Quyền đơn phương chấm dứt hợp đồng lao động của người lao động theo quy định của bộ luật lao động năm 2019

THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT QUYEN DON PHUONG CHAM DUfT H0P DONG LAO DONG CUA NGUCll LAO DONG THEO QUY OINH CUA BO LUAT LAO DONG NAM 2019 Doin Thi Phuong Difp* * TS Khoa Luit, Tru&ng Sai hoc Kinh te-Luat, Dai hpc quoc gia TP HCM Thong tin b^i viet: Tit khoa: Quy^n don phuong ch§m dut hpp dong lao d$ng, hpp dong lao dpng ich sir bdi viet: h^nb^ : 28/02/2020 ifentip : 17/03/2020 )uy?tbai : 28/03/2020 Article Infomation: Key words: Right of unilateral contract termmation; labor contract Article History Received 28 Feb 2020 Edited 17 Mar 2020 Approved 28 Mar 2020 Tom tat: So voi Bp lu^t Lao d6ng nhn 1994 vk B^ luat Lao dpng n3m 2012, Bp luat Lao dpng nam 2019 co s\r thay dli mang tinh d$t pha chi dinh ve hpp d6ng lao dpng (HDLD) lifen quan dfen quyen dupc don phuong cham diit HDLD, d ^ biet \k quyfen dupc don phuong cham dut HDLD tii phia nguoi lao dpng Trfen co sd phan tich hai van dfe (i) v^ quyen dupc don phucmg chSm diit hpp done lao d^ng ciia ngudi lao d^ng v^ (ii) vl dieu kifen dfe thyc hifen quyen don phuong cham diit hpp dong lao dpng cua ngudi lao dpng, t^c gia dua m$t s6 nh^n dtnh va dfe xuat Abstract: In comparison with the Labor Code of 1994 and the Labor Code of 2012, the Labor Code of 2019 has breakthroughs in the provisions on the labor contract related to the right of unilateral contract termination, especially the employee's right of unilateral tennination of the labor contract Based on the analysis of the two related aspects (i) the employee's right of unilatend termination of the labor contract; and (ii) the conditions for exercising employee's right of unilateral termination of the labor contract, the author gives comments and recommendations Quyin dtfn phvong ch^m dih hgp dong lao dpng cua ngaifi lao dgng Dan phuong cham dut hgp dong li quyen dugc "rut chin" khdi mgt hgp ddng da dugc giao ket trudc Vd nguyen tic, vi?c phi vd cam ket luon khdng dugc khuydn khich, ndu nhu khdng muon ndi li bi cim doin Tuy nbidn, neu nhu phip lugt hgp dong ndi chung tni lieu cho vi?c phi va cam kit mgt cich chu dgng chi m^t sd trudng hgp dugc dy kien vi ben phi vd cam kit ludn phii ginh chiu nhimg hgu qui phip ly nhat djnh, thi Iuat lao ddng xem vide dan phuang chim dut HDLD, die bidt la vide dan phuang cham ddt HDLD td ngudi lao dgng (NLD) nhu mgt quydn quan trgng cua NLD, quan trgng khong kem quydn dugc giao kit HDLD Diem d khoan Dieu Bg lu^t Lao dgng nam 2019 (BLLD 2019) quy dinh, NLD cd quydn "Dan phuang chim ddt hgp dong lao dgng" Nhin tdng thi cic trudng hgp cham ddt HDLD dugc ghi n h ^ tgi Yi^t Nam co the hinh dung dugc nhdm HGHllH CVU I C LAPPHAP THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT nguyen nhan; i) chim dut HDLD nhiing nguyen nhin tit ydu', ii) don phucmg cham ddt HDLD va iii) chim dut HDLD cit giim lao dgng (bao gdm cic trudng hgp chim dirt HDLD thay ddi ca ciu hoac cdng ngh$, chim ddt HDLD vi ly kinh te va chim dut HDLD sip nhip, hgp nhat, chia, tich doanh nghidp, hgp tic xa) Trong dd, dan phuang chim dut hgp ddng li mgt trudng hgp dugc ghi nhan vdi nhidu sy can trgng tu nhi lim luit ca BLLD nam 1994, BLLD nam 2012 vi BLLD 2019 Cd thd ndi, nhin d gdc phip lugt so sinh, cic quy djnh ve chim dut HDLD dugc quy djnh cd sy khic bidt ldn giua cac quoc gia Ching hgn nhu quy dinh cua phip luit lao ddng Cdng hoi Phap, cic trudng hgp chim dut PffiLD dugc chia loai: cham ddt td phia ngudi lao dgng, tu phia ngudi su dung lao dgng (NSDLD) hay theo thoi thuan tu ci hai phia^ Nhu vay, HDLD khdng xic djnh thdi hgn phip luit Phip cd thi chim diit y chi don phuang cua cic ben hay thoi thugn Tu co thd thay, tgi qudc gia niy, don phucmg chim dut HDLD ddng vai trd chinh vide chim dut hidu lyc phap ly ciia HDLD Trong dd, quan hd lao ddng tai Thai Lan dugc didu chinh bdi nhidu lugt, bao gdm Bg Iuat Lao dgng (Labor Code), Luit bio v? quan h? lao dgng (Labour Protection Act BE 2541) vi Bg lugt Dan sy-thuong mai (Civil and Commercial Code), ridng vl van dd chim diit hgp ddng lao dgng, cac quy djnh hidn tai chi dl egp din viec cham diit HDLD khdng xic djnh thdi ban Trong phip luat Thii Lan, HDLD cd thdi hgn chi ip dyng cho cic trudng hgp die bi?t bdn su dyng lao dgng thyc hien du in dge bidt khic vdi cdng vide thudng tinh, hoac cho cac cdng vide cd tinh chit thdi vu hoge tgm thdi mgt thdi hgn xic djnh khdng vugt qua nim (Didu 118 Protection Act) Mac du cd ghi nhan vide ngudi lao dgng dugc quydn tuyen bd chim dut HDLD y cbi don phucmg, nhung vide chim dut khdng xem nhu mgt quydn duong nhien cda ngudi lao d^ng^ Du dugc ghi nhin theo cic cich khic nhau, nhung tyu trung lai, cd thd thiy cd hai xu hudng quy djnh ve dan phuang chim dut HDLD d cic quoc gia trdn thd gidi: Thu nhdt, xem diy li mgt quyin cua ngudi lao dgng dd tu bio v? minh trudc nhiing vi phgm nghiem trgng ciia NSDLD Nhom thu nhit cdn chia thinh nhieu cap dg khic giua cic qudc gia: vdi phip Iuat Thii Lan, hinh vj vi phgm cua NSDLD dugc xem nhu m$t didu ki^n dd thyrc hien vi$c dan phuong cham dut HDLD Trong do, quan diem cua hgc gii Phap thi can ip dung ly thuydt vd vide "kidm soit sau" ddi vdi cic quyet djnh don phuang chim dut nDLD"* Thgm chi, Bg luit lao dgng Cgng boi Phip chia vide don phuang cham dut HDLD tu phia NLD thinh hai trudng Mpt s6 cdc tac gia gpi day la vifec duong nhien chSm dut HDLD (Tap thfe tac gia, Giao trinh Luat lao dpng, Trucmg D^ii hpc Lu?t TP HCM, Nxb H6ng Diic - Hpi Luat gia Vifet Nam - 2014) Difeu L-1231-1 Code du Travail {Bp luat lao dpng C0ng boa Phap); https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.doiJsessionid=F2AD709D67636872634522E50448F5E8.tplgfr36s_3?idSectionTA=LEGISCTA00000 6177857&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006072050&dateTexte=20200206, truy cap 06/2/2020 M\ic (Section) 120 ciia LuSt bao vfe quan hfe lao dpng Th4i Lan quy djnh nguoi lao dpng co quyfen dupc txk trp c4p chim dut HDLD trucmg hpp dia difein l i m vi^c bj thay d l i va NLD khong thfe tifep tyc thvc hifen cong vifec Nhu vay, quy djnh ghi nhan quyfen dupc trd n-p c3p ciia NLD trudng hpp cham dut HDLD chii khong phai la quyen dupc don phucmg c h i m dut HDLD Nguyfen v5n ly thuyet nky la "Le controle a posteriori de la rfesiliation unilaterale", Phillipe Stoffel- Munck, Universite de Paris saint Maur, Dossier, 2017 CVU I 54 NGHllH L A P PHAP_ySil1{411)-T6/2020 THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT hgp: don phuang chim dut vi dan phuang cham diit sau cd phan quylt cua toi an c4p cd thim quydn^ tu^' thugc vao sy cip thilt vi ly dl cham ddt HDLD Hiu hit cic (}u6c gia dlu quy djnh theo mo hinh thd nhit niy, chi khic d muc dg kidm soat Thie hai, xem day la mgt quydn duang nhien va gin nhu vd didu kien cua NLD BLLD 2019 cua Viet Nam ip dyng md hinh niy Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 quy djnh: "1 N ^ d i lao dgng co quyin don phucmg chim ddt HDLD nhung phii bio trudc cho NSDLD nhu sau: a) It nhit 45 ndu lam vide theo hgp ddng lao dgng khdng xic djnh thdi ban; b) ft nhit 30 ngiy ndu Iim vide Iheo hgp ddng lao dgng xic djnh thdi hgn cd thdi hgn td 12 thing den 36 thing; c) ft nhat 03 ngiy lim vide nlu lim vide theo hgp ddng lao dgng xic djnh thdi ban co thdi hgn dudi 12 thing; d) Doi vdi mgt sd nginh, nghi, cdng vi^c dac thu thi thdi han bio trudc dugc thuc hi?n theo quy djnh cua Chinh phd NLD cd quyen dan phuomg chim dut HDLD khdng can bio trudc trudng hgp sau diy: a) Khdng dugc bo tri theo dung cdng vide, dja diem Iim vifc hoge khong dugc bao dim dieu kidn lim vide theo thda thuan, trd trudng hgp quy dinh tgi Didu 29 cua Bg Iuat niy; b) Khdng dugc tri du luong hoac tri luong khdng dung thdi hgn, trd trudng hgp quy djnh tgi khoin Dieu 97 cua Bg luit nay; c) Bj NSDLD ngugc dai, dinh dip hoac CO ldi noi, hanh vi nhyc ma, hinh vi lam inh hudng den sue khde, nhan pham, danh dy; hi cudng buc lao dgng; d) Bj quiy roi tinh dye tai nai lim viec; d) Lao dgng nii mang thai phii nghi vide theo quy djnh tgi khoin Dilu 138 cua Bg luat niy; ^ e) Du tudi nghi him theo quy djnh tai Didu 169 ciia Bg lugt niy, tru trudng hgp cac ben cd thoa thuin khic; g) NSDLD cung cip thdng tin khdng trung thyc theo quy djnh tgi khoan Dilu 16 cua Bg lugt niy Iim inh hudng den vide thuc hidn hgp dong lao dgng" Td quy djnh niy cd Ihd thiy, mgi trudng hgp, vdi mgi logi hgp ddng (cd xac dyih thdi ban hay Ididng xic djnh thdi hgn), bat kd cd hay khdng cd ly vi ly la gi, NLD neu muon ddu cd thd tg minh dan phuang chim dut HDLD mi khong cin phai tidn hinh mgt thu tuc die bidt co y nghia kilm soit quyin tu mdt chu thd khic Luit chi dg lidu mgt co hgi nhit cho NSDLD vide phin ddi quylt dinh ciia NLD bing each bat ngudi niy phii ginh chiu nhung hau qui nhit djnh chung minh thinh cdng trudc Toi an ring, NLD da dan phucmg chim diit HDLD mgt each trii phip luat Xet vd muc cua bio vd quydn, BLLD 2019 da cd sy thay ddi quan trgng vide bio dim tdi da cho NLD ty thuc hidn quydn dan phuang chim dut HDLD cua mmh Didu niy cd thd thay rd ban vide so sinh vdi quyen don phuang chim ddt HDLD tu NSDLD Trong mgi trudng hgp, NSDLD mudn dugc dem phuang chim dut HDLD mdt cich hgp phip thi phai cd cic \-y dugc quy dinh tgi Idiom Dilu 36 BLLD 2019 va phii tuin thu thu tyc bio trudc dugc quy djnh tgi khoin cua Dilu Ndi cich khic, quydn dan phuong chim dut HDLD cua NSDLD gin nhu khdng thay ddi gi td BLLD 2012 din BLLD 2019 Tu vide xem xet mgt cich tdng thi quyen dcrn phuang cham dut HDLD ndi chung, din quydn dan phuang chim dut Diy Id thii tyc "rfesiliation judiciaire du eontrat de travail" dupc giai thich va cong nhan trfen co so quy din t^i Dilu 1184 BLDS Cpng hoa Phap HGHllH HGHllH CVU CVU I EC S l l (411)-T6/2020^ ^ LAP P H A P " « THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT HDLD cda NLD noi rieng cd the thay, phap luit lao dgng Vidt Nam cho phdp mgt quydn rut lui, hay pha vd hgp ddng dinhridngcho NLD ci hai trudng hgp: NSDLD CO hinh vi vi phgm phip Iuat, vi pham nghTa vy cam ket hgp dong (vi dy tra luong trd, tri luong khdng dung ) vi ca khdng CO bat ky hinh vi vi phgm nao Cd the quy djnh niy cua phip Iuat di co sy can nhic giua cic yeu td; thu nhdt la trat tu hay dgo due xa hgi vide giu dung cam kdt, nguyen tie thuc hidn hgp ddng; thic hai la n^yen tic bio vd NLD, bdn mi thudng li ydu the ban HDLD Vi neu dat hai vin de niy ldn bin can thi ro ring li nhi lim Iuat da cho rang can thidt phii bio ve ngudi lao dgng tot ban so vdi vide phii giu gin trgt ty, ky cuong chung hay dgo due xa hgi vd tdn trgng ldi hua, cam kdt Cimg cin luu y rang bao v? NLD khac vdi vide bao v? quyen cua NLD Bio vd quydn cda NLD c6 phgm vi hep ban vi mang tinh co didu kidn, chi nao cic quyen ay dugc ghi nhgn bdi phip luat tbi vin dl bio vd quydn mdi dat Trong dd, vide bao ve ngudi lao dgng co each hieu rgng han rit nhidu Chung toi cho rang, bdi cinh hidn nay, quan h? lao dgng dong vai tro inh hudng mang tinh quydt djnh den ddi sing cong nghiep vi sy phit tridn kinh te- xa hgi Vide BLLD 2019 cho NLD dugc quyin dan phuang chim dut HDLD mgt each tu se cd tic dgng nhit djnh den ddi sdng kinh te - xi hgi tuong lai Bdi vi, sy cho phdp niy se tao tam Iy y lai vi tinh trang nhay vide td phia NLD cd the dien mgt cich kho kiem soat Didu din din sy thidu on djnh quan he lao dgng- tien dd cin thidt cho su binh on hogt dgng sin xuat, kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep ndi rieng, xa hgi ndi chung Mat khic, su cho phep niy dudng nhu cung giy ndn mgt tinh trang bat binh ding giua NLD va NSDLD Su bit binh ding niy la khong binh thudng vdi quan he lao dgng, vdi bin chat li mgt quan he thugc dli tugng dilu chinh cua luit tu Day la mgt 56 I HGHltH Ciiru / L A P P H A P ^ S I (411)-T6/2020 nhung nguyen nhin cd nang inh hudng den vide xic lap quan be lao dgn^, didu niy cd nghia Ii dd ne trinh nhihig bat lgi cd thd giy tu sy bat bmh dang niy, ben su dyng lao dgng se thay vi xic lgp quan hd lao dgng vi phai dam bio cbd an smh thi se lua chgn xic lip quan hd phip Iuat khic (chan§ ban nhu quan h? phip Iuat din sy hgp ddng dich vy) ma khdng can phii tham gia cic che bio hiem y td, bio hidm xi hgi cho NLD Dilu din den vide dim bio didu kidn song thong qua bd thdng an sinh xa hgi cd the se bj tic dgng theo hudng tidu cyc (kem dim bio, hoin toin khdng tdt cho dilu kidn kinh td - xa hgi noi chung) Dieu kien d l thvc hidn quyin dom phucmg cham dut hop dong lao dgng cua ngudi lao dgng BLLD 2019 cua Vidt Nam thilt lip dilu kien dd don phuang cham dut HDLD thugc vio Iy ciia vide chim dut Va didu kidn nhat ditratrong don phuang chim dut HDLD tu NLD, la dieu kien bio trudc Khoin Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 "NLD co quydn dan phuong chim dut HDLD nhung phai bio trudc cho NSDLD nhu sau: a) ft nhat 45 ngiy ndu lim vide theo HDLD khong xic djnh tbdi hgn; b) ft nhit 30 ngiy ndu lim vide theo HDLD xic dinh thdi han co thdi hgn tu 12 thing den 36 thing; c) It nhat 03 ngiy lam viec neu lam vide theo HDLD xac djnh thdi hgn cd thdi han dudi 12 thing; d) Doi vdi mgt sd nganh, nghi, cdng vide die thu thi thdi hgn bio trudc dugc thyc hien theo quy djnh cua Chinh phu" Trong do, ndu co nhung ly dugc lidt kd sau diy thi NLD cd quydn dan phuang chim dut HDLD ma khong cin phii bio trudc: - Khdng dugc bd tri theo dung edng vide, dja didm Iam vide hoic khdng dugc bio dim didu kidn lim vide theo thoa thugn, tru trudng hgp quy djnh tgi Didu 29 ciia BLLD; THUCTIEN PHAP LUAT - Khong dugc tra dd luang hoic tra luong khong dung thdi hgn, tru trudng hgp quy djnh tai khoin Didu 97 cua BLLD; - Bj NSDLD ngugc dai, dinh dap hoac CO ldi noi, hinh vi nhyc mg, hinh vi lam inh hudng ddn sdc khde, nhan pham, danh dy; bi cudng bdc lao dgng; - Bi quiy roi tinh due tgi nai lim vide; - Lao dgng nu mang thai phai nghi viec theo quy djnh tai khoan Dieu 138 cua BLLD; - Du tuoi nghi huu theo quy djnh tai Didu 169 cda Bg luat niy, trd trudng hgp cac bdn cd thda thuan khic; - NSDLD cung cap thong tin khong trung thyc theo quy djnh tai khoin Didu 16 cua BLLD lam anh hudng den viec thyc hien hgp dong lao dgng Vdi each quy djnh ndu trdn, vd nguydn tic, mgi trudng hgp, vi bat ky ly gi vi vdi loai HDLD nio, NLD ludn cd quyen ty minh tuydn bo chim diit HDLD mi chi can tuin thu yeu cau vd vide bao trudc ndu trdn Ngay khoin Didu 35, Lugt mien cho NLD nghia vy phii bio trudc cd nhung ly dugc lidt ke la nguydn nhan cua vide chim ddt HDLD Cd thd xem trudng hgp thu hai niy la vide cham diit HDLD Hidng can didu kien Nhu viy, theo quy djnh cua BLLD 2019, vide don phuang chim ddt HDLD cua NLD dugc chia hai trudng hgp, phii bao trudc va khong can phii bao trudc Cd the thiy nghia vy bio trudc khdng phii li mgt nghia vy hay didu kien kho thuc hien, tu co thd thiy BLLD 2019 da tao dilu kien rit Ihuan lgi eho ngudi lao dgng vide chu dgng vi dan phuong cham ddt HDLD Phip lugt lao ddng Cgng hoi Phip, thay vi quy djiih cy the trudng hgp nio NLD dugc quydn dan phuang chim ddt HDLD, lai ghi nhan chung chung ring, du vdi HDLD co xic djnh thdi ban hay khdng xic djnh thdi hgn tbi ngudi lao ddng ciing cd quydn dan phuang cham dut vi quydn mgt phin dugc ghi nhgn BLLD, mdt phin dugc chip nhan bdi in Id* Tuy nhidn, cic quydn niy dugc kiem soit mdt cich kha chgt che vi nhilu trudng hgp phai dugc tien hanh thong qua tuydn bd bing mgt phin quydt cua toi in cap co thim quydn Ndu NSDLD chi cd the cham ddt HDLD bing cich sa thii', thi NLD cd bon phuong thdc ty minh cham dut hg^ dong, bao gom td chuc (demission), chim ddt HDLD lap tuc (la prise d'acte par le salarie), ydu cau chim ddt HDLD thdng qua giii quydt tu phap (la resiliation judiciaire) va nghi huu (la retraite)^ Trong s6 cic cich thuc chim ddt HDLD niy cd hai loai didu kien mi nhi lim luit Phip quan tam, dd li viec bao trudc va didu kien vd thu tyc Noi cich khac, la cich thuc thyc hidn vide don phuang cham ddt HDLD Dieu thd bidn ro qua vide quy dinb, ciing co bin chat la dan phuang chim diit HDLD nhung phap luat lgi yeu cau cic cich thdc tidn htmh khic Cy thd, ddi vdi vide td chuc (demission), co didu kidn dat li mgt su bieu Id tu do, ro rang vi ngbidm tdc vd y chi cua NLD \^dc tu ehdc Bin ^ ngiy 25/6/2003 Tok pha an Tii diing tieng Phdp la licenciement Bernard Bossu, Francois Dumont, Pierre-Yves VERKINDT, Droit du travail, Montchrestien, 2011, tr.271272 Rieng d6i voi vifec nghi huu (la retraite), bat dau tu Luat 17/9/2008, tii sinh nhat lin thu 65 cua nguoi lao dpng, NSDLD c6 nghia vu phai h6i ngu6i lao d6ng rang hp co muon nghi huu khong? Trong tru6ng hpp ngudi lao ddng tu choi thuc hifen quyen ndy thi lln luot cac nam sau NSDLD se phai tilp tyc h6i nhu vjly cho din ngaiji lao d^ng du 69 tuii Sau dp tuii nay, NSDLD co quyfen cho nguoi lao dpng nghi him nhu mpt hdnh dpng don phuang chim dut HDLD Tran§ d6, luat lao ddng Cpng hoa Phdp cho phep nguoi lao d^ng c6 quyin dupc t\r minh cham dirt HDLD dfe nghi huu tii dp tuii 60 Ciing cdn luu y ring phdi nghi huu tir tuii 65 thi ngudi lao dpng moi dupc huong ty Ife huu cao nhit theo quy dinh , HGHllH cCru ] C S611{411).T6/2O20\^LAP P H A P • ' THUC TIEN P H A P LUAT IffiLD cua NLD ndiridngcd the thiy, phip Iuat lao dgng Viet Nam cho phdp mgt quyen rut lui, hay phi vd hgp ddng danhridngcho NLD ci hai trudng hgp: NSDLD CO binh vi vi pham phip luat, vi pham nghia vu cam kdt hgp dong (vi dy tra luong trd, tri luong khdng dung ) vi ci khdng cd bat ky hinh vi vi pham nio Co the quy djnh niy cua phip luit da c6 sy can nhac giua cic ydu to: thie nhdt li trat ty hay dgo ddc xa hgi vide giii dung cam ket, nguyen tic thyc hidn hgp dong; thie hai li n^yen tac bio vd NLD, ben mi thudng li ydu the han HDLD Va ndu dat hai vin dd niy ldn bin cin thi ro ring la nha lim luit da cho rang cin thiet phai bao vd ngudi lao dgng tot han so vdi vide phai giu gin trgt ty, ky cuong chung hay dgo due xi hgi ve ton trgng Idi hua, cam kdt Ciing cin luu y ring bio vd NLD khic vdi vide bio v? quydn cua NLD Bio vd quydn cua NLD cd pham vi hep ban vi mang tinh co didu kidn, chi nio cic quydn iy dugc ghi nhin bdi phap lugt thi van dd bio vd quyen mdi dat Trong dd, vide bao vd ngudi lao dgng cd cich hidu rgng hon rit nhilu Chdng toi cho ring, bdi cinh hidn nay, quan he lao dgng ddng vai tro inh hudng mang tinh quyet dinh den ddi sdng cdng nghidp vi sy phit tridn kinh td- xa hgi Vide BLLD 2019 cho NLD dugc quyin dem phuang cham ddt HDLD mgt each ty se CO tic dgng nhit djnh ddn ddi sdng kinh te - xa hgi tuang lai Bdi vi, sy cho phep niy se tgo tam ly y lai vi tinh trgng nhiy vide tu phia NLD c6 the didn mgt cich khd kidm soat Didu niy din den sy thidu dn dinh quan he lao dgng- tidn dd can thidt cho sy binh dn hoat dgng sin xuit, kinh doanh ciia doanh nghidp ndi ridng, xa hgi noi ehung Mat khac, su cho phdp dudng nhu cung gay ndn mgt tinh trgng bat binh ding giua NLD vi NSDLD Sy bit binh dang niy li khong binh thudng vdi quan he lao dgng, vdi bin chit Ii mgt quan he thugc ddi tugng didu chinh cua luit tu Diy Ii mgt 56 HGHIiH CVU / — — L A P P H A P ^ S A H (411)-T6/2020 nhiing nguydn nhin cd ning inh hudng den vide xic lap quan hd lao ddn^, didu niy cd ngbia Ii dd ne tranh nhiing bit lgi cd thd giy tu sy bit bmh dang niy, ben su dyng lao dgng se thay vi xic lip quan h? lao dgng vi pbii dim bio chd an sinh thi se lya chgn xic lap quan he phap luit khic (ching hgn nhu quan hd phap luit din sy hgp dong dich vy) mi khong cin phii tham gia cic chd bio hidm y td, bio hiem xa hgi cho NLD Didu niy dan ddn vide dim bio didu kien sdng thdng qua hd thdng an sinh xa hgi cd the se bi tic dgng theo hudng tidu cyc (kem dim bio, hoin toan khong tdt cho didu kidn kinh te - xa hgi ndi chung) Dieu kien dl thyc hi^n quyen do^ phuong cham dut hgp dong lao d$ng ciia ngudi lao ddng BLLD 2019 cua Viet Nam thilt lip dilu kidn dd don phuang chim diit HDLD thugc vio ly ciia vide chim dut Vi dilu kidn nhat dat dan phuang cham dut HDLD tu NLD, li dieu kidn bio trudc Khoin Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 "NLD cd quydn don phuong chim diit HDLD nhung phai bio trudc cho NSDLD nhu sau: a) ft nhit 45 ngiy neu lim vide theo HDLD khdng xic djnh thdi hgn; b) ft nhat 30 ngiy neu lim vide theo HDLD xae djnh thdi hgn cd thdi hgn tu 12 thing ddn 36 thing; c) It nhat 03 ngiy Iim vide ndu lim vide theo HDLD xic djnh thdi ban cd thdi ban dudi 12 thing; d) Doi vdi mgt sd nginh, nghi, cdng vide dge thu thi thdi hgn bio trudc dugc thyc hidn theo quy dinh cua Chinb phu" Trong do, ndu cd nhiing Iy dugc lidt ke sau diy thi NLD cd quyin don phuang chim diit HDLD mi khdng can phii bio trudc: - Khdng dugc bd tri theo diing cdng vide, dia didm Iim vide hoac khdng dugc bio dim dieu kidn Iim viec dieo thoa thuin, tru trudng hgp quy djnh tgi Dieu 29 ciia BLLD; THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT - Khdng dugc tra du luang hoac tri luong khdng dung thdi hgn, trii trudng hgp quy djnh tgi khoan Didu 97 cua BLLD; - Bj NSDLD ngugc dai, dinh dgp hoac CO ldi noi, hinh vi nhyc mg, hinh vi lim inh hudng den sdc khde, nhan pham, danh dy; bj cudng buc lao dgng; - Bj quay roi tmh dye tai noi lim vide; - Lao dgng nu mang thai phii nghi vide theo quy djnh tgi khoin Didu 138 cua BLLD; - Du tuoi nghi hun theo quy djnh tai Didu 169 cua Bg luit nay, trd trudng hgp cic bdn CO thoa thugn khac; - NSDLD cung cip thdng tin khong trung thyc theo quy djnh tgi khoan Dieu 16 cua BLLD lim anh hudng ddn vide thyc hien hgp dong lao dgng Vdi each quy djnh ndu tren, ve nguydn tic, mgi trudng hgp, vi bat ky ly gi va vdi logi HDLD nio, NLD luon cd quydn ty minh tuydn bd chim diit HDLD ma chi can tuan thu yeu ciu vd vide bio trudc neu trdn Ngay khoin Dieu 35, Luat midn cho NLD nghia vy phii bio trudc cd nhiing ly dugc lidt kd li nguydn nhan cua vide cham diit HDLD Cd thd xem trudng hgp thu hai la vide cham diit HDLD Vhdng can didu kidn Nhu viy, theo quy djnh cua BLLD 2019, vide don phuong cham dirt HDLD cua NLD dugc chia thinh hai trudng hgp, phai bio trudc va khdng can phii bio trudc Cd thd thiy nghia vu bio trudc khong phai Ii mgt nghia vy hay didu kidn khd thuc hidn, tu co thd thiy BLLD 2019 da tao dilu kidn rit thuin lgi cho ngudi lao dgng vide chu dgng va dan phuong cham dut HDLD Phap luat lao dgng Cgng hoi Phap, thay vi quy dinh cu the trudng hap nio NLD dugc quydn don phuang chim diit HDLD, lgi ghi nhan ehung chung ring, du vdi HDLD co xac djnh thdi ban hay khdng xic djnh thdi hgn thi ngudi lao dgng cun§ cd quydn don phuang cham diit vi quydn niy mdt phin dugc ghi nhgn BLLD, mdt phin dugc chip nhin bdi in Id^ Tuy nhidn, cic quyen niy dugc kiem soit mgt cich kha chgt che va nhilu trudng hgp phii dugc tiln hinh thdng qua tuydn bd bing mgt phan quydt cua toa in cap co tham quyen Ndu NSDLD chi c6 the cham diit HDLD bing each sa thii', thi NLD co bon phuang thiic ty minh chim diit hg^ dong, bao gdm td chde (demission), cham ddt HDLD lap tuc (la prise d'acte par le salarie), ydu cau chim diit HDLD thdng qua giii quydt tu phip (la resihation judiciaire) vi n ^ i huu (la retraite)^ Trong so cac each thdc chim ddt HDLD niy cd hai logi didu kidn ma nha lim luat Phap quan tim, li vide bio trudc vi didu kidn vd thu tyc Noi each khic, la cich thdc thyc hidn vide dan phuang chim ddt HDLD Didu niy the hidn ro qua vide quy djnh, cung co ban chit li dan phuong chim dut HDLD nhung phip luit lai ydu ciu cac cich thuc tien hanh khac Cy thd, dli vdi vide td ehdc (ddmission), c6 didu kidn dit li mdt sy bidu 16 ty do, ro ring vi nghidm tuc ve y chi cua NLD Vide td chde Bdn an ngdy 25/6/2003 Tod phd dn Tit dung tifeng Phdp Id licenciement Bernard Bossu, Francois Dumont, Pierre-Yves VERKINDT, Droit du travail, Montchrestien, 2011, tr.271272 Rifeng dli vdi vi^c nghi huu (la retraite), bit ddu tu Ludt ngdy 17/9/2008, tii sinh nhdt lan thu 65 ciia ngudi lao dpng, NSDLD co nghia vu phai hoi ngudi lao dpng ring hp co muon nghi huu khong? Trong trucmg hpp Dgaiji lao dpng tir chii thuc hifen quyen thi lan lupt cac nam sau NSDLD se phaitifeptuc h6i nhu vay cho din nguoi lao dpng dii 69 tuoi Sau d6 tuoi nay, NSDLD co quyen cho nguoi lao dSng nghi huu nliu m^t hanh dpng don phuang cham dut HDLD Trong do, luat lao dpng Cpng hod Phdp cho p h ^ ngufifi lao dpng co quyin duoc tif minh cham dut HDLD dfe nghi huu tii dp tuoi 60, Cung cin lim y ring phdi nghi huu tu tuoi 65 thi ngudi lao dpng mdi dupc huong ty 1? huu cao nhit theo quy dinh , HGHllH Ciru I 157 S6 11 (411) - T6/2020\^ L A P P H A P *" THUC TIEN PHAP LUAT phii dugc bio trudc mgt thdi ban theo thdng Id hoge theo thoi udc lao dgng tgp thd Vi phgm nghia vy bio trudc se giy trich nhidm boi thudng thidt hgi td phia NLD Cung tuong ty nhu vgy, ddi vdi vide cham diit lap tuc HDLD, mac du khdng cd ydu cau vd the thde' nhung dgt didu kidn li phii CO loi vi phgm ngbidm trgng tu phia NSDLD dSn ddn vide thyc hidn HDLD li khdng thd tiep tuc, trudng hgp cin thiet NLD phii ehiing minh ldi trudc Toa in cd thim quyin Co thd thiy, gida phip lugt lao dgng Cdng hoi Phip vi Viet Nam ve quydn dan phuang cham dut HDLD tu phia NLD, c6 nhung didm tuong ddng, nhung cung cd sy khic bidt ro ndt Tit ci cic trudng hgp dan phuang chim ddt HDLD td phia NLD, phip luit Phip ddu ydu ciu phii thyc hidn theo mdt thi didc nhit djnh, vi trudng hgp cin thilt, vide cham ddt phai dugc tidn hinh thdng qua Toi in Didu niy cd nghia li vide thyc hidn quyen don phuong cham diit HDLD td phia NLD cin phii cd sy kilm soit nhit djuh'" Cic dilu kidn niy datra,mgt mgt cd y nghta ning cao trich nhidm cua NLD vide thyc hidn cic cam kdt cua minh, mgt khic co y ngbia rin de NLD bing cich dgt cic trach nhidm phip ly cy the hay chd tii trudng hgp NLD vi pham" Kiln nghi Chung tdi cho rang, so vdi BLLD nam 2012, sy thay ddi cua BLLD 2019 vl quydn dan phucmg chim dut HDLD cua NLD li chua thgt sy phu hgp Mgt mgt, bdi vi don phuang chim ddt HD ndi ehung va HDLD noiridngcd li mgt quyen ty nhidn vi co ban thi diy van cd bin ehit la mgt sy bgi udc, hai ldi, vi thd vide hgn chd cic quyen hay it li kilm soit vide thyc hidn quydn niy li that sy can thilt cho vide xiy dyng cic chuin myc vl chu "tm" thyc hidn cam kit phip ly, cam kit xa hgi ndi chung Mgt khic, yong bdi cinh phip ly hidn nay, giao kit HDLD, NSDLD cd nhidu cac ngbia vy dli vdi NLD nhu nghia vy iham gia bio hilm xa hgi, bio hiem y tl, dim bao an toan-vd smh lao dgng Cic ngJiia vy ning nl vdi NSDLD dl dli liy vide dugc quin ly, dilu hinh, khai thac sue lao dgng cua NLD Dilu niy din din thyc trgng li NSDLD frong nhilu trudng hgp khdng muln giao kit HDLD dd ne trinh cic nghia vy ndu tren'^ Thuc trang niy cung vdi sy cho phep ty vide NLD dugc don phuang chim diit HDLD se thuc diy mgnh hon nua tinh trgng giim sut sd lugng HDLD dugc giao kit, tu dd an sinh xa hgi se giim sut ci vl chit vi lugng Vi v^y, theo tic gia, ngudi ip dyng luit cin dy kien viec giai thich hgp ly ban quy djnh niy de co tinh kha thi hgn Cy thd, sy giii thich lugt co thd theo hudng bo sung thu tyc kiem soit viec don phuong chim dut HDLD thdng qua hoi giai vidn lao dgng vi bo sung chi tii bdi thudng thidt hai trudng hgp vide don phuang chim dut HDLD giy thiet hgi cho NSDLD ^ Ngoii ra, cung cin quy dinh ve bio hidm that nghidp theo hudng chi ip dung cho nhiing trudng hgp NLD bi thit nghiep nhirng nguyen nhin ngoai y mudn cua hg, cd nghia la trudng hgp NLD don phuang chim diit HDLD mi khdng vi bat ky ly gi dugc ghi nhin tgi khoin Didu 35 thi hg se khong dugc hudng bio hiem thit nghidp • Bernard Bossu, Francois Dumont, Pierre-Yves VERKINDT, sdd, tr 277 10 Tmh t r ^ g tuong tgr ciing d?it d l i voi vifec dem phuong cham dut HDLD tii NSDLD 11 Trdch nhifein boi thuong thifet hjii nhu da phan tich tren theo quy djnh tai Difeu L1237-2 hoac vifec hi mat cdc khodn trp cap thit nghifep 12 Vy vifec Vmasun cdt 8000 HDLD nam 2017 dfe chuyen sang giao kfet HDDS v6i tai xfe ldi xe taxi Id mpt vi dy difen hmh cho thyc tr^ng tren https://motthegioi.vn/kmh-te-c-67/vinasun-chuyen-doi-cho-aiue-8000-dauxe-thay-cho-hop-dong-lao-dong-voi-tai-xe-67710.html CVU 58 HGHllH LAP PHAP_ 'S6ll{411)-T6/2020 ... Thie hai, xem day la mgt quydn duang nhien va gin nhu vd didu kien cua NLD BLLD 2019 cua Viet Nam ip dyng md hinh niy Dilu 35 BLLD 2019 quy djnh: "1 N ^ d i lao dgng co quyin don phucmg chim ddt... dy; bi cudng bdc lao dgng; - Bi quiy roi tinh due tgi nai lim vide; - Lao dgng nu mang thai phai nghi viec theo quy djnh tai khoan Dieu 138 cua BLLD; - Du tuoi nghi huu theo quy djnh tai Didu... ngaiji lao d^ng du 69 tuii Sau dp tuii nay, NSDLD co quyfen cho nguoi lao dpng nghi him nhu mpt hdnh dpng don phuang chim dut HDLD Tran§ d6, luat lao ddng Cpng hoa Phdp cho phep nguoi lao d^ng c6 quyin