PHONG CACH GIAO DUO CUA CHA ME vA ANH H U N G C O A N O DOI VOI CON TUOI VI THANH NIEN PGS.TS Truong Thj Khinh Hi Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly hgc, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc xd hdi vd Nhdn vdn T6M TAT Nghien cUu dua Irin diiu Ira 256 hpc sinh, 256 cha me vd cd gido cho thdy, ddnh gid cda cha me vd vi phong cdch gido due cda cha me khd phii hgp vdi nhau; Cd khodng 23% cha me cd phong cdch gido due ddc dodn vd 44% cha me cd phong cdch gido due ddn chu Cdc bdc cha me cd trinh dd dgi hpc cd xu hudng yiu edu cao d vd bdt phdi nghe theo y minh nhiiu htm so vdi cdc cha me co trinh dd thdp han; Cha me thu&ng hay chiiu chudng Ire nam hon vd kiem sodt cdc em nS chat che han Cha me cdng hay mang md phi phdn ddu nhiiu han so vdi thir hai Kit qud nghiin ciiu cho thdy, phong cdch gido due cua cha me cung nhu sit thdng nhdt cdch gido due giUa cha vd me cd dnh hudng tdi mdi sd net linh cdch vd tuddnh gid ciia TU khda: Phong cdch gido due, dgc dodn, ddn chu, dnh hudng, vi thdnh nien Giio diic cua cha me la tip hpp cic hinh ddng die thu, didn ddng thdi hay ridng le, nhim tic ddng mdt cich cd muc dich ldn su phit tridn nhin cich cia tre Phong cich giio diic cia cha me la mdt ciu trie tim 1^ bao gdm cic dang hanh vi vi t i c thai dd ing x i m i cha me thudng s i dung viec nudi day cii Dua trdn mic dd "quan tim, tdn trpng, ling nghe" vi "ydu ciu, ddi hdi" cua cha me ddi vdi con, cic tic gii da chia phong cich giio due cia cha me thinh bd'n loai: Din chi, ddc doan, nudng chidu vi phd mac [1], [2] Theo cic nhi nghidn ciu, phong cich giio due cua cha me cd inh hudng tdi tir danh gii, tu y thic, su phit tridn tim ly cing nhu hanh vi xa hdi cia nhttng dia con, die bidt li nhttng dia tadi vi thinh nidn [1], [2], [3], [5] 46 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), - 2 Dd tim bidu phong cich giio due cia cha me va inh hudng cua nd ddi vdi mdt sd die didm tinh each va tu dinh gii cua con, ching tdi tidn hinh nghidn ciu trdn 518 khich thd, dd cd 256 hpc sinh cia khdi 10,11,12 tai tru&ng THPT Td Hidu, Thu&ng Tfn, Ha Ndi (120 nam, 136 ntt; 115 diu, 98 t h i hai, 43 thi ba), 256 bic cha me cua chfnh cic em vi cd giio chi nhidm ldp Phuong phip nghidn ciu chi'nh li didu tra bing bing hdi vi thang tu dinh gii cho tre vj thinh nidn Bing hdi dupe thid't kd gid'ng cho cha me vi cii dua trdn cic tidu chf phin loai phong cich giio due [4] Mdi phong cich duoc thd hidn qua mdnh dd Ddc dodn Kiem sodt chat ehe Yeu edu eao d eon Hay mang md, phe phdn Bdt phdi nghe iheo y minh Ddn chii Yeu edu cao d eon Quan Idm, linh cdm v&i eon Thu&ng xuyen Irao ddi, thdo ludn v&i Lang nghe vd tdn trpng y kiin ciia Mdi mdnh dd cd lua chpn: t i "hoin toin khdng gidng": didm, ddn "rit gidng": didm Tdng didm mdnh dd cia mdi phong cich bidn thidn ttt ddn 20 didm, dupe chia mic (vi du: Rit ddc doan, ddc doan, hoi ddc doin, khdng ddc doan, nudng chidu) Mic thip nhit, "hoan toan khdng gid'ng" ci mdnh dd cua phong cich ddc dpdn hay ddn chd tbi tuong duong vdi phong cich nudng chiiu hoic phd mdc Phd mdc Nudne chiiu Khdng yiu edu gi d Khdng kiem sodt Khong quan tdm vd il tinh cdm vai Khong yeu edu gi d eon Khdng mang mo, phi phdn Khong trao ddi, thdo ludn v&i eon Khong Idng nghe, khdng I6n trpng y kiin cua De eon tu theo y minh Theo each hidu nhu trdn thi dpc dodn ddi lip vdi nudng chiiu, ddn chd ddi lip vdi mac Cdn hai phong cich din chi va ddc doan mac d i khic bin nhung khdng hoan toin dd'i lip Sau diy li mdt sd kd't qua nghidn ciu thuc tidn Phong each giao due cua cha me Danh gii cua cha me v i dinh gii cua vd phong cich giao due cua cha me khdng cd su khic bidt vi tuong quan vdi chat (r phong each TAPCHfTAMLyHPC,Sd4(157),4-2012 47 din chu = 0,592, r phong cich ddc doin = 0,597, vdi p = 0,000) Didu niy ching td nhin djnh cia cha me vi phi hpp vdi Tim hidu ti Id cic bic cha me vdi cic mic dd ddc doin khic nhau, ching tdi thu dupe kd't qui nhu sau: Bdng 1: Ti li cdc bdc cha me vdi cdc mdc dd ddc dodn khdc STT Cic mic dd Rii ddc doin Ddc doan Hdi ddc doan Khdng dOc doan Nudng chidu Tdng didm cua mdnh d^ 17,1 ddn 20 14,1 ddn 17 11,1 ddn 14 8,1 ddn 11 ddn Ti Id (%) 3,1 19,9 42,6 25,0 9,4 Kd't qui thu dupe d bang cho thiy, cd 23% cha me cd phong cich giao due ddc doin vi rit ddc doan Hp thu&ng ydu ciu cao & con; kilm soit chat che; hay ming md, phd phin; bit phii nghe theo f minh So vdi mdt nghidn ciu trudc diy (2010) cua ching tdi didu tra trdn sinh vidn chinh qui va sinh vidn hd via lim via hpc (20 - 35 tudi), thi ti Id cic bic cha me cd phong cich giio due "ddc doin" nghidn cin nhd hon (23% so vdi khoing 35%) [xem 4], Mdt cic nguydn nhin cia kdt qui cd thd la cic bic cha me nghidn ciu niy tre hon so vdi cic bic cha me nghidn ciu trudc khoing - tudi (gin mdt thd hd); vi tfnh chit mfi quan hd cha me - cii d xa hdi Vidt Nam 10 nim gin diy cd nhttng chuydn bidn theo hudng din chi hon, bdt ddc doin gia trudng hon Bin thin nhiing dia thd hd mdi cung ddi hdi su din chu, tdn trpng d cha me chiing nhidu ban Bdng 2: Ti li cdc bge cha me v&i cdc muc dd ddn ehu khde STT 48 Cic mic dd Ri't din chu Din chu ft din chu Khdng din chu Pho mac Tdng didm cua mdnh dd 17,1 ddn 20 14,1 ddn 17 11,1 ddn 14 Ti id (%) 8,1 ddn 11 ddn 12,9 2,3 5,9 38,7 40,2 TAP CHf JAM ly HOC, Sd (157), 4-2012 Kdt qui thu duoc d bing cho thi'y, cd 44,6% cha me cd phong cich giao due din chu vi rit din chu Hp quan tim dd'n con; thudng xuydn trao ddi, thio luin vdi con; ling nghe va tdn trpng y kid'n cua con; ddng thdi cung ydii ciu cao d Mpt sd phong cich giio due ft gap nhung ding dd ching ta luu y, vi ching cd thd inh hudng ri't tidu cue dd'n su phit tridn tim ly cua tre Vi du, cd 9,4% cha me cd phong cich nudng chidu (bing 1); 2,3% cha me cd phong cich phd mac, khdng quan tim, khdng doii hoii gi dd'n (bing 2) Ngoii ra, nhidu bic cha me cd phong cich pha trdn gitta cac phong cich ndu trdn Phin tfch so sanh So sinh phong cich giio due cia cic nhdm cha me cd trinh dd hoc vin khic thi khdng cd su khac bidt vd mat thdng kd Tuy nhidn, ching tdi thiy CO su khac bidt cd y nghia mdt sd mdnh dd rieng le giia cac nhdm cha me cd trinh dd bpc vin tidu hoc vi dai hpc d miu nghien ciu niy Bdng 3: Cdeh gido due cda cha me cd trinh dp hpc vdn khdc (gid tri trung binh) STT Cach giao due cua cha me Tieu hoc THCS THPT CD SH I Kiem soil chat che 2,8 3,4 3,7 3,5 3,4 Yeu cau cao d 3,0 3,0 3,2 4,0 3,7 Quan tdm, tinh cam vdi 4,6 3,8 3,8 4,2 3,5 Hay ming md, phd phan 3,0 2,5 2,5 2,6 3,5 Bit phai nghe theo y minh 2,8 2,7 2,9 3,6 3,4 Hay khen ngpi 3,2 2,9 3,0 3,0 2,7 Danh gia thip 2,0 2,0 2,2 2,7 2,5 Thudng xuyen Irao ddi, thao luan vdi 3,0 3,4 3,4 2,8 Ling nghe va tdn y kidn cua 3,6 3,7 3,6 2,8 3,1 3,0 10 Nghidm khic vdi coii 3,0 3,3 3,6 3,5 3,7 11 Khdng CO thdi gian de quan tim ddn 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,0 2,3 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), 4, - 2012 49 Nhdm cha me cd trinh dp dai hpc "kidm soit chit che", "yeu ciu cao d con", "nghiem khic vdi con" ,"hay ming md phe phin", "bit phii nghe theo y minh" nhidu ban so vdi nhdm cha me cd trinh dd tidu hpc Ngupc lai, nhdm cha me cd trinh dd tidu hpc "quan tim, tinh cim vdi con", "khen con", "ling nghe vi tdn trpng f kidn cia con" hon so vdi nhdm cha me cd trinh dp dai hpc Tuy nhien, thd'ng ke cung cho thi'y mdt sd uu thd cua cic thudc nhdm cha me cd trinh dp dai hpc: Kdt qui hpc tip cua cic (theo dinh gii cua cd giio) thudc nhdm ciia me cd tnnh dd dai hpc cao hPn (3,0 so vdi 2,4); cic cd hinh vi vi pham phip luit thudc nhdm cha me cd trinh dd dai hpc thip hon (1,4 so vdi 3,0) so vdi cic thupc nhdm cha me cd trinh dd tidu hpc (theo dinh gii cia cha me) Ri't cd thd, cic cha me cd trinh dp dai hpc mong mudn cung phii dat trinh dp nhu minh vi hidu ring, dd dat muc tidu dd cin cd su nd luc cao hon cac ban cing trang lia Vi viy, hp thudng ydu ciu cao d vi nghidm khic vdi ban Vide cac cua hp cd kdt qui hpc tdt ban va ft cd nhttng hanh vi vi pham phap luit ban cung dit cho chung ta ciu hdi, viy tbi cd ndn yeu ciu cao d va bit phii lam theo y minh hay khdng? Nghiem khic vdi tdi mic dp nao thi via? Bdng 4: Mdt sdedeh dng xdciia cha me vdi eon khdc Iheo gidi tinh Cach umg x i cua cha me Kidm soit chat che Yeu ciu cao d Hay khen ngpi Giii tfnh cua Gii tri trung binh Dp lech chuin Nam 3,45 0,93 Ni 3,68 0,81 Nam 3,34 0,78 Nu 3,08 0,90 Nam 3,19 0,86 Ntt 2,87 0,85 Micy nghia 0,04 0,01 0,00 Qua phdng vin siu, ching tdi thiy cic gia tri, chuin muc, mic dd an toan mdi tru&ng van hda xa hdi cung la mdt nhttng ydu td inh budng ddn cich giio due Vf du, thi dd dgi hpe li mdt gia tri xa hdi da tao 50 TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), - 2012 sic dp khidn cac bic cha me "ydu ciu cao d con"; te ngn xa hdi la mdt nguy co rinh rip khid'n nhidu bic cha me phii "kidm soit chit che"; ban nhiiu cdng viec thdi budi kinh td thi trudng khid'n mdt sd cha me "khdng cd thdi gian quan tim dd'n con" Nd'u so sinh mic dd ddc doin va din chi phong cich giio due cia cha me vdi trai va gii, tbi cha me ddc doin vdi trai d mic cao hon (p = 0,001) Tuy nhidn, so sinh ing x i cua cha me vdi trai, gii d cic mdnh dd ridng le, ching tdi nhin thi'y mdt sd khic bidt cd f nghia nhu sau: Cic sd lidu d bing cho thi'y, nhttng tre nam thudng dupe khen ngpi, khfch 16 nhidu ban vi cha me cung cd nhttng yeu ciu d tre nam cao hon, cdn cic em ntt bj kidm soit chat che ban Didu niy cd thd xuit phit t i quan didm truydn thdng cic gia dinh coi trpng trai ban gii Nhing tre nam duoc khfch le nhidu hon vi cha me cung cd nhttng yeu ciu d tre nam cao bon vi cic em se li nhttng ngudi quan ttpng gia dinh, ddng hp Viec cic em nam dupe tu hon, cic em ntt bj kidm soit chit che hon cd thd cd ly do: Tbi nhi't la, ngoii viec hpc, cic em ntt phii cd trich nhiem nhidu hpn cic cdng vide ndi trp gia dinh; Thi hai li, bin qui cua nhttng mdi quan hd tinh yeu, linh due tudi vi nien ddi vdi cic em gii nang nd ban rit nhidu so vdi cic em trai, cd le vi thd cha me thudng kidm soit cac em gii nhidu ban Bdng 5: Mdt sdkhdc biil trpng cdch ling xic cita cha me vdi ddu vd thic hai (gid tri trung binh) Cach ing xii cua cha me Nghiem khic vdi Hay ming md, phe phin Gia tri trung binh Do idch chuan Con thi nhit 3,74 0,92 Con thi hai 3,48 0,93 Con thi nhit 2,80 0,95 Con thi hai 2,43 1,00 T h i tu Micy nghia 0,04 0,01 Nhin chung, khdng cd su khac bidt phong cich giio due cua cha me vdi diu vi thi bai 'Tuy nhidn, cd su khic bidt cd f nghia d mdt sd cich ing x i ridng le cua cha me vdi diu va tbi hai Anh hirdng ciia phong each giio due ddi vdi tudi vj nien TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), - 2012 51 - Anh hudng Idi ttx ddnh gid cua crm Tim hidu tuong quan giia phong cich giio due din chi vi ddc doin cua cha me vdi ttr dinh gii cia trd, ching tdi thu dupe kdt qui nhu sau: cd sit tucmg quan nghich vd khd rd nil giia mic dd ddc doin cua cha me vdi mic dd tu danh gii cua tre vd vai tr6 vi vj thd cua minh gia dinh (r = - 0,342, vdi p = 0,000) Ngupc lai, cd sii tuang quan thudn gitta mic dd din chi cua cha me vdi mic dd tu dinh gii cia tre vd ITnh vuc niy (r = 0,343 vdi p = 0,000) Phin tich hdi qui cho thiy ro ring, phong cich ddc doin cd inh hudng tidu cue ddn tu dinh gii cua tre vd vai trd vi vj thd cia minh gia dinh (R = 0,345, R Square = 0,119, p = 0,000) Tre thudng nghi ring minh Id ganh ndng cho gia dinh; cam thdy thU&ng xuyin bi chi trdeh khdng ddng bi nhu the; cdm thdy mpi ngudi Irong gia dinh khdng quan Idm din Ire; cdm thdy minh Id ngudi thda gia dinh; ludn co cdm tudng Id mpi ngUdi gia dinh thich nhiing ngu&i khdc han; tin Id gia dinh se tdt han khdng co Ire; cdm thdy minh Id dd bd di; vd ihich d mdt gia dinh khde hem Kd't qua nghidn ciu cung cho thi'y, cha me cd phong cich din chu thi hp thu&ng cim thi'y minh ed vi Iri quan trpng Irong gia dinh; cam thdy bd me diu hieu minh; cdm thdy duac mgi ngu&i quan tdm, yeu thucmg; cdm thdy gia dinh lif hdo vi minh; ludn cdm thdy thodi mdi gia dinh; vd hdi Idng ve gia dinh cda minh Ngoai ra, phong cich giio due cdn cd inh hudng tdi tu dinh gii cua tre d mpt sd ITnh vuc khic, nhung mic dp anh hudng khdng manh Vf du, phong each giio due dpc doin cd anh hudng tidu cue tdi tu dinh gii cia tre vd vai trd vi vj thd cia minh nhdm ban Cdc em thudng cdm thdy c6 dan nhdm, hay cdi vd it duac ede bgn Irong nhom hoi y kie'n Ngupc lai, tre cd cha me din chi thudng tu dinh gii minh li ngudi cd uy tin nhdm ban, duac bgn be quy men vd tin ludng - Anh hu&ng t&i tinh cdch ciia Nhu da ndu d phin trdn, cha me thudng nghidm khic vi hay ming md, phd phin dia thi nhit hon Didu niy inh hudng dd'n die didm tinh cich cua cic nhu thd nio? Khio sit dinh gii cia cha me vi cii vd mdt sd die didm nhin cich, tinh cich cua chfnh cic em, ching tdi thiy ring, xdt trung binh vd mit thd'ng kd, cha me dinh gii dia t h i hai cd ning thi'ch ing tdt hon, tu tin ban va cd suy nghi tfch cue ban Bin thin tre la t h i hai cung tu dinli gii minh cd ning thfch ing tdt hon so vdi nhdm tre la t h i nhit Ngoai ra, nhttng tre li tbi nhit thudng "khd chju vdi su ciin doin", "khdng nghe ldi 52 TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), 4-2012 ngudi ldn", "de cd nhttng hanh vi kfch ddng", "tu dinh gii bin thin thip" ban so vdi t h i hai Tai cha me bay ming md, phe phin dia thi nhit nhidu hon thi hai vi tai cd su khac biet gitta mdt sd die didm tfnh cich nhu viy? Theo ching tdi, mdi cd dia diu tidn, cha me chua cd kinh nghidm nudi day con, chua hidu nhttng didn bidn tim sinh ly cia con, din ddn nhitng ing x i khdng phi hpp, bay ming md Vi bj ming nhidu, dia thu&ng khd chju, khdng nghe l&i cha me, dd ndi ciu Them vio dd, gia dinh cd dia tre thi hai thi dia t h i nhi't cung ft dupe quan tim vi hay bj sai khidn nhidu hon Didu cing lam cho dia thi nhit dd cd nhttng phin ing tieu cue hon ddi vdi su ming md vi yeu ciu cua ngudi ldn Kd't qui nghidn ciu cung cho thi'y, mdt sd cich giio due cua cha me cd tic ddng inh hudng kha manh ddn die didm tfnh cich cia ndi chung Vf du; Khi cha me thudng xuydn "ling nghe, tdn trpng nhing y kid'n cua con" va "ludn khich Id, ing hp cii" tbi hp "cd ning lim chi bin thin" tdt ban (vdi R = 0,307, R Square = 0,095, p < 0,01, bd sd p lin luot la 0,170 vi 0,186) Khi cha me "khdng cd thdi gian dd quan tim dd'n con" va "bay ming md, phd phin" thi thudng "khdng nghe ldi ngudi ldn" (vdi R = 0,355, R Square = 0,098, p < 0,01, he sd p lin lupt la 0,170 vi 0,255) Khi cha me "ft kbi bieu 16 su khfch Id" vi "hay ming md, phd phin" tbi hp dd "cd tfnh giy gd" (vdi R = 0,256, R Square = 0,07, p < 0,01, he sd p lin lupt li 0,133 v i 0,183) Khi cha me "it kidm soit" vi "hay khen ngpi" tbi hp thu&ng "cd tfnh sing tao" ban (vdi R = 0,339, R Square = 0,115, p < 0,01, hd sd p lin lupt la 0,202 vi 0,245) v.v s Cha m? c6 cich giio due thdng nhit • Cha m? c6 cich giio dgc thdng nhit m^t phin D Cha m? c6 cich giio dMC ifh&ng thdng nhit Bieu dd 1: Ti li gia dinh v&i ede mdc thdng nhdt trang each pao due TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), 4-2012 53 Tim hieu su thd'ng nhit cich giio due gitta cha va me, chung tdi thu dupe kd't qui nhu sau, sd 256 gia dinh dupe didu tra thi 25% cip cha me cd cich giio due thdng nhi't vdi nhau, 16% - khdng thd'ng nhit vdi nhau, 59% - thd'ng nhit mdt phin (theo dinh gii cua cha me vi cic con) So sinh die didm tfnh cich cua trd bai nhdm gia dinh thdng nhit vi khdng thd'ng nhi't cho thi'y cd nhttng khic bidt ding chi f Khi cha me khdng thd'ng nhit cich giio due thi hp thu&ng "khdng nghe ldi ngudi ldn", "khd chju vdi su cim doin", "sdng khdng cd nd ndp, khdng cd ky luit", "tu dinh gii bin thin thip", "cic ky ning xa h(5i kdm", "hay lo iu, cing thing" nhidu hon Khi cha vi me thd'ng nhit cich giio diic thi hp thudng "li ngudi tu tin", "cd klia ning lim chu ban thin", "sdng vui ve, cdi md vdi mpi ngudi xung quanh" d mic cao hon Tdm lai Hai phong cich giio due chidm ti Id cao nhit d cic bic cha me li phong cich din chi va phong cich ddc doin Khi cha me din chi thi hp thu&ng tu tin, cd ning lim chi bin thin, cim thiy dupe ydu thuang, dupe tdn trpng Cic em cung tu danh gii vd vj thd cua minh gia dinh cttng nhu nhdm ban cao bon Ngupc lai, cha me ddc doin giy cho tre cam giic vd tfch su vi khdng duoc ydu thuong Cic em thu&ng tu dinh gii bin thin thip vi khdng tu tin Phong cich giio due cua cha me hiu nhu khdng phu thudc vio trinh dd hpc vi'n cua hp trinh dp hpc vin nao cung cd ngudi din chi, cd ngu&i ddc doin Tuy nhidn, cic bic cha me trinh dd dai hpc cd xu hudng ydu ciu cao va bit phii nghe theo y minh nhidu hon so vdi nhdm cha me cd trinh dp bpc vin thip Ngoii ra, sir thdng nhit cich giio due gitta cha va me li mdt nhttng ydu td cd inh hudng rit tfch cue ddi vdi su hinh thinh v i phit tridn tfnh cich cua Trdn diy li nhttng kdt qui nghien ciu budc diu vd phong cich giio due cua cha me va inh hudng cia nd ddi vdi tudi vi thinh nien Chung tdi hy vpng se cd cic nghien cihi tidp theo dd tri ldi cho ciu hdi "phong each giio due nio li phi hpp nhit, cd lpi nhit cho su phit tridn nhin each tre vi thinh nien bdi cinh vin hda xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay?" Tai lieu tham khao D Baumrind, The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use, Joumal of Early Adolescence 11 (1), 1991, 56 54 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), - 2012 J.C Grace, B Don, Human development Ninth Edition, Prentice Hall, 2002 R.S David, Developmental psychology Childhood and Adolescence., Sixth Edition, Wadsworth, Thomson Leammg Inc., 2002 Truong Thj Khanh Ha, Phong cdch gido due cua cha me Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hdi vi Nhin van Tap 27, Sd 3, 2011, trang 162 -169 Td chic Plan tai Viet Nam, Phuang phdp ky ludt Uch cue, Tai lidu hudng din cho tip huih vien, 2009 TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (157), 4-2012 55 ... 2,3% cha me cd phong cich phd mac, khdng quan tim, khdng doii hoii gi dd'n (bing 2) Ngoii ra, nhidu bic cha me cd phong cich pha trdn gitta cac phong cich ndu trdn Phin tfch so sanh So sinh phong. .. chuan Con thi nhit 3,74 0,92 Con thi hai 3,48 0,93 Con thi nhit 2,80 0,95 Con thi hai 2,43 1,00 T h i tu Micy nghia 0,04 0,01 Nhin chung, khdng cd su khac bidt phong cich giio due cua cha me... cha me v i dinh gii cua vd phong cich giao due cua cha me khdng cd su khic bidt vi tuong quan vdi chat (r phong each TAPCHfTAMLyHPC,Sd4(157),4-2012 47 din chu = 0,592, r phong cich ddc doin = 0,597,