CHfNH SACH P H A P LUAT VE Q U A N LI C H ^ THAI NHAM BAO DAM PHAT T F S N B6N VCKG 6 VIET NAM 1 Nhu cau x3y dyng chinh s^ch ph^p lu^t vS qu^n li chat thai nh^m bao dam phat trien bin vimg d Viet Nam[.]
CHfNH SACH P H A P LUAT VE Q U A N LI C H ^ THAI NHAM BAO DAM PHAT T F S N B6N VCKG VIET NAM TS NGUYiN VAN PHUONG * Nhu cau x3y dyng chinh s^ch ph^p lu^t vS qu^n li chat thai nh^m bao dam phat trien bin vimg d Viet Nam O nhilm, suy thoai mdi trudng chdt thai la mgt nhiing nguydn nhan gay nhiing xung dgt ve moi trudng tai mdt sd dia phuong thdi gian gdn ddy Xung dot mdi trudng xay van de bao ve mdi trudng va phat trien kinh tl chua cd sir dung hoa Cung vdi su phat trien cda xa hgi, nhan thuc cda ngudi dan cang dugc nang len, dd Igi ich kinh tl vln dugc dat len tren van de bao ve mdi trudng va sdc khoe cdng ddng, do cac vu xung dot mdi trudng xay cang nhieu, dae biet la xung dot mdi trudng chat thai phat sinh tu hoat dgng sin xudt, kinh doanh Tren th\rc tl, ngudi thudng chay theo Igi ich kinh te trudc mat ma bd qua Igi ich mdi trudng, m^c du hg cd the nhan thdc dugc mdi nguy hiem cho mdi trudng va cude sdng td hoat dgng cua minh Trong dd, tinh trang xdu di cda mdi trudng se tac dgng khdng nhd tdi Igi ich cua cac chu the khac Nhiing xung dot mdi trudng tao bat on ve xa h$i, an ninh trat tu va phat trien ben vChig NIU nhOng xung dot khdng dugc giai quyit mgt each thoa dang, Igi ich chinh dang cda mgt bg phan ngudi dan xa hgi se bj anh hudng, tir khd cd the thilt lap va day tri xa hgi cdng bang, bmh ddng va van minh TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 12/2013 Do dd, viec ban hanh cac quy dinh phap luat vl quan li chdt thai la cdn thilt nhdm ngan ngda, khac phuc tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng chdt thai va dam bao chdt lugng mdi trudng sdng cho cdng ddng, dam bao phat tiien ben viing Tuy nhien, dk cd the cd he thdng phap luat ve quan 11 chdt thai cd chat lugng va thuc thi cd hieu qua thi viec hinh he chinh sach, chinh sach phap lu$t ve quan li chat thai mdt each khoa hgc, phu hgp vdi thuc tien ciia Viet Nam la nhu cau tat yeu, khach quan Dae thii cua chinh sach phap luat ve quan li chat thai nham bao dam phat triln ben vihig Quan li chdt thai cd the dugc hiiu theo nghTa rgng va theo nghTa hep.^'* Theo nghTa rdng, quan If chdt thai la ting hgp cac bien phap, each thiic nham kiem soat qua trinh phat sinh, tdn tai, chuyen hoa, xd li chdt thai va nhirng anh hudng, tac dgng cua chat thai den mdi trudng Theo nghTa hep, quan li chat thai bao gdm cac hoat dgng thu gom, luu giij, v^n chuyen, giam thilu, tai che, tai su dung chat thai va cac hinh thuc xu li chat thai nham tan dung kha nang cd ich cua chat thai va han che den muc thap nhat tac hai ddi vdi mdi trudng chat thai gay * Giang vi€n chinh Khoa ph^p iu§t kinh tS Tnrfmg Dai HQC Lugt H i Npi Chinh sach la tdng the (hay tap hgp) thdng nhat cac quan diem dinh hudng cd ti'nh khoa hgc va he thdng, dugc sap xep theo tiat tu chat che, logic, khoa hgc, he thdng nham hudng tdi muc tieu nhat dinh.*^' Chinh sach phap luat chua dung cac quan diem dinh hudng ve phap luat (gdm xay dung, hoan thien phap luat, td chuc thuc hien phap luat va thuc hien phap luat) va ve cac bien phap td chuc thuc hien chinh sach phap luat, dugc sap xep theo trat tu nhat djnh, bao dam dugc tfnh he thdng, logic, chat che, khoa hgc nham bao dam phat trien ben vung.*'^* Tu cac khai niem quan li chat thai va chfnh sach phap luat, khai niem chinh sach phap luat ve quan If chat thai bao dam phat trien ben virng cung cd the hieu theo nghTa rgng va nghTa hep Theo nghTa rpng, chfnh sach phap luat vl quan li chat thai chua dung cac quan dilm dinh hudng ddi vdi phap luat va bien phap thirc hien phap luat ve quan li chdt thai nhdm kiem soat qua trinh phat sinh, tdn tai, chuyin liua, xu If chat thai va nhung anh hudng, tac dong cua chat thai den mdi trudng nhdm bao dam phat trien ben vung Theo nghTa hep, chfnh sach phap luat vl quan li chat thai chua dung cac quan diem djnh hudng ddi vdi phap luat va bien phap thuc hien phap luat vl quan If hoat dgng thu gom, luu giii, van chuyen, giam thilu, tai che, tai su dung chat thai va cac hinh thuc xu If chat thai khac nham tan dung kha nang cd fch cua chat thai va han chl din mdc thdp nhat tac hai ddi vdi mdi trudng chdt thai gay nhdm bao dam phat tiiln ben vung Bai viet tiep can cac ndi dung cua chfnh sach phap luat vl quan If chdt thai theo nghTa rpng Vdi each tilp c$n nhu trdn, chinh sach phap luat vl quan li chdt thai nham bao dam phat triln bin viing cd nhiing dae diem nfli bat sau day; Mot la chinh sach phap luat ve quan li chat thai chiu su chi phdi tu thuc trang phat sinh chat thai va yeu cau bao ve mdi trudng khdi nhiing tac dgng bat Igi cua chiing^iDac thu xuat phat tii chinh sach cda Nha nudc nham giai quyet mdi quan he gida m6i trudng va phat trien Trong qua trinh tim kiem dudng phat trien, ngudi da nhan moi trudng va phat trien cd quan he hiiu ca vdi Mudn phat trien phai bao ve mdi trudng; mudn bao ve mdi trudng cdng phai phat trien Theo quan diem nay, chinh sach bao ve moi trudng, chinh sach phap luat moi trudng, cd chfnh sach vl quan If chat thai phai can rihac mgt each toan dien, khoa hgc giiia nhiing loi ich kinh tl-xa hoimdi trudng thu dugc va nhirng tac dgng cua chinh sach phap luat tdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te-xa hgi va bao ve moi trudng sdng cho ngudi Cac chinh sach duoc thuc thi d miic vugt qua muc cdn thilt co the kim ham qua trinh phat trien kinh te-xa hgi nhung phai bao dam d muc cdn thiet va "cd the chap nhan dugc" Tren ca sd each dat vdn dl "khdng phai cho san xuat it di, ma la san xudt khac di",' chinh sach phap luat vl quan li chdt thai phai hudng tdi sy thay doi cdng nghe dh tilt kiem tai nguyen dong thdi vdi viec tim kilm' ngu6c tai nguyen va nang lugng mdi, xd li chdt thai dat hieu qua trudc thai vao mdi trudng Hai la chinh sach phap luat vl qu^ U chdt thai ddi hdi su kit hgp ddng bg cac bi£n TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 12/2013 phAp quAn li bdng kinh tl, kl thuat va phap luat Chinh sach phap lu$t vl qudn li chdt thai chi cd thi thuc thi cd hieu qua nd phii hgp vdi trinh phat triln kinh tl, trinh khoa hgc, ki thuat, cdng nghd cda ddt nudc Khi triln khai chinh sach phap luSt vl quan li chat thai cung can su hd trg cua cac bi$n phap kinh tl, khoa hpc, ki thuat va cdng nghe Neu thilu giai phap edng nghe phu hgp thi chinh sach phap luat (va phap luat) ve quan li chat thai khd cd the thuc thi tidn thuc te Vi du, cd the hinh chinh sach xu li chdt thai nhim loai trd toan bd nhiing tap chat cd tiong nudc thai cdng nghiep trudc xa thai vao mdi trudng va tir xay dyng quy dinh tuong ling budc cac doanh nghiep phai thuc thi chinh sach Tuy nhien, neu tren thi trudng khdng cd hoac chua cd nhiing thiet bj cd cdng nghe xu li dam bao yeu cdu tren thi chfnh sdch phap lu^t va quy dinh cua phap luat ciing khdng till thyc thi dugc tren th\rc tl thien vdi mdi trudng cua i^udi dan vdi muc tieu xSy dung nB hditieudung bin viing - mgt nhflng vdn dl cua viec thd hien quan diem phat trien bin viing chinh sach phap luat vd quan li chat thai Tieu dung ben viing khac vdi tieu dung thong thudng d cho su tieu dimg (ca tieu dung san xuat va tieu dung ca nhan) khdng chi dan thuan la tieu dung kinh te (tiet Idem, hieu qua) ma cdn phai tieu dung than thidn vdi mdi trudng, khdng gay tdn hai, tac ddng xau den mdi trudng Chfnh sach phat trien ben vflng hudng vaotieudurg ben viing can hudng vao: - Khuyin khich tao dung md hinh tieu dung phu hgp vdi dieu kien kinh te-xa hgi va van hoa cua Viet Nam tiong boi canh hdi nhap kinh tl quoc te va dap ling yeu cau phat tiien ben viing; - Sir dung cac cdng cu kinh te de didu chinh cac hanh vi tieu dung khdng hgp If; - The chl boa cactieuchuan,tieuchi mdi, tix)ng the hien phuong thdctieudung hgp li Noi dung cua chinh s^ch phap luat Ba la chinh sach phap luat vl quan li chdt thai cd tinh chdt cua phuong thuc quan li tdng ve quan li chat thai nhdm bao dam phat hgp bin vQng Theo dd, viec quan li chat thai trien ben vung khdng chi chu tigng din cdng nghe xd li chat Vdi nhan thuc chinh sach phap luSt ve thai ma cdn quan tSm den cac ylu td nhan quan li chdt thai chda dung cac quan diem thuc, the chl, van hoa de tac dgng vao hanh dinh hudng ddi vdi phap luat va bien phap vi dng xu cda cac chu thi xa hdi Cu thirc hien phap luat ve quan li chat thai nham thi, dl thyrc thi cd hieu qua, chinh sach phap kiem soat qua trinh phat sinh, tdn tai, chuyen luat vl quan li chdt tiiai cdn dugc xay dung hoa, xd li chdt thai va nhiing anh hudng, tac tren co sd cac ylu td ve nhan thuc cda ngudi dgng ciia chdt thai den mdi trudng nham bao dan, ngudi tieu dung; ylu td van hoa, truyin dam phat triln bin viing, chinh sach phap luat thong, phong t\ic, t|ip quan, thdi quen cua ve quan li chat thai nham bao dam phat trien ngudi dSn Ben C£inh dd, chinh sach, chinh sach bin viing bao gdm cac nhdm ndi dung sau day: phap lu§t vl quAn If chdt thai ciing phai hudng 3.1 Chinh sdchphdp luat doi vdi sdnphdm tdi vi$c lam thay ddi ^ thuc, truyin thdng, Thif nhdt, muc dich cua chinh sach phap phong tyc, t§p qudn, thdi quen khdng than luat ddi vdi san pham TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 12/2013 NGHIEN CLTU-TRAO DOI Hidn chua cd dinh nghla ve sAn phda • gay hgi cho mdi trudng Xet dudi gdc dg moi trudng thi nhiing san pham chua chat dgc h^, nguy hilm, khd hoac khdng the xd H dugc hay khd hoac khdng the ddng hoa dugc tu nhien la san phdm nguy hai cho mdi traim^f, Nhu vay, cac san phdm nhSn tao diu it nhidu cd tinh chdt nguy hai cho mdi trudng ^ Thu hai, phucmg thdc thuc hien chinli! sach phap luat ddi vdi san phdm Dd dat dugc muc dich dinh hudng boat ddng san xuat cac san phdm than thien vdi mdi trudng va ban che san xuat san phim, nguy hai cho mdi trudng, Nha nudc can kiem soat nguyen liSu ddu vao cua qua trinh san xudt Theo do, bdng cac hinh thuc khac nhau, Nha nudc ban che viec sd dung nguyen lieu khd phan huy, cd tinh chat dgc hai cao va tang cudng sd dung nhiing nguyen li?u ft hoac khdng ddc hai cho mdi trudng, de phSn buy moi trudng tu nhien Thu ba, bien phap, cdng cu thuc hien chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi san phdm Chinh sach phap lugt cd the dugc thvc Mgt san pham dugc xem la "san pham hien thdng qua bien phap bat huge (cd tinh xanh" (than thiSn vdi mdi tiudng) nlu dap cudng che), khuyen khich vd sir dung siic ling dugc mdt bdn tieu chi dudi day:'^* manh cua thi trudng ho^c thdng qua thong 1) San pham dugc tao tu vat lieu thSn tin ve san pham Cu the: thien vdi mdi trudng Neu san pham chda cac - Nha nudc cd the dua quy dinh cam vat lieu tai chd thay vi su dung vat lieu mdi, hoac ban che sd dung nhiing nguyen, nhien, thd, cd the dugc xem la "san phdm xanh" vat lieu dae biet nguy hai cho mdi trudng vdi 2) San phdm dem den nhung giai phap Id trinh phu hgp vdi sy phat triln kinh tl-xS an toan den mdi trudng va sue khoe thay cho hgi va trinh khoa hgc, ki thuat, cdng ngh? cac san pham doc hai truyen thdng hien cd, vi dit: cam sd dung xang pha chi, 3) San pham giam tac dgng din mdi tixrdng amiang Nha nudc ciing cd thi quy dinh tiong qua trinh su dung (it chat thai, su dimg cam sd dung (hoac nh$p khdu) hang hoa cd nang lugng tai sinh, it chi phi bao tri) tinh chdt gay nguy hai nghiem trgng tdi moi 4) San pham tao mgt mdi tiudng than trudng hoac siic khoe ngudi, vi du: cdm thien va an toan ddi vdi sdc khoe ngudi nhap khdu chat thai Chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi san pham nhdm dinh hudng hoat dgng san xudt san phdm than thien vdi mdi trudng va loai trd san phdm nguy hai cho mdi trudng Cho den nay, chua cd san phdm nao dugc coi la than thien vdi mdi trudng mdt each tuyet ddi ma chi cd nhung san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng mgt C£u;h tuong ddi Bdi le, mgt san pham chi dugc coi la hoan toan than thien vdi mdi trudng chi nd dap dng dugc tdt ca cac tieu chuan ve tinh than thien vdi mdi trudng tir giai doan san xuat (bao gdm nguyen v^t lieu, may mdc thiet bi, cdng nghe san xuat) tdi giai doan dua vao tieu dimg, su dung va cudi ciing la giai doan thai bd sau klii sd dung (ti'nh chat cd the tai che dugc, khong gay ton hai cho mdi trudng tai bai rac thai va qua trinh van chuyen luu kho) Ben canh do, cac tieu chuan de danh gia tinh than thien rat khac giua cac vimg lanh tiid, cac khu vuc tien the gidi nen khai niem "san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng" ludn chi cd the mang tinh chat tuong ddi 20 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S6 12/2013 NGHIEN CUU -TRAO DOI - Nha nudc cd thd thdng qua cac cdng cu kinh te quan li va bao ve mdi trudng dl dinh hudng, khuyen khich viec sd dung nguyen, nhien, vat lieu than thien vdi mdi trudng, san xudt san phdm than thidn moi trudng ho^c "trutng phgt" vl mat kinh tl ddi vdi nhdng san phdm cd tinh chdt nguy hai cho mdi trudng Vi du: Nha nudc cd chinh sach tai tig ddi vdi viec san xudt hang hoa than thien vdi mdi trudng va danh thue bao ve mdi trudng doi vdi hang hoa cd tinh chdt nguy hai cho mdi trudng - Nha nudc cd the sd dung cdng cu thdng tin vl san phdm de dinh hudng hanh vi cua ngudi tieu dimg, tir dd tao dOng lire de cac nha san xudt san xuSt hang hoa than thien vdi mdi trudng.' Vi d^: thdng tin ve tich chat dgc h£ii cua san phdm hoac/va thdng tin ve tinh th§n thi?n vdi mdi trudng cda san phdm (cdp nhan mditiudng- nhan sinh thai - nh§n xanh) 3.2 Chinh sach phdp ludt ddi vdi chdt thdi phdt sinh That nhdt, muc dich cda chinh sach phap lu^t dli vdi chat thai phat sinh Tu tudng xuyen suit cda chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi chdt thai phat sinh la ban chl den miic tdi da anh hudng xdu ddi vdi mdi trudng cda chdt thai phat sinh suit qua trinh tii trudc phat sinh tren thuc te cho tdi qua trinh xu li, tieu hu^' chdt thai Thir hai, phuong thdc thuc hien chinh sdch phap luat ddi vdi chdt thai phat sinh Thd ti; uu tien dua va thuc hien chinh,sach phap luat ddi vdi chdt thai phat sinh la: LTu tien giam thieu trudc tai che, tai sii dyng; uu tien tai chl, tai su dyng trudc xu li Nhu vay, hogt dgng quan li chdt thai khdng chi dugc th\rc hien chdt thai da TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 12/2013 phat sinh ma cdn dugc thuc hien tir trudc chdt thai phat sinh Boat dgng dugc thuc hien dudi nhilu hinh thdc nhu ap dung tien bg khoa hgc, ki thuat, cdng nghe, cac bien phap quan li, td chdc nhdm ban che viec phat sinh chdt thai dl giam sue ep cho qua trinh quan li chdt thai Sau chdt thai phat sinh, chinh sach phap luat ve quan li chdt thai cdn dugc xay dung va tiiuc thi nhdm quan U mgt each chat che nhat ddi vdi chat thai Theo dd, cac chinh sach phap luat ve thu gom, phSn loai, tai che, tai sd dung va xd If chat thai phai dugc xay dung va thuc thi vdi nhiing dinh hudng va noi dung ca ban sau: Mgt la phai coi cliat thai la "tai nguySn thd cdp" phuc vu cho hoat dgng san xudt va tieu dung Do do, can_uu tien phan loai de tai chl, tai sd dung nhdm giam sue ep ve khai thae tai nguyen va xu li chdt thai Day la mgt nhiing tien de de xay dung nen kinh tl thi trudng ben viing Hai Id quan li chat thai phai la qua trinh xuyen sudt toan bg quy trinh san xuSt va ca vdng ddi cua san pham; tii thu gom, phan loai, luu giii, van chuyen, tai che, tai sd dung din xd li chdt thai Ba la mdc quan li chat thai phu thugc vao dgc hai cda chat thai Chat thai cang cd dgc hai cao cang phai quan li chat che Do dd, cdn phan biet chat thai dgc hai vdi chdt thai thdng thudng de cd chinh sach phap luatriengddi vdi chat thai nguy hai Bdn Id vdi nhiing dang tdn tai chat thai khac (rdn, long, ) can cd chinh sach phap luat phu hgp nham quan li chat che chdt thai va bao dam tinh kinh te, tinh kha thi cua phap luat Vi du: thai va cac yeu td NGHIEN cUU-TRAO DOI gay anh hudi^ tdi mdi trudng khdng nhu bui, tiing dn, rung, anh sai^, buc xa cd dae thu de lay Ian va khd Idem soat nen c ^ bien pimp giam thidu va xd li tai i ^ d n phai dugc nha lam luat imtienchii trgng Thu ba, bien phap, edng cu thirc hien chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi chat thai phat sinh Chinh sach phap lugt doi vdi chdt thai cd thi dugc thuc hien thdng qua khuyen khich, sd dung sdc manh cua thj trudng va bat budc (cd tinh cudng che) Cu the: - Cac bien phap, cdng cu khuyen khich va su dimg sdc manh cda thi trudng quan li clidt thai phat sinh la viec Nha nudc ap dung cdng cu kinh te quan li chat thai Vi du: chinh sach uu dai, tai trg cho cac chu the hg ap dung bien phap giam thieu phat sinh chat thai (nhu ap dung chuong trinh san xuat sach ban), han che xa chat thai dgc hai mdi trudng (nhu xay dung he thong xu If chat thai) Nha nudc cung cd the cd chinh sach "tiling phat'" ve vat chat ddi vdi hanh vi xa chat gay d nhilm vao mdi trudng thdng qua cac quy dinh ve phi bao ve mdi trudng, ki quy, dat cgc ddi vdi mgt sd san pham, bao bi cua san pham sau sd dung - Quy dinh nghTa vu cua cac chd thi cd lien quan den chat thai Chinh sach phap luat ve quan li chdt thai can phai dua tren nguyen li "ngudi san sinh chat thai phai chiu tiach nhiem tdi cung ddi vdi chdt thai phat sinh" Nhu vay, cac nghTa vu cua chu the phat sinh chdt thai phai bao dam qua trinh quan li chat thai phii hgp vdi moi trudng tiong tdt ca cac cdng doan, td phan loai tdi xd li chdt thai Tuy nhien, chu the san sinh chat thai khd cd thi cd dii dilu kien vl co sd vat chdt, khoa hgc, ki thuat, cdi^ i ^ e dl ty minh thuc hidn dugc nghla vu tdt ca cac cdng doan cua quan If chdt=, thai Do dd, chd thd san sinh chdt thai phaichuyln giao viec thuc hidn nghla vu quan li chdt thai cho cac chu the khac Vl ban chdt, mdi quan he giua chu thi san sinh chdt- thai vdi cac chu the thuc hien cac boat ddng quan li chdt thai khac (nhu phan loai, thu gomfv^n chuyin, luu giii, tai che, tai sir dung, xii li chdt thai) la quan hd hgp ddng Khdng gidng hgp ddng dan sy hoac hgp ddng thuongimai thdng thudng,' hgp ddng dugc ki kSt giiia cac chu thi tiong qua trinh thuc hien quan li chdt thai chiu su tac dgng cda Igi ich cdng cong; yeu cau bdo dam chat lugng mdi trudng va tiong nhilu trudng hgp khdng xuat phat tir nhu cau ty than cua cac chu the tham gia hgp ddng Nhdm bao dam Igi ich cdng cdng, NhA nudc phai can thiep vao cac hgp ddng bang each quy dinh cu the ve nghia vu ciia cac chu the cac van ban quy pham phap luat Do dd, chinh sach phap luat ve quan li chdt thai ciing phai quy dinh nghia vu cua cac chu the lien quan den boat dgng quan li chat thai (phan loai, thu gom, van chuyen, luu giii, tai che, tai sd dung, xd li chat thai) 3.3 Chinh sach phdp luat ddi vdi hogt dgng xudt khdu, nhap khdu chdt thdi, nhgp khdu hang hod Thu nhdt, muc dich ciia chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi hoat dgng xudt khdu, nh$p khSu chat thai, nhap khdu hang boa Muc dich cua chinh sach phap luat (Ki vdi cac boat ddng la nhdm kilm soat nguy CO dich chuyen nhilm vao Vidt Nam ?hsg luat mdi trudng ho^t dgng xudt, nh^ khau chat thai, nhap khdu hang hoa phii tid tiianh "mang Igc" nhdm h ^ chl hoac ngSn TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 12/2013 NGHIEN CUU -TRAO DOI chan nguy ca dich chuyin d nhilm cua hoat ddng xudt, nh|^ khdu chdt thai D I ngan chan nguy CO d nhilm mdi tiudng thdng qua boat dgng xuat, nh|p khdu hang hoa, caC' qude gia quan tam thich dang ddn vdn dl bao ve mdi trudng ^ u ban hanh quy djnh nhdm kiem soat boat ddng ndy vdi nhiing muc dd khac Tine hai, phuong thuc thuc hien chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi boat dgng xuat khdu, nhap khau chat thai Sy cantiiiepbang phap luat cua Nha nudc cd the dugc thuc biea theo hai md hinh sau:'^' Mdt Id md hinh theo Ii4t tu Theo md hinh nay, Nha nudc chi ban hanh cac quy dinh phap luiit, xac dinh quyen va nghTa vu cua to chdc, ca nhan Khi cac quySn bi xam hai, to chuc va ca nhan se sd dung dudng toa an de tu bao ve quyln va loi ich hgp phap cua minh Cac co quan hanh chinh nha nudc sS khong chu ddng tiong viec bugc to chdc, ca nhSn tuan thu nghia vu nhdm bao ve quyen cua td chdc, cd nhan khac Trong trudng hgp giai quyit cac vdn de mdi trudng, ap diing md hinh phap luat thuan theo luat tu la khdng phd hgp vi nhiing ngudi chiu anh hudng' ho^c cd nguy co chiu anh hudng khdng cd kha nang va dilu kien dl nhan biet miic dg nguy hilm cua hanh vi vi pham nghia vu cda ddi tugng khac De danh gia dugc muc nguy hiem ciia haiih vi can cd nhiing ngudi cd trinh chuyen mdn ciing nhu ngudn tai chinh va nhan luc phu hgp Hai Id md hinh theo lii$t cong Theo md hinh nay, Nha nudc ban hanh quy dinh phap luat nhdm xac dinh nghia vu ciia to chuc, ca nhfin thyc hi?n nhiing hanh vi cd nguy eg gay anh hudng xau tdi mdi trudng va TAP CHf LUAT H O C S 12/2013 thyc hien boat dgng Idem tra, giam sat viec thuc thi nghla vu Tuy nhien, theo md hinh nay, mdt sd van de phat sinh giiia to chdc, ca nhan vdi td chdc ca nhan lien quan den lihh vyc mdi trudng lai nam ngoai pham vi cua luat cdng, vi dy: van de bdi thudng tiiiet hai, van de dich vu mdi trudng Nhu vay, md binh hgp li cho sy can thiep eiia Nha nudc bang phap luat tiong trudng hgp la sy ket hgp giiia md hinh luat cdng va md hinh luat tu Mo blnh ket hgp dugc ap dung mgt each phd bien tai cac quoc gia Thu ba, bien phap, cdng cu Ihyc hien chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi boat dgng xuat khau, nhap khdu chdt thai, nhap khdu hang boa Anh hudng tdi mdi trudng phat sinh td hoat ddng xuat khau, nhap khau bao gdm ca anh hudng tirrc tilp va anh hudng gian tiep vdi nhiing mdc khac Do do, phu thudc vao mdc anh hudng hoac nguy eg gay anh hudng ma Nha nudc, thong qua chinh sach phap luat ddi vdi boat dgng xuat nhap khdu se ban hanh quy dinh cam thuc hien, cho ph^p cd kiem soat va cho phep khdng kiem soat doi vdi nhiing nhdm hanh vi nhat dinh Nguy ca anh hudng tdi mdi trudng tiem dn tiong hang hoa xudt khau, nhap khau Do do, Nha nudc ap dung phuong an quy dinh viec cam nhap khau mgt sd loai hang hoa (ddi vdi nhiing hang boa cd nguy co gay anh hudng nghiem trgng tdi mdi trudng va sue khoe ngudi), cho phep nhap khau cd dieu kien ddi vdi nhiing hang hoa nhat dinh (hang hoa cd nguy ca gay anh hudng xau tdi mdi tiirdng nhung cd thi loai tru dugc tiidng qua hoat ddng kilm soat cua Nha nudc) Viec lya chgn hang hoa nao cam nhap khau, hang hoa nao cho phep nhap khau cd kiem soat phu NGHIEN CtrU - TRAO DOI thudc vao chinh sach phap luat cda qude gia, van de mdi trudng phat sinh tu hang boa do, vi thi cua qude gia thuong mai quoc te va muc dich thu dugc tu nhiing quy dinh Khi tim hieu nhung quy dinh cu the cua cac qude gia, chung ta cung can thay rang khdng phai tat ca nhiing quy dinh cam, cho phep cd kiem soat - nhiing rao can phi thue quan, "rao can xanh" deu hudng tdi muc dich bao ve mdi trudng va bao ve sue khoe ngudi ma cdn cd the "an chda" nhung Igi ich kinh te-chinh tri Dieu dugc li giai bdi tac ddng qua lai giiia nhiing Igi ich thu dugc (hoac bi anh hudng) td boat dgng xuat khau, nhap khau vdi phap luat mdi trudng hoat dgng xuat khau, nhap khau Neu khdng cd chinh sach phap luat phu hgp nham giai quyet thoa dang moi quan he kinh te-xa hgi-mdi trudng hoat dgng xuat, nhap khau thi khong nhiing muc dich bao ve moi trudng khdng dat dugc ma cdn anh hudng tdi Igi ich kinh te-xa hgi Mac du "cd the dy bao trudc" da trd nguyen tac va yeu cau cua phap luat hoat dgng thuong mai qude te nhung thuc tiin phat sinh nhiing van de mdi trudng "ndng" can giai quyet nen nhiing quy dinh cam hoac cho phep cd kiem soat cd the rat linh boat va bien ddi qua timg giai doan Theo thdi gian, nhiing rao can phi thul quan, "rao can xanh" se cang xuat hien nhieu va vdi yeu cau cao hon Xu hudng phu hgp vdi quan diem phat trien ben vung ma cdng dong qude tl ghi nhan Khi xu hudng kinh te-xa hgi phat triln cang cao da trd quy luat (tiir mgt sd quoc gia dae biet cd the cd nhiing budc phat trien thang tram), viec nang cao yeu cau bao ve 24 mdi trudng, tiong cd bao ve mdi trudng boat ddng xudt, nhap khau la xu th^ phu hgp, la nhu cau tdt yeu va khach quan Do muc dich ciia nhiing rao can phi thue quan, "rao can xanh" va cac vdn de mdi trudng cua cac quoc gia, nhdm qude gia khac la khac nen nhiing rao can phi thue quan, "rao can xanh" tren the gidi la rat chuyen biSt, da dang va phuc tap Van de cdn phiic tap hem nhiing rao can phi thue quan, "rao can xanh" khdng chi la quy djnh ciia Nha nudc - "rao can cung" (ddi vdi EU bao gdm ca quy djnh cua EU va timg quoc gia vien) ma cdn bao gdm ca nhiing rao can ciia cac nganh san xuat, ITnh vuc kinh te tu nhan, cda cac he thdng kinh doanh ban le - "rao can mem"./.'^' (l).Xem: T r u i n g Dai hQC Lu|t H^ Npi, "Hoan !hi?n phdp lugl vi qudn li chdt thai", De tai khoa hpc cap Trircmg, 2009, tr 46, 47 (2).Xem: Nguyin VSn Dong, "Suy nghi" birdc diu ve chinh s^ch ph^p luat bao dam phit triSn bin viJng Via Nam hian nay" Tap chilugt hgc s6 3/2013, Ir (3).Xem: Nguyin Van Dpng, tldd, tr (4).Xem: NgSn h^ng thfi gidi, Bao cao phdt triin the giai 1992: Phdt trien vd moi triedng, B6 Khoa hpc, cong nghe va moi trudng, 1993, tr (5) Nguon: www.donre.hochiminhcity.gov.vn (6).Xem: Sach Karsten, Genehmigung ah Schulzschid?: die Rechlssellung des Inhabers einer Immissionschutzrechtlichen Genehmigung, Dunlcer & Homblot GmbH, Berlin, 1994, tr 32 - 34 (Tdc gia lupc djch tir nguyen ban tiSng Dire) (7) Tham khao them: "Rao can kT thuat ciia EU vdi xuat khSu cua Viet Nam", ngufin: http://tamnhin.nef xuc-tien-thuong-mai/5325/Rao-can-ky-thuat-cua-EUvoi-xuat-khau-cua-Viet-nam-.html; "Rao can thuong mai - C o h6i vk thSch thiic cho xudt khSu", nguon: http://www.agritrade.com vn/(S(qhdkxu45csz2oo55 yueskd3p))/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=1537&AspxAutoD electCookieSupport=; "Thach thiic v^ co h^i v^ m6i mrimg nh^p WTO", ngu6n: http://svsupham.vn' showthread.php?t=4579 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 12/2013 ... can kT thuat ciia EU vdi xuat khSu cua Viet Nam" , ngufin: http://tamnhin.nef xuc-tien-thuong-mai/5325/Rao-can-ky-thuat-cua-EUvoi-xuat-khau-cua-Viet -nam- .html; "Rao can thuong mai - C o h6i vk... chinh sach phap luat (Ki vdi cac boat ddng la nhdm kilm soat nguy CO dich chuyen nhilm vao Vidt Nam ?hsg luat mdi trudng ho^t dgng xudt, nh^ khau chat thai, nhap khdu hang hoa phii tid tiianh... van de phat sinh giiia to chdc, ca nhan vdi td chdc ca nhan lien quan den lihh vyc mdi trudng lai nam ngoai pham vi cua luat cdng, vi dy: van de bdi thudng tiiiet hai, van de dich vu mdi trudng