CHINH SACH, LUAT PHAP VE LAO DONG TRE EM VA MOT SO VAN DE DAT RA VIET NAM HIEN NAY NGUYEN T H | H A N G ' " Tom th: Chinh sach luat phap ve lao dgng tre em giup cac quoc gia xay dgng cac giai phap toan di?n va hieu qua de ngSn ngif.i vi giam thieu lao dgng tre em Ben canh he thong phap ludt quoc te md rSit nhieu cac quoc gia co Viet Sum da phe chudn, Viet Xam co mot he thong chmh sach phap luat rieng ve lao dgng tre em Nhiing v^n ban quy pham phap lu$t khong ngOng dugc xay dung, dam bao tinb thong nha't dong bg, hai hoi vdi lu$t phap qudc te phu hdp vdi dieu kien vi hodn canh thUc tiSn cua dat nUdc nhifng cQng khong tranh khoi nhQng bS't c$p cdn phai tiep tuc bo sung, hoan thien Bai viei cung cap thUc trang luat phap quoc te va Viet Nam ve lao dgng tre em, va mpt sovSh decon ton tai chinh sach, lu$t phap vS lao dgng tre em a viet Nam Tif khoa: Lao dong tre em: chinh sach, luat phap ve lao dgng tre em Abstract: Policies and laws on child labor help countries build comprehensive and efficient multi-stakeholder responses for the prevention and reduction of child labor Besides the international legal system which many countries including Vietnam have ratified, Vietnam also has it.'i own sisfem of policies and laws on child labor These legal documents have been constantly developed to ensure consistency, synchronization and harmony with international law suitable to the practical conditions and circumstances of Vietnam However, there are still rooms to be supplemented and perfected This article to reviewed international and Vietnamese laws on child labor and discussed existing issues in policies and laws on child labor in Viet Nam Keywords: Child labor: policies and laws on child labor Ngay nh$n bai: 10/3/2020; Xgay sda bai: 15/4/2020; Ngay duyet ddng bai: 07/5/2020 Mdfdau: Dd phdng ngfla, giam thidu va xda bd tinh trang lao dpng tre em tren the' gidi lao ddng tre em da dflpc Viet Nam phe chuan, ky ket; vd Hai la chinh sach, ludt phap Viet Nam v^ lao dpng tre em dfldc ndi chung va tai Viet Nam ndi rieng thi viec tim hieu chinh sach, luat phap ve lao soan thao, ban hanh thdng qua nhflng luat dang cd nhfl Luat Tre em, Bd Ludt dpng tre em dfldc coi la mpt nhflng Lao dpng, Bp Luat hinh sfl, Tuy nhien de khau quan trpng, trang hi cho tat ca cac tang ldp xa hpi tfl gia dinh de'n cdng dong cd mot he thd'ng chinh sach, luat phap rieng ve lao dpng tre em can sfl vao cudc va ngfldi sfl dung lao dpng nhflng nhan quye't liet cua cac cd'p chinh quyen tfl thflc ve lao dpng tre em, cac moi nguy hiem lien quan va quy dinh ca'm lao dong tre em Chinh sach luat phap lien quan den lao ddng tre em tai Viet Nam bao trung fldng de'n dia phfldng va su iine hd ra't ldn tfl phia ngfldi dan gom: Mpt la he thong lu.,t phap quoc te ve Q NHAN LUC KHOA Hpc XJt HOI ^^^^, „p,yenha„g28l9egn,ail.com "'' Sj, NG1A'ENTHIH.\NG Luat phap quoc te ve lao dong tre em Luat phap quoc te' ve lao dpng tre em (LDTE) bao gom cac quy dinh cac van ban phap luat quoc te ve LDTE, bao gom: Cac quy dinh cua Lien hdp quoc (UN); Cac quy dinh cua To chflc Lao ddng qudc te (ILO); Cac quy dinh cua Hiep hdi cac quoc gia Ddng Nam A (ASEAN); va Cac tieu chudn ve lao ddng tre em theo cac hiep fldc, thoa thudn song phfldng, khu vflc ve thfldng mai tfl Thd nhd't, cac quy dinh cua UN ve LDTE gom: Cdng fldc ciia Lien hdp quoc ve nd le nam 1926; Cong fldc cua Lien hdp qudc bo sung ve xda bd che' dp nd le, mua ban nd le, cac the che va tap tuc khac tfldng tfl che' dp nd le nam 1956; Cdng fldc qud'c te ve cac quyen kinh te, xa hpi va vdn hda ndm 1966; va dac biet la Cdng fldc ciia Lien hdp qud'c ve quyen tre em nam 1989 Nhflng Cdng fldc ndy la cd sd phap ly chudn mflc nha't cho cac qud'c gia xay dflng he thd'ng phap luat ve LDTE phfl hdp vdi dieu kien va hoan canh cua minh Cdng fldc Qud'c te' ve Quyen Tre em ciia Lien Hdp Qud'c cd 54 dieu khoan bao gom ta't ca cac khia canh ve cupc sd'ng cua tre em va dat cac quyen dan sfl, chinh tri, kinh te xa hpi vd van hda ma ta't ca tre em d khdp mpi ndi deu dfldc hfldng Dieu cua Cdng fldc quy dinh rd: "tre em cd nghia la mpi ngfldi dfldi 18 tudi, trfl trfldng hdp luat phap dp dung vdi tre em dd quy dinh tuoi nien sdm hdn"'" Cac dieu khoan cua Cong fldc cung giai thich each ngfldi ldn va chinh phii phai lam viec cung dd dam bao ta't ca tre em deu cd thd dfldc hfldng tat ca cac quyen ciia minh SO 1-2020 Thd hai cac quy dinh cua ILO gom: Cdng udc so 138 va Khuyen nghi sd 146 ndm 1973 da ciing co'ndi dung cua nhflng vdn kien trfldc dd ve LDTE; Cac van kien nam 1999 (Cdng fldc sd' 182 va Khuye'n nghi sd 190 nam 1999) bo sung cho Cac van kien nam 1973 Trong dd, Cdngfldcsd' 138 da Cling co npi dung cua nhiing van kien trfldc dd ve LDTE bdng viec xac dinh cac dp tudi lao dpng toi thieu dp dung chung cho tat ca cac ngdnh, nghe, khu vflc kinh te Cdng fldc 138 dfldc ILO thdng qua vdo nam 1973 Cdng fldc quy dinh tudi lao dpng tdi thieu, bao gom tudi tdi thidu cd ban, tudi tdi thieu dp dung vdi cdng viec nguy hai; tudi toi thidu ap dung vdi cong viec nhe Dieu cua Cdng fldc quy dinh rd: "Moi Nfldc vien chiu hieu Iflc ciia Cdng fldc ndy cam ket theo dudi mdt chinh sach qud'c gia, nhdm bao dam thdt sfl viec bai bd lao dpng tre em vd nang dan tudi tdi thidu dfldc di lam viec hodc dfldc lao ddng tdi dp tudi md cac thieu nien cd the phat tridn day du nhd't ve the Iflc va tri lflc"'~' Dac biet Cdng fldc cung quy dinh mflc tudi lao dpng tdi thieu dp dung chung cho mpi quoc gia, ddng thdi cung cd nhflng quy dinh ngoai le phu hdp vdi cac nfldc dang phat trien Cdng fldc 182 lan dau tien xdc dinh cac hinh thflc LDTE tdi te nhd't Cdng fldc bao gdm 16 dieu, vdi nhiing quy dinh rat cu the ve cac hinh thflc LDTE toi te nhd't Trong dd, Dieu cua Cdng fldc neu rd nhflng hinh thflc LDTE tdi te nha't bao gdm: "a) Moi • UN (1989) Cong Udc cua Lien hap qui ? quyen tre era https://www.unicef.org '^' Cong Udc so 138 ve Do tuoi toi thieu cua ILO http7/tuheuvankien.dangcongsan.vn NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q CHINH SACH LC.-XT PHAP \i: LAO DONG TRE KM hinh thflc nd Ie hay tfldng tfl nd le n h u buon ban va van chuyen tre em gan nd va lao dpng nd le vd lao ddng cfldng bflc dd cd tu\ en md cfldng bflc tre em t h a m gia vao cac xung dot vu trang; b) Sfl dung, du dd hodc ldi keo tre em vao hoat ddng mai dam san xud't cac san p h a m phim a n h khieu dam hoac bidu dien khieu dam; c) Sfl dung, du hoac ldi keo tre em vao cac hoat ddng bat hdp phap, dac biet vdo muc dich san xuat va van chuyen chat ma nhfl dfldc neu tai cac hiep dinh quoc te; d) nhflng cdng viec ma tinh chat hoac cac dieu kien cua nd cd the xam hai den sflc khoe, an toan va dao dflc cua tre"'^' Thd ba cac quy dinh cua Hiep hgi cic qudc gia Dong Nam A (ASEAN) gom: Tuyen bd' Ha Ndi ve Tang cfldng phuc ldi va phat trien cho phu nfl va t r e em ASEAN ndm 2010; Cong fldc ASEAN ve Chd'ng mua bdn ngfldi, dac biet phu nfl va tre em n a m 2015 Nhfl vay lao ddng tre em Id ngfldi lao dpng dfldi mpt dp tudi nha't dinh theo quy dinh cua p h a p luat mdi mpt quoc gia Cdng fldc sd 138 n a m 1973 cua To chflc lao dpng qudc te (ILO) quy dinh dp tuoi lao dpng tdi thidu khdng dfldc tha'p hdn dp tudi de hodn t h a n h gido due bat budc va mpi trfldng hdp khong dflpc dfldi 15 tudi; ddi vdi nhflng nfldc md cd sd kinh te va giao due chfla phat trien thi dp tudi la 14 tudi Doi vdi cac cong viec nhe, dp tudi lao ddng cua tre em cd the la 13 tudi hodc 12 tudi P h a p luat qudc te ve LDTE Id bd quy tac chudn mflc cho tat ca cac qudc gia r a soat nghien cflu, \ a trien khai thflc hien n h a m phu hdp vdi hoan canh cu the tai mdi nfldc Do dd, tflng quoc gia phai soan Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi cho minh mdt bd quy tdc flng xii ^e ^'""^ sach, Iuat p h a p lien q u a n den LDI nhflng vdn phai dfla t r e n nhflng t'^'^' chudn cd b a n cua Cdng fldc K'S cua UN va 182 cua ILO Chinh sach, luat phap Viet Nam ve lao dong t r e em He thdng chinh sach, ludt phap ve LDTE cua Viet Nam bao gom: cac cam ke't qud'c te' ve LDTE ma Viet Nam da phe chudn; chinh sach, luat phap Viet Nam soan thao lien quan de'n LDTE 2.1 Ciic cam ki't qud'c te ve LDTE Viet Nam da tham gia Viet Nam la nfldc dau tien khu vflc Chau A va la nfldc thfl hai tren the' gidi phe chuan Cdng fldc cua Lien Hdp qud'c ve quyen tre em (CRC) ngdy 20/2/1990 Day la Cdng fldc qud'c te dau tien a'n dinh ve mat phap ly cac quyen tre em theo tinh than tie'n bp, nhan dao Noi dung Cdng fldc de cap tdi nhdm quyen cua tre em, bao gom: (i) Quyen dfldc sd'ng cdn; ii) Quyen dfldc phat trien; (iii) Quyen dfldc bao ve; (iv) Quyen dfldc tham gia Viet Nam cdn phe chuan cac vdn ban qud'c te nhfl: Nghi dinh thfl khong bdt budc ddi vdi CRC ve' budn ban tre em, mai dam tre em vd van hda pham khieu dam tre em (thang 12/2001), Nghi dinh thfl khdng bat bupc doi vdi CRC ve sfl tham gia ciia tre em vao luc ludng vu trang, Cdng fldc cua Lien hiep qud'c ve dau tranh chd'ng tdi pham cd td chflc xuyen qud'c gia va Nghi dinh thfl ve phdng ngfla, tran ap va trflng tri tpi pham budn ngudi, dac biet '" Cong udc ve Nt