng tra tan, quyen ngUdi, quyen cdng dan, luSt nhSn quyen quo'c tS', Bo luat Hinh sU, B6 lu|t T5' tung hinh sU Dat \&n d€ Van de phdng, cho'ng tra tan da dUdc chii y tir sdm va da diTdc quy dinh nhieu van ban phap luat ciia Viet Nam, tieu bieu la Bg luat Hinh sU, Bd luat To' tung hinh siT Dac biet, 28/11/2014, Quo'c hoi niTdc Cong hda xa lioi chu nghTa ViSt Nam da phe chuan Cong Udc ve chd'ng tra ta'n Viec tham gia Cdng Udc cho'ng tra ta'n la budc di cu the qua trinh chu dong va tich cUc hoi nh§p qud'c te cua Viet Nam, khang dinh ViSt Nam la vien tich cUc va cd trach nhidm cua cdng dong quo'c te, niing cao dang ke uy tin quo'c te cua Viet Nam tren linh vUc nhan quyen va tao nhiJng dong lUc, cd sd mdi de thuc dly boat dong phdng, chd'ng tra tS'n d nUdc ta bien Tuy nhien, khung phap luat ve va'n de d nUdc ta van mot so' ba't cap, ban che' Do vay, viec hoan thien cac van ban phap luat cd lien quan ve phong, cho'ng tra tan cho phii S o - T h a n g 3/2019 hdp vdi cac quy dinh cua Cong Udc chd'ng tra tS'n, cung nhu cac quy dinh Dieu va Dilu 10 Cong Udc quoc te ve cac quyen dan sU, chinh tri nam 1966 la can thiet hi6n nay, Ca'm tra ta'n lu^t nh^n quyin quo'c te' Tra ta'n, theo Dieu Cdng Udc cua Lien hdp quo'c vl chd'ng tra tan va cac hinh thu'c triing phat bay doi xir khac tan bao, vd nhan dao hoac nhuc binh nam 1984 (sau dgy gpi tat la Cong Udc chdng tra ta'n), la bat ky hanh vi nao gay dau ddn hoac dau kho nghiem ve th6' cbS't hay tinh than ma chu y ap dung vdi mot ngUdi, nham rtit tCf ngUdi hay mot ngUdi thd ba tbong tin hay Idi tU tbii, hay dl triJng phat ngUdi dd vi mot hanh vi ma ngUdi hay ngUdi thu' ba gay hay bi nghi ngd gay ra, hoac de ham doa bay cUdng biJc ngudi dd hay ngUdi thd ba, hoac vi bat cd ly nao dUa tren sU phan biet doi xu" nao dd; LUAT mdt cdng chu'c bay mot ngUdi nao khac hanh dong vdi tu each hay vdi siT xtii giuc, ddng tinh hay iJng thuan cua mot cong chiJc, tien hanh [3] Tra ta'n (va hanh vi 'thiJ cS'p' cua no la triing phat, do'i xu' tan bao, vd nhSn dao hoac nhuc hinh) la vS'n de vijTa mang tinh phap ly, vCTa mang tinh dao ddc, van hda O goc dp dao du'c, van hda, Lien hdp quo'c len an tra tS'n nhU la mot nhiing hanh vi vo nhan dao va de hen nhat ma ngifdi pham phai vdi dong loai, bdi tra ta'n phu nhan pham gia, huy hoai ca the chat va tam bon cua nan nhan - nhiing ngUdi d hoan canh khdng the chd'ng cU O goc dp phap ly, theo luat nhan quyen quo'c te, tra tan la mot nhiing hinh thilc vi pham nhan quyen nghiem trpng nba't, bi cbi trich gay gat nha't; cdn theo ludt hinh sU quo'c te, h^nb vi tra tS'n tbilc hi6n mot each cd he thdng va mang tinh bien tiiy tbeo bdi canh cd the ca'u cac toi diet chung, toi pham cbiS'n tranh hay tdi pham chd'ng nhan loai, tiJc la nbiing dang tdi pham quo'c tS' ma thu pham cd the bi truy to' va xet xii tbeo Quy che Rdm (1998) Do tinh chat dac biet nghiem cua hanh vi d:a ta'n, viec ca'm tra tS'n dUdc quy dmh rat nhilu van kien cua luat nhan quyen va luat hinh sU quo'c te' til trUdc den nay, dd bao gdm Tuygn ngon toan the' gidi ve nhan quyin nam 1948 (Dieu 5), Cdng Udc qud'c te ve cac quyIn dan SLf, chinh tri nam 1966 (Dilu 7), va dac biet la Cdng Udc cho'ng tra ta'n nam 1984 Theo cac van kien nay, hanh vi tra ta'n bi ca'm tuyet dd'i, moi hoan canh ke ca thdi binh, thdi chien hay tinh trang khan ca'p cua quo'c gia BS't ciI ly nao bien minh cho hanh vi tra tan deu khdng the cha'p nhan, Dac biet, quy dinh cam tra ta'n dUdc coi la mot quy pham cua luat t^p quan qud'c te', va nbU vay cd hieu Idc rang budc vdi moi quo'c gia, ke ca nhiing nUdc chUa tham gia ba't cu" dilu udc qud'c te nao cd lien quan Cdng Udc chd'ng tra tan cua Lien hdp quo'c de cap den nbiing trach nhiem cu thi cua cac qudc gia viec phdng chd'ng toi ac tra tan, cd the tdm tat nhu sau: - Hinh s\X hda hanh vi tra tan, quy dinh nhiing hinh phat thich dang vdi hanh vi tra tan (Dieu 4) -Dieu tra, truy td'va xet xiJnhanh chdng, bieu qua nhifng hanh vi tra ta'n cac hoan canh khac (cac Dieu 7,8,9,12) - Pbd'i hdp, hd trd cac qud'c gia khac viec dSn dp va xet x^ tdi pham (Dieu 7,8,9) - Khdng true xua't, tra vl, dan dp mdt ngUdi den nbiing qud'c gia khac ma cd ly tin chac la ngudi cd the bi tra tan (Dilu 3) - Giao due, tuySn truyin ve ca'm tra ta'n, bao gom viec dUa van de ca'm tra tan vao cac luat le vl chilc nang, nhiem vu cua cac dd'i tUdngcd lien quan nbtf can bp tbtfc thi phap luat, nhan vien dan sU, quan sU, y te, cdng cbilc.fDilu 10) - Ra soat, giam sat va kiem tra viec thUc hien cac luat le cd Hen quan va cac cd sd giam giU de bao dam hanh vi tra ta'n khdng xay (Dilu 11) - Bao dam cac quyIn to' tung cua bi can, bi cao, cac quyIn khie'u nai, to'cao va quyen dUdc bdi thudng cua nan nhan tra ta'n, quyen dUdc bao ve cua nhan chiing va nan nhan (cac Dieu 13,14) - Khdng sit dung Idi khai lay dildc tit sU tra ta'n lam chiing cii' mpi giai doan td' tung (Dieu 15) [3] Tren thUc tS', cac quy dinh ke tren ddng thdi cung la nhu'ng bi6n phap phdng chd'ng tra tan ma cac qud'c gia cd trach nhiem ap dung Cd the thS'y pham vi cua nhiing bien phap ra't rpng, khdng chi cac boat ddng lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap ma cdn cac boat ddng giam sat thilc thi, tuy6n truyen, bie'n, giao due phap luat va hdp tac qud'c te vl tU phap Dildi day chi neu nhiing quy dinh phap luat cd lien quan cua Viet Nam mdt sd'khia canh chinh Phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n phap luat Vi^t Nam Tra ta'n, dd'i xiJ tan bao, vd nhan dao va nhuc la nhu'ng hanh vi vi pham nhSn quyIn thudng xay boat ddng to' tung hinh siI (mac dia cdn cd the xay nhu'ng hoan canh khac) Viet Nam, Nha nUdc da quan tSm den viec bao ve quyIn ngUdi boat ddng to' tung tir ra't sdm Ngay sau nUdc nha gianh dUdc doc lap, hoan canh 'thu trong, giac ngoai' de dpa va chUa cd Hie'n phap, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ky mdt so' sac lenh ma noi dung bao bam So - T h a n g 3/2019 TAP CHl CONG IHIfdNG nhiing bao dam ve quyen ngUdi boat ddng td'tung, dd cd tac dung phdng, chdng tra tan, tieu bieu la: - Sac lenh sd'33A 13/9/1945 quy dinh Ty Liem phdng b^t nhiing ngUdi nguy bilm cho nin dan chu cdng hda Viet Nam de dUa di an tri phai lam td trinh guTi Uy ban hanh chinh cac miln, dd trinh bay ly do, chdng ciJ va thdi ban de nghi dUa di an tri, ddng thdi phai thdng bao cho cac Bd trUdng Bp Npi vu va Bd TU phap - Sac lenh sd'33B 13/9/1945 yeu cau Ty Lifim phdng hoac sd canh sat ne'u bat ngUdi thi vdng 24 gid phai lap bien ban de tha hoac chuyen sang tda an quan sU hay tda an tu phap de giai quyd't - Sac lenh sd 33C 13/9/1945 quy dinh cac nguygn tac den bd td chiJc va boat ddng cua cac tda an quan sU, bao gdm viec xet xu" cd mdt th^m phan va hai hoi tham, xet xu' cdng khai, quyen cua bi cao dUdc til bao chSa hoac nhd ngUdi khac bao chiJa, quyIn ciia bi cao dUdc xin Chinh phu Sn giam - Sac lenh sd' 46 10/11/1945 quy dinh viec tam giii each to chdc cac doan luSt sU nbU cu Hie'n phap nam 1946 Ian ddu tidn xac dinh mdt nguyen tac vl chd'ng hanh ddng tien boat dong to' tung d Viet Nam, theo dd, tU phap khdng quyet dinh thi khdng dUdc bat bd va giam cam ngUdi cdng dan Viet Nam Nha d va tbu tin cua cdng dan Viet Nam khdng dUdc xam pham mdt each trai phap luat (Dilu 11), Mac du quy dinh khdng dl cap cu the de'n van dl tra tan nhUng cd y nghia ra't quan trpng dl bao ve ngUdi dan trUdc nhiing vi pbam nhan quyIn boat ddng tU phap, bao glm cac hanh vi tra tan, dd'i xiJ vd nhan dao va nhuc Nguyen tac hie'n dinh ke tren tie'p tuc dupc cac Hie'n phap ve sau ke thiTa va phat trien thanb nguyen tac day du ve quyIn bat kha xam pbam vl than the, danh dU va nhan pham cua cdng dan ma dUdc ap dung moi hoan canh, ke ca boat ddng to' tung (cac Dilu 27, 28 Hid'n phap 1959; Dilu 69, 70 71 Hie'n phap 1980, Dilu 71 Hie'n phap 1992) Cu the, Dilu 71 Hie'n phap nam 1992 (siJa ddi, bd' sung nam 2001) neu rd: 10 Sd4-Thang 3/2019 "Cdng dan cd quyen ba't kha xam pham ve than the, dUdc phap luSt bao ve vl tinh mang, silc khde, danh dil va nhan pham Khdng bi bat neu khdng cd quyet dinh cua Tda an nhan dan, quyd't dinh hoac phe chuan cua Vi^n kiem sat nb3n dan, tril trUdng hdp pham tdi qua tang Viec bat va giam giii ngUdi phai theo dung phap luat Nghiem ca'm mpi hinh thilc truy bilc, nhuc hinh, xuc pham danh dil, nhan pham cua cdng dan", Hie'n phap 2013 Ian dau tidn dl cap cu the de'n viec ca'm U^a tan Khoan Dilu 20 Hie'n phap 2013 neu rd: Mpi ngUdi cd quyen bS't kba xam pham ve than the, dUdc phap luat bao hd vl siIc khde, danh dU va nhan pbS'm; khdng bi tra tan, bao luc, truy bdc, nhuc binh hay bat ky hinh thu'c dd'i xu" nao khac xam pham than the, silc khde, xiic pbam danh dU, nhan phim [5] Mac du Hie'n phap 2013 da dUdc thdng qua nhUng cho de'n khai niem "tra ta'n" van chUa dupc dinh nghia phap luat ViSt Nam Cac van ban dUdi Hie'n phap bien van chUa cap nhat quy dmh mdi vl cam tra tan, ma mdi chi dl cap dd'n mdt sd' khai niem lien quan nhu nhuc hinh, bilc cung Cu the, khudn khd phap lu§t bi6n hanh lien quan de'n phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n cua Viet Nam cd the tdm tat nhU sau: - Cac quy tac hie'n dinh v6 quydn an ninb ca nhan, bao gdm quy dinh ca'm tra ta'n, dupc neu cac Dieu 20 va 31 cua Hie'n phap 2013 (da de cap d trSn) - Cac quy dinh vl bao vd quyIn nhin than Bp luat Dan sU 2015, bao gdm quyIn dupc bao dam an toan ve tinh mang, sdc khoe, than thd (Dieu 33), quyen dUpc bao ve danh dU, nhan pham, uy tin (Dieu 34); quyen bi mat ddi sd'ng rieng tU, bi mat ca nbSn, bi mat gia dinh (Dilu 38) [7] - Cac quy dinh vl mdt sd'tdi pham cac ChUdng XII - xam pham tinh mang, silc khde, nhan pbi'm, danh du cua ngUdi), ChUdng XIII - xSm pham quyIn til do, din chu ciia cdng dan), ChUdng XXII - xam pham boat ddng tU phap), ChUdng XXIII - xam pbam nghia vu, trach nhiem ciia quan nhan) Bp luat Hinh sU 2015 (siJa dd'i, bd sung nam 2017), bao gdm: Toi gie't ngudi (Dieu 123), tdi lam cbe't ngUdi LUAT thi hanh cdng vu (Dieu 127), tdi vd y lam chet ngUdi vi pham quy tac nghi nghiep hoac quy tac hanh chinh (Dieu 129), tdi bilc tu" (Dilu 130), tdi de dpa gie't ngUdi (Dilu 133), tdi gay thUdng tich hoac gay td'n hai cho siic khde cua ngudi khac thi hanh cdng vu (Dilu 137), tdi hanh ngUdi khac (Dieu 140); tdi lam nhuc ngudi khac (Dieu 155); tdi bat, giii hoac giam ngUdi trai phap luat (Dilu 157); tdi dung nhuc hinh (Dilu 373), tdi btic cung (Dieu 374); tdi lam nhuc ddng dpi (Dilu 397), tdi hanh ddng dpi (Dieu 398), tdi ngUdc dai tu binh, hang binh (Dieu 420) Bd luat Hinh sU 2015 (siJa ddi nam 2017) da siJa ddi tpi bat, giff hoac giam ngUdi trai phap luat, tdi dung nhuc hinh, tdi bilc cung theo budng tang nang nham dam bao ydu cau vl phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n, cu thi da: -I- Bd sung tinh ti^'t dinh khung tang nang trach nhiem hinh sU la "Tra ta'n, dd'i xij hoac trifng phat tan bao, vd nhan dao hoac nhuc pham gia nan nhan" vao tpi bat, giii hoac giam ngUdi trai phdp Iu§t (Diem b Khoan Dieu 157, mile hinh phat Cd nam nam tii de'n 12 nam tii) -I- Bd sung hanh vi "Dijng nhuc binh hoac dd'i xii' tan bao, nhuc nh§n pham ciia ngUdi khac dudi ba't ky hinh thilcnao" vao tpi dung nhuc binh (Dilu 373) Dilu luat cung quy dinh neu ngUdi pbam tdi lam nan nbSn tU sat thi bi phat tii tir nam de'n 12 nam (khoan 3); lam ngUdi bi nhuc hinh chet thi bi phat tu til 12 nam de'n 20 nam hoac til chung than (khoan 4) -I- Bd sung tinh tie't tang nang dinh khung vao tdi Bilc cung (Dieu 374) TrUdng hdp "diing nhuc hinh hoac dd'i xiJ tan bao, nhuc nhan pham ngUdi bi lay Idi khai, hdi cung" se bi phat tii ttf nam de'n nam (khoan 2); pham tdi thudc mdt cac trUdng hdp: Lam ngUdi bi bilc cung chet; dan den lam dan ngUdi vd tdi; dan de'n bd Ipt tpi pbam rat nghiem trpng hoac tdi pham dac biet nghiem trpng thi hi phat td tCr 12 nam de'n 20 nam hoac tu chung than (khoan 4) (8], Ben canh dd, mdt so' van ban phap luat khac cung de cap den va'n de phdng, chd'ng [ra tan, nhU: - Cac quy dinh Bd luat Td' tung hinh sU 2015 cd tac dung phdng nhffng hanh vi tra tan, dd'i xu' tan bao, vd nhan dao, bao gdm: Nguyen tac tdn trpng va bao ve cac quyIn cd ban ciia cdng dan (Dieu 8), bao dam quyIn bat kha xam pbam vl than the ciia cdng dan (Dieu 10), bao bd tinh mang, sdc khde, danh dU, nhan pham ciia ca nhan (Dieu 11) va nhiing quy dinh vl cac quyIn to tung ciia bi can, bi cao, ngUdi bi tam gid, ngUdi bi tam giam va ngUdi bao chu'a [6] - Cac quy dinh tiong Luat Thi hanh lam giii, tam giam nam 2015 vl nguyen tac tam gid, tam giam (khoan Dilu 4), cac hanh vi bi nghiem cam tra ta'n, truy bilc, dung nhuc hinh (kboan Dieu 8), - Cac quy dinh Luat vl thi hanh an hinh sir nam 2010 nham bao ve cac quyIn va Idi ich hpp phap ciia pham nhSn, dl cap den cac va'n de nhU che dd giam gid, smh boat, lao ddng, hpc tip , tra, giam sat, khie'u nai, td' cao thi hanh an hinh sU Nbdng quy dinh da dUpc cu thi hda mdt so' van ban dudi luit, dd tieu bilu la Nghi dmh sd' 117/20n/ND-CPngay 15/12/2011 ciia Chinh phii quy dinh vl to' cbdc quan ly pham nhin vi che' dp an, mac, d, sinb boat, cham sdc y te dd'i vdi pham nhan - Cac quy dinh Luit xd ly vi pham hanh chinh nam 2012 nham bao ve quyIn ciia nbiing ngudi bi tudc td bi ap dung cac bien phap ngan chan hoac bien phap xd ly hanh chinh (bao gdm ngUdi hi tam gid hanh chinh, ngUdi bi dUa vao trUdng giao dudng, ngUdi hi dUa vao cd sd giao due ba't budc, ngUdi bi dUa vao cd sd cai nghien bit budc) Nhdng quy dinh da dUdc cu the' hda Nghi dinh sd 81/2013/ND-CP quy dinh chi tie't mdt sd"^ dieu va bien phap tbi hanh Luat Xd ly vi pbam hanh chinh va Nghi dinh sd 02/2014/ND-CP quy dinh che dp ap dung, tbi hanh bien phap xd ly hanh chinh dUa vao trUdng giao dudng va cd sd giad due bat budc va mot so' van ban khic lien quan Ben canh nhdng quy dinh ke tren, phap luat Viet Nam cung d i quy dmh van dl bdi thddng cho nhdng nan nhin hi oan sai hoat ddng td'tung TrUdc diy, Dilu 72 Hie'n phap nam 1992 Ian dau tien quy dinh: "NgUdi bi bat, bi giam gid So - T h a n g 3/2019 11 TAP GHi CONG THlTdNG bi truy to', xet xd trai phap luat cd quyIn dUdc bdi thddng thiet hai ve vat chat va phuc bdi danh du NgUdi lam trai phap luat viec bat, giam gid, truy to', xet xd gay thiet hai cho ngddi khac phai bi xd ly nghiem minh" Quy djnh dddc lai khang dinh va cu the hda hdn trdng khoan Dieu 31 Hie'n phap 2013, theo dd, nhdng ngUdi hi bat, tam gid, tam giam, khdi to', dieu tra, truy td', xet xd, thi hanh an trai phap luat cd quyen dddc bdi thudng thiet hai vl vat cha't, tinh than va phuc hoi danh dd; ddng thdi nhdng ngddi vi pbam phap luit viec bat, giam, gid, khdi td', dilu tra, truy td, xet xd, tbi hanh an gay thiet hai cho ngUdi khac phai bi xd ly theo phap luit Va'n dl bdi thddng oan sai to' tung hinh sU cung dupc dl cap Dieu 31 Bd luit Td'tung hinh sd nam 2015 va cu the hda Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua nha nddc nam 2017, Ydu c^u cung cd'khuon kho phap tuSt vl phong, chd'ng tra ta'n d^ Vidt Nam Ngay 07/11/2013, Viet Nam da ky tham gia Cdng Udc chd'ng tta ti'n Ngay 28/11/2014, Qud'c hdi da phe chuan Cdng Udc ve chd'ng tra ta'n Viec tham gia Cdng Udc chd'ng tra tan la bUdc di CU the qua trinh chu ddng vi ticb cUc hdi nhap qud'c te ciia Viet Nam, khang dinh Viet Nam la vien ticb cUc va cd trach nbiem cua cdng ddng qud'c te, nang cao dang ke uy tin qud'c td'cua Vi6t Nam trdn Ilnh vdc nhan quyen va tao nhiJng ddng lUc, cd sd mdi de thuc day hoat ddng phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n d nddc ta hien Trudc tham gia Cdng Udc chd'ng tra ti'n, de bao ve quyIn ngddi, quyIn cdng dan, phap luat Viet Nam da quy dinh tUdng dd'i cd ban va day du cd che bao dam quyen khdng bi tra ti'n, dd'i xd, triing phat tan bao, vd nhin dao hoac hi nhuc Mac du nhdng phan tich ke tren cho thi'y da cd mdt hanh lang phap ly cho viec phdng chd'ng tra ti'n d Viet Nam, nhien van cdn mdt so' khoang tro'ng can tiep tuc giai quye't Viec khoa la'p cac khoang tro'ng nay, qua hoan thien khudn khd phap luat vl phdng, chd'ng tra ti'n d nUdc ta la mdt viec lam ci'p thie't, vi; - Thd nhdt, Hie'n phap 2013 da cd quy dinh cu the' ve ci'm tra ti'n, Quy dinh mdi tao cd sd thuc di'y hoat ddng phdng, chd'ng vi pham nhin quyen 12 Sd4-Thang 3/2019 d nddc ta thdi gian tdi, bdi nhu da neu d phan tren, khai niem tra tan theo luat nhin quyIn qud'c te rdng hdn nhieu so vdi nhdng khai niem vl truy bdc, nhuc hinh, xuc pham danh du, nhan pham cua cdng din ma dddc gbi nhin cac hien phap trUdc 2013 Cung bdi vay, quy dinh mdi cua Hien phap 2013 ve ci'm tra ti'n dat yeu edu phai nghien edu sda ddi, bd sung khudn khd phap luit hien hanh cua nddc ta, dac biet la khudn khd phap luat vl to' tung binh sU, de lam hai hda vdi nhdng tieu chuan qud'c te vl phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n - Th^ hai Viet Nam da la viSn cua Cdng ddc qud'c t6' vl cac quyen din sU, chinh tri 1966 td dau thap ky 1980, cd nhilu dilu khoan (Dieu 7, 10, ) quy djnhrd viec cam tra ta'n Viet Nam cung vda phe chuan Cdng Udc cbd'ng tra ti'n ciia Lien hdp qud'c NhUviy, can phai sda ddi, bd sung khudn khd pbip luit vl chd'ng tra ta'n de thilc hien day du cam ket cang manh me va nghia vu qud'c te' cang nang nl, cu the bdn ciia nba nddc ta vl vi'n dl - Thd ba, yeu cau bao dam quyen ngddi boat ddng td phap, dd bao gdm viSc cbd'ng bdc cung, nhuc hinh qua trinh tbdc thi td' tung hinh su, da dupc nhi'n manh Nghi quyd't sd49-NQ/TW 02/6/2005 cua B6 Chinh tri vl "Chien lUdc cai each tU phap de'n nam 2020", va gan day la Nghi quye't so' 63/2013/QH13 27 thang 11 nam 2013 cua Qud'c hdi khoa XIII ve tang cUdng cac bien phap di'u tranh phdng, chd'ng tdi pbam Nhu vay, sda ddi sda ddi, bd sung khudn khd phap luit vl chd'ng tra ti'n chinh la nham de thuc hien hai van ban quan - Thd tu, mac du bi phap luat nghiem cam, tinh trang tra tan, diing nhuc hinh, ep cung ddi vin cdn dien hoat ddng cua cac cd quan til'n hanh to' tung hinh sU ciia nUdc ta, dac bifit la cac cd quan dieu tra Gan day cd mdt vai vu viec nghiem trpng bi phat giac, gay bdc xuc ri't Idn duluin, ddi hdi nha nUdc phai nhanh chdng hanh ddng va cd bien phap hieu qua de ngan chan nhdng vu viec tddng fu, quan dd cung cd' Idng tin cua ngUdi dan vdi be thd'ng cd quan tU phap Viec hdan thien khudn khd' phap luit ve LUAT chd'ng tra ta'n la bien phap dau tien, khdng thd thieu de thu'c hi6n muc tieu nay, De Cling cd' khudn khd phap luat hi6n hanh vl phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n, can thUc biSn nhdng siifa ddi, bd sung nhd sau: Thii nhdt, cIn xac dinh ro dinh nghia vl tra tS'n Bd luat Hinh sif, ddng thdi hinh sd hda hanh vi tra tan, Dd la bdi mac du Bp luat Hinh sU hien da cd hai tdi danh la tdi bdc cung va tdi dung nhuc hinh, nhu'ng cac tdi ro rang chUa bao trum he't npi ham ciia hinh vi tra ta'n theo dinh nghia rat rpng neu Cdng Udc cbd'ng tra ta'n cua Lien hdp qud'c Theo tac gia, nhat thidt can quy dinh them tpi tra ti'n va dda nhdng dinh nghia cu the vl cac hanh vi tra ta'n, doi xii, trdng phat tan bao, vd nhin dao va nhuc phii hdp vdi nhdng tieu chuan hdn quan cua phap luat qud'c te' Thii hai, Bd luat Td' tung Hinh sd da bd sung cac quy dinh bao dam quyIn im lang cua ngudi bi bat, ngUdi bi tam gid, bi can, bi cao, bao dam sU cd mat cua luat sUkhi lay Idi khai cda bi can, bi cio, nhien, can nghien edu cai tidn cac thii tuc td' tung Men hanh, ke ca nghien edu dat cac thd tuc td'tung dac biet neu can thie't de bao dam cac hanh vi tra ta'n se dUdc dieu tra, truy td' va xet xd mdt each nhanh chdng va nghiem minh Dilu Ii bdi ciang nhd d bi't cd qud'c gia nao tren thd gidi, thu pham cua hanh vi tra ti'n d Viet Nam la nhdng ngddi ti6'n binh td' tung, viec dilu tra, truy td' v i xet xd cung cic cd quan tid'n binh td' tung tiS'n hanh nSn khdng thi tranh khdi nhdng trUdng hdp cd' f tri hdan, bad che eho nhdng ke vi pbam Thii ba, can nghi6n edu cai thien dilu kien giam gid cac cd sd tam giam, cac trai giam, va dieu kien sinh hoat, hoc tip cac trUdng giao dudng, cd sd cai ngbi6n, cd sd hpc tap bat budc Dilu la bdi theo quan diem chung ciia cdng ddng qud'c t6', dilu kien giam giii, sinh boat cac cd sd da n§u neu d tinh trang tdi te se bi Cdi la ca'u hanh vi dd'i xii da man, vd nhin dao, tha'p nhin pham v i mdt so' trUdng hdp se ci'u hanh vi tra ti'n (vi du nhU viec can bd quan giao khuyen khich hay de mac cho tinh trang bao Idc xay gida eac tu nhan, ngddi bi tam giam, tam gid.,.) Ben canh dd, cung can tang cddng giam sat, tra cac ed sd tham van vi giam gid (nha tam gid, trai tam giam, trudng giao dUdng.,.), bao gom viec trien khai ddng bd lap cac thiet bi giam sat td ddng (camera) tai cac cd sd d l phat biSn va xd ly kip thdi, nghiem minh nhiJng hinh vi bdc cung, nhuc hinh, tra ti'n Thd tu, cIn nghien edu tang cUdng cac bien phap giao due, tuyen truyin vl ca'm tra ti'n va ve quyen ngUdi ciia nhdng ngUdi bi tddc tu cho cac dd'i tddng cd lien quan, die biet la nhiing can bp tien hanh td' tung, vi dd la mdt cac bidn phap chu ddng, ticb cdc nhat viec phdng ngda tra ta'n, Kmb ngbiSm tren the gidi cho thay ri't it qud'c gia phap luit cho phep thdc hien cac hanh ddng tra ti'n, nhdng tren thUe tS' hanh ddng nhu viy vin dien cac quan chdc thuc thi phap luat thieu hilu bil^t boie cd y tbdc cha'p hanh phap luat kem Cung vdi cac bifen phip xd phat, giao due, tuyen truyin vl ca'm tra ti'n va quyIn ngUdi ciia nhdng ngddi bi tUdc tU se gdp pb^n giam dang k l binh vi tra ti'n cua cac quan chdc thdc thi phap luat Lien quan ddn vi'n dl nay, can nghien edu dUa vao hoac sda ddi, bd sung npi dung v l chd^ng tra ta'n va quyen ngudi cua nhdng ngUdi bi tUdc tU chUdng trinh giang day eua eac trudng dai hpc luat va cac trUdng dao tao can bd thuc thi phap luat d mpi ca'p Them vao do, cung can xay ddng vi thilc hien cac chddng trinh tap hua'n bat budc vl nhdng ndi dung da neu eho cic can bd quan giao, canh sat dieu tra, nhin vi§n an ninb, nhan vien dan sd va y td lim vide cac cd sd giam gid, giao due, cai nghien tap trung Ngoai ra, can xiy dung hoac sda ddi, bo sung cae bd quy tae dao ddc cho nhdng ddi tddng di neu dd nha'n manh van de cam tra ti'n vi tdn trpng, bad ve cac quyIn ngddi ciia nhdng ngUdi bi tUdc td r/jw" nam, can nghiSn edu hoan thien cd chd kiem tra, giam sit viSc tuin thu phap luat cua cac cd quan va can bd tidn hanh to' tung, die biSt cac hoat ddng dilu tra va giam gid Trong van de nay, e^n die biet phat huy vai trd giam sat cua Uy ban Tu phap va cua cac dai bie'u Qud'c hdi, ddng thdi ein md rpng cac dieu kidn cho S o - T h a n g 3/2019 13 lAP CHl CONG IHIfdNG phep cic cd quan thdng tin dai chung dUdc giam sit thudng xuyen va hieu qua boat ddng cua eac cd quan tuphap, k l ca cac cd sd giam gid Ngoai ra, can khuyen khich sU hinh va boat ddng cua cac td chdc phi chinh phii boat ddng tren llnb vUc nhan quyen, die biet la cac td chdc chuyen hoat ddng bao ve quyIn cua nhdng ngUdi bi tudc tu do, chd'ng tra ti'n va hd trd nan nhan bi tra tan Thd sau, can tiep tuc nghien edu hoin chien cac quy dinh phap luat va cd che bao damquyin ngudi cua nhu'ng ngUdi bi tudc td do, die biet la cac quyIn cd' tung cua bi can, bi cao, tu nhin, quyIn dddc bao ve cua cac nan nhan va nhan chdng ciia hanh vi tra ca'n Lien quan de'n vi'n de nay, cung can nghien edu hoan tbien cac quy dinb de bao dam nguyen tac Idi khai li'y dUdc td viec tra ti'n, nhuc hinh hay bdc cung dudi mpi hinh thdc se khdng dupc sd dung lim chdng cd bupc tdi mpi giai doan td'tung Thd bay, trien khai cac quy dinb cua Luat Trach nhiem bdi thudng eiia nha nude nim 2017 va Nghi dinh sd 68/2018/ND-CP quy dinh chi tie't mdt sd' dieu vi bien phap Chi hanh luit trach nhiem bdi thUdng ciia nha nUdc Cheo hudng ddn gian hoa cac Chu tuc xac dmh thiet hai vi yeu cau bdi thudng nha nude, ddng thdi quy dinh xem xet bdi thudng nhdng thiet bai ea true tiep va gian tiep, ca ve vat cha't va tinh than, qua dd bao dam nan nhinbi tra tan, dd'i xd va trdng phat tan bao, vd nhin dao va nhuc cd thi dupe bdi thUdng mdt each nhanh chdng va thda dang Thd tdm, xay ddng cac chddng trinh, chinh sach, cd cbd'rieng, dai ban ve chd'ng tra ta'n (hoac dat cac chUdng trinh, chinh sach, cd che' chung vl bao ve quyIn ngUdi), huy ddng sU tham gia cua cac td chdc xa hdi dan sd, cac ed quan truyin thdng, gidi luat gia dl phit bien, ngan chan, xd ly hieu qua nhdng hanh vi tra tan Thii chin, can tang cUdng dd'i thoai, hdp tac qud'c te', khu vUc cac boat ddng phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n va bao ve quyIn ciia nhdng ngddi bi tudc td do, bao gdm viec mdi cae Bao cao vidn dac biet ve tra ti'n, Nbdm cdng tie vl bat bd tien va cac to chu'c phi chinh phu qud'c te've nhan quyen dd'ntbam va giam sat cac cd sd giam gid nude Thd mudi, nghien edu xay ddng mdt dao luat rieng ve phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n va bao ve nan nhin cua tra tan, theo kinh nghiem cua mdt so' qud'c gia khac nhd Hoa Ky, Philippin, Uganda, N a m Phi, • TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: Chinh phu (2017), Nghi dinh so 68/2018/ND-CP quy dinh chi tie't mot so'diiu vd bien phdp thi hanh luat trach nhiim boi thudng cua nhd nUdc; Lien hgp quo'c - UNO (1948), Tuyen ngon loan the gidi ve nhdn quyen; Lien hap quae - UNO (1984), Cdng udc cho'ng Tra ta'n va TrUiigphat hoac Ddi x^ tan nhdn, vo nhan dao lam ma'l pham gid khac (United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment): Quae hgi (2012), Luat Xi7 ly vi pham hanh chinh nam 2012; Qud'c hgi (2013) Hie'n phdp iiudc Cong hda xd hgi chii nghia Viet Nam nam 2013; Qud'c hgi (2015) Bo lugt To tung hinh su nam 2015; Qudc hgi (2015), Bo lugt Ddn su nam 2015; Quoc hgi (2017), Bo luat Hinh sif nam 2015 (s&a doi, bo sung nam 2017); Qudc hoi (2017) Ludt Trdch nhiem boi thudng cua nha nude nam 2017 14 So 4-Thang 3/2019 LUAT Ngay nhSn bai: 10/2/2019 Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sda chffa: 20/2/2019 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 2/3/2019 Thong tin tdc gid: ThS PHAM THANH SCfN Giang vidn Khoa Luat, Hpc vi§n An ninh Nh§n dSn PGS TS VU CONG GIAO Khoa Luat Dai hpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIETNAM'S CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON PREVENTING TORTURE • Master PHAM THANH SON Lecturer, Faculty of Low, People's Security Acodemy • AssocProf, Ph.D VU CONG GIAO School of Law, Vietnam Natlonai University - Hanoi ABSTRACT: The article outlines the main contents of the Convendon against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and basic provisions of relevant Vietnamese laws on this issue The article analyzes and evaluates the compadbility between Vietnamese law and international law on this issue and proposes views as well as solutions lo improve the effectiveness ofVietnam's current legal framework on preventing torture Keywords: Torture, cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment and punishment, the United Nations Convention against Torture, human rights, civil rights, lintemational human rights law Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure Code So - T h o n g 3/2019 15 ... chinh tri nam 1966 (Dilu 7), va dac biet la Cdng Udc cho'ng tra ta'n nam 1984 Theo cac van kien nay, hanh vi tra ta'n bi ca'm tuyet dd'i, moi hoan canh ke ca thdi binh, thdi chien hay tinh trang... 2015 va cu the hda Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua nha nddc nam 2017, Ydu c^u cung cd'khuon kho phap tuSt vl phong, chd'ng tra ta'n d^ Vidt Nam Ngay 07/11/2013, Viet Nam da ky tham gia Cdng Udc... ve chd'ng tra ta'n Viec tham gia Cdng Udc chd'ng tra tan la bUdc di CU the qua trinh chu ddng vi ticb cUc hdi nhap qud'c te ciia Viet Nam, khang dinh Viet Nam la vien ticb cUc va cd trach nbiem