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Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.Mối quan hệ giữa phong cách giáo dục của cha mẹ với hành vi hung tính của trẻ 3 6 tuổi.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION TRAN THI THAM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS OF CHILDREN AGED – YEARS Major: Psychology Code: 9.31.04.01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON PSYCHOLOGY HA NOI - 2022 The research project is completed at DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL - EDUCATION – HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN DUC SON Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Le Van Hao Institute of Psychology Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Duong Thi Hoang Yen University of Education – Ha Noi National University Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Le Minh Nguyet Ha Noi National University of Education The thesis will be reviewed by the Council of Thesis Evaluation at the Department of Psychology – Education, Hanoi National University of Education at… on /…./ 2022 The thesis can be found at: - The National Library, Ha Noi, Viet Nam - The Library of Hanoi National University of Education INTRODUCTION Background It is considered that family is the first cultural and social environment to nurture the child's soul Significantly, influences from the family in the early stages of each life can make a strong impression, as if this is a second human instinct In particular, a child’s psychological and behavioral development is oriented and formed by their parenting styles as underground flows upon directly or indirectly process This can be positive or negative impact depending on education style that parents use In contrast, the parenting style is formed in the process of interacting, educating and taking care of their child Therefore, the child's behavior can also have some reverse influence, contributing to the success or change the parenting style Thus, there is a close relationship between the parenting style and the child's behavior In fact, a group of parents with their authoritarian parenting style leads to their child’s undesirable behaviors, especially aggressive behavior For example, parents are too strict and overcontrol to their kids, who often use their strict discipline as punishment that cause physical and psychological injury to children Children in these families often tend to be frustrated by express their aggressive behavior Then, parents will increase their power by being more repressiveness, controlling and punishment In contrast to authoritarian parents, some permissive or indulgent parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or control on them, will form the attitude of “request all the time” in their children As the needs of these children are not met, many aggressive behaviors will be happened towards someone else such as frustrating, hostility, bullying, attacking or even self-harming To handle those behaviors of children, parents can easily either compromise or negotiate or spoil them for various reasons (over-indulge them, or not want them to disturb, or keep their pride ) Thus, it is a "vicious cycle" that both parents and children hardly find the way out of, that is: inappropriate parenting style - child's aggressive behaviors – the more inappropriate parenting style - the more aggressive the child's behaviors Therefore, it is essential to have many studies on the relationship between the parenting styles and the child's aggressive behavior, which makes some implications to the appropriate parenting style to help to decrease aggressive behaviors of children Antonio Fe'lix Raya Trenas et al (2013), Doaa Kadry et al (2017), Juan F Casas et al (2006), Michael J MacKenzie et al (2014), Rikuya Hosokawa and Toshiki Katsura (2019) have shown in their studies on the relationship between two elements in the direction that parenting styles could affect and predict the level of aggressive behaviors in their children There were also a few studies in Vietnam on the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children, especially developing the preschoolers' traits of personality and psychology Le Thanh Ha (2019) one of a few researchers of this field explored the relationship between parenting styles and child bullying behavior of students at secondary schools Ho Thi Thuy Hang (2018) has just initially pointed out the influence of parenting styles on aggressive behaviors of 5-6-year-old children That is, the more strict and authoritarian parents are, the higher level of aggressive behavior in their child is presented However, the results of the above studies have not paid enough attention to the reverse relationship that is children’s aggressive behaviors could affect to parenting styles Absolutely, back and forth or side relationship between the parenting styles and the aggressive behavior of preschool children on Vietnamese sample should be further clarified in various studies It is basic foundation to help Vietnamese parents to adapt and accommodate appropriate parenting style, thereby contributing to limit their children's aggressive behavior early from their preschool age Based on the above reasons, the issue study on "relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years" was selected for implementing Research Purpose Assessing the direction of the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behavior of children aged - years Then, proposing measures of an appropriate parenting style for parents in limiting aggressive behavior of children aged 3-6 years Research subject and sample size 3.1 Research subject The back-and-forth relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behavior of children aged - years 3.2 Sample size - 365 children from to years old, including 174 children are studying at Hoa Huong Duong kindergarten in Cau Giay district, Hanoi and 191 children are studying at My Trung kindergarten in My Loc district, Nam Dinh - 365 either fathers or mothers of participated children - 14 teachers of participated children at 14 kindergarten classrooms Hypothesis The parenting styles and the aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years have an interactive relationship, as follows: - Children of parents practicing authoritative parenting style are less likely to show aggressive behaviors Whereas, children of parents practicing authoritarian or permissive parenting style tend to show more aggressive behaviors - Similarly, parents of children aged - years showing less aggressive behaviors often have authoritative parenting style And parents of children to years old exhibiting a high degree of aggressive behaviors, their parents often have an authoritarian or permissive parenting style Targeted tasks - Overview studies related to the relationship among parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years - Set up a theoretical basis on the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6-years - Investigatee and analyze the current status on parenting styles, child's level of aggressive behaviors, thereby assess back and forth relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children from to years old - Proposing some spychotherapy measures and doing experiment to help parents choose an appropriate parenting style, thereby contributing to limit aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years Scope of research 6.1 Research objectives The relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years has been studied in the process of adaily activities at preschool and at home in two following directions: Firstly, the predictive level of how parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative or permissive style) are affected by aggressive behavioral manifestations (physical, verbal, relational) of children aged 3-6 years Secondly, the predictive level of how aggressive behavior expression patterns (physical, verbal, and relational) of children - years old are affected by parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative or permissive style) 6.2 Participants and research sites 365 children from - years old (without physical disabilities and/or trauma and psychological disorders) were involved in the study; 365 fathers/mothers of these children and 14 preschool teachers directly taking care of and educating these children Hoa Huong Duong kindergarten in Cau Giay district, Hanoi and My Trung kindergarten in My Loc district, Nam Dinh are sites of the study Approach and research methodology 7.1 Approach - Systematic approach - Operational approach - Developmental psychology approach - Cultural approach 7.2 Research Methodology To carry out this study, research methods are used in combination, including: - Documentary review - Surveys - Observations - Interviews - Case studies - Experiments - Data analysis by mathematical statistics Contribution of Dissertation 8.1 Theoretical contribution Dissertation overviewed some research directions on the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behavior in children aged 3-6 years It has also systematized and contributed to clarify some theoretical issues about the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children from - years old On the basis of international and national researches, the dissertation has inherited and designed an assessment tool to measure aggressive behavior for children aged 3-6 years, initially meeting standards of reliability through Cronbach's alpha analysis, analyzing exploratory factor EFA in assessment tool design 8.2 Practical contribution Some following practical contributions were presented: - Indicate the situation of practicing parenting styles and actual level and form of aggressive behavior expression of children from 3-6-years old - Recognize the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years on a sample of Vietnamese people, which are: Parenting styles affects children's aggressive behaviors in both ways: the more parents use the authoritative parenting style, the less children show aggressive behavior, as well as the more parents use authoritarian or permissive parenting styles, the more aggressive behaviors the child shows and vice versa The child's aggressive behaviors also affected to parenting styles in a weaker extent as the more aggressive the child showed, the more parents tended to use the authoritarian or liberal parenting styles and vice versa - Find out some factors acting as control variables (parent's gender, child's gender, regional culture) and moderator variables (father/mother-child relationship) in the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged - years - Proposing some psychotherapy measures to direct parents in using appropriate parenting styles, thereby contributing to limit 3-6 years old children’s aggressive behaviors and carrying out an experiment Structure of dissertation In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references, table of contents, list of published relevant research works and appendices, it consists of three chapters: Chapter Theoretical basis of the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children from - years old Chapter Carrying out research and its methodologies Chapter Results of practical research on the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children - years old CHAPTER THEORETICAL BASIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS OF CHILDREN AGED YEARS 1.1 Literature review 1.1.1 Studies on parenting styles From the perspective of psychology and education, there have been many international and local researchers focusing on learning about parenting styles These studies can be generalized into three main research directions: The first direction: Research on models and assessment tools of parenting style Theoretical studies on parenting style were mainly interested in two issues: the first one was the model of parenting styles Based on parenting dimensions (support/responsiveness and control/ demandingness), parenting styles were divided into types: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful parenting style (Baumrind, 1991), (Maccoby and Martin 1983), ect The second one was to develop assessment tools on parenting styles such as Parenting Style Ddimension Questionaires (PSDQ) by Clyde C Robinson et al (1995, 2001), Parental Behavior Scale (PBS) by Van Leeuwen and Vermulst (2004) Additionally, there were a number of tools designed to assess parenting style in terms of parenting dimensions (support, behavioral control, psychological control) such as: Parent-Child Subsystem Quality Scale - PCSQS by Daniel TL Shek et al (2016), Child's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory - CRPBI by Schaefer (1965) The second direction: Research on parenting styles in different cultures R.K Chao (1994), X Chen et al (1997), F Chen and T Luster (2002), N.T.T Hang and T.N.T.M Tam (2003), Tatyana Mestechkina et al (2014) pointed out parents in different cultures tended to use different parenting styles While European parents mainly have practiced the authoritative parenting style, parents in Asian countries such as China, Taiwan, Vietnam, ect have gradually shifted from authoritarian parenting style to authoritative Strongly clearly 87 Total 365 23,8 91 100 365 24,9 3 100 Note: Min = 1, Max = 5, the higher M is the higher level of aggression is Parents and teachers have quite similar in assessing the level of aggressive behavior expression of children - years old (p > 0.05) The majority of preschool children - years old in the study expressed their unclearly aggressive behaviors or quite clearly ones (76.17% parents and 75.07% teachers) Besides, the rest of studied children showed their strongly clearly aggressive behavior expression (23.83% parents and 24.93% teachers) These children often had a variety of behaviors such as hitting or threatening to hit others, swearing at others, saying provocative words to others This result is quite similar to the results obtained in the study of Ho Thuy Hang (2019) Then, it is required for educators to pay attention properly and implement appropriate measures to limit aggressive behaviors from preschool age In this study, the evaluation of preschool teachers was used as the basis for determining level of aggressive behavior expression of children - years old; and the parents' evaluation was utilized for reference, comparison, and contributing to the teachers’ evaluation 3.2.2 Aggressively behavioral manifestation of children aged 3-6 years According to preschool teachers, aggressive behaviors of 3-6 years old manifested in various forms In this situation, children from 3-6 years old tended to perform their relational aggressive behaviors 0.05 points higher than physical aggressive behaviors and 0.13 points higher than verbal aggressive behaviors Doing one-way anova lead to a statistically significant difference between level of relational aggression and verbal aggression of children from – years old (p = 0.015) 3.2.3 Comparison aggressive behavior manifestation of children from 3-6 years old in the relations to different factors We compared expression level of aggressive behavior in children from 3-6 years old by variables of gender, age and place of residence of a child The results showed that: Boys have a higher tendency to exhibit aggressive behaviors than girls (t = 3.37 and p = 0.001), especially in the form of physical aggression and verbal aggression 18 Children - years old had a higher level of aggressive behavior expression than children at age of - years old (p = 0.00) and children at age of - years old (p = 0.01) Children - years old in Nam Dinh province tended to exhibit physically aggressive behavior significantly higher than children of the same age studied in Hanoi (p = 0.001) 3.3 Relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 36 years 3.3.1 Correlation between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of their children To determine the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years, the study investigated the correlation between parenting styles, parenting dimensions and aggressive behaviors of their children and the results were indicated in Table 3.11 Table 3.11 Correlation between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of their children Correlation Parenting Style Parenting dimensions Aggressive Behaviors Aggressive Behavior Type Physical Verbal Relational Authoritarian 0,336** 0,237** 0,308** 0,235** Authoritative - 0,240** - 0,175** - 0,215** - 0,166** Permissive 0,340** 0,232** 0,320** 0,239** Support - 0,200** - 0,143** - 0,134** - 0,191** Behavioral control 0,317** 0,231** 0,240** 0,270** Psychological control 0,260** 0,232** 0,179** 0,190** 19 ** Correlation as 0,01 The parenting style as well as the parenting dimensions were correlated but not closely with the aggressive behaviors of children 3-6 years old By the way authoritative parenting style and parental supporting are negatively correlated with aggressive behavior of children (p < 0.01), i.e., the more parents used authoritative parenting style and the more they supported to their children, the less aggressive their children behaved and vice versa Whereas, parents used either authoritarian or permissive parenting styles as well as behavioral control or psychological control were positively correlated with children's aggressive behavior (p < 0.01) The reality showed that the more parents practiced either authoritarian or permissive parenting style or controlling their children, the more aggressive their children tend to display and vice versa 3.3.2 Impact of parenting styles to their children's aggressive behaviors There are many relevant factors that can affect aggressive behaviors of children aged to years and within the scope of the study, we analyzed univariate and multivariate regression by SPSS to find out the impact of parenting styles to their children's aggressive behaviors The table 3.12 was the results as follows: Table 3.12 Predict the impact of parenting styles to their children's aggressive behaviors Parenting style Children’s aggressive behaviors Beta R2 Beta Authoritarian 0,336** 0,110 0,260** Authoritative -0,240** 0,055 - 0,237** Permissive 0,340** 0,113 0,132* R2 0,182 *: p < 0,05; **: p < 0,01 The linear regression results pointed out parenting style could predict 18.2% of aggressive behaviors in their 3- 6- year- old children (p < 0.05), which had the highest impact on children's aggressive behavior was the authoritarian parenting style as a beta coefficient of /0.260/ (p < 0.01) Then, authoritative parenting style with beta co-efficiency is /- 0.237/ (p < 0.01) was the second rank and the lowest ranking was permissive parenting style with beta coefficient of /0.132/ (p < 0.05) Faithfully the study referred to each type of parenting style affects children's aggressive behaviors in different ways If parents regulated more strictly or neglected their children in the process of educating them, then their children would express much more 20 aggressive in their behaviors and vice versa (positive effect with positive beta coefficient) The more parents carried out authoritative parenting style, the lower the child's level of aggressive behavior was and vice versa (negative effect with negative beta coefficient) Additionally, the study also investigated the impact of parenting styles on each symptom of aggressive behaviors which was pointed out the results in Table 3.13 as follows: Table 3.13 Predict the impact of parenting styles to their children's aggressive behaviors Parenting styles Authoritarian Authoritative Permissive Children’s aggressive behaviors Physical Verbal Relational 2 Beta R Beta R Beta R2 0,196** 0,225** 0,179* -0,176** 0,087 -0,210** 0,152 -0,164** 0,085 0,075 0,139* 0,096 *: p < 0,05; **: p < 0,01 Based on parenting style, we could predict verbal aggression in children - years old as 15.2%, then physical aggression reported by 8.7% and relational aggression reported by 8,5% Authoritative parenting style has a negative impact on children's aggressive behavior modes (Beta > 0); while authoritarian and permissive parenting style positively affect children's aggressive behavior modes (Beta < 0) However, the level of impact of permissive parenting style on either physical or relational aggressive behaviors was not statistically significant with p > 0.05 Parenting style was expressed through parenting dimensions Therefore, the study investigated the ability to predict the impact of parenting dimensions on aggressive behavior of children 3-6 years old and the results were obtained in Table 3.14: Table 3.14 Parenting dimensions affected to aggressive behavior 21 Parenting dimensions Children’s aggressive behaviors Beta R2 Beta Support -0,200** 0,037 -0,252** Behavioral control 0,317** 0,098 0,329** R2 0,197 Psychological 0,260** 0,065 0,190** Control The results of the linear regression showed that the parenting dimensions could be a predication on aggressive behavior of children - years old as up to 19.7% While behavioral and psychological control from parents affected to children's aggressive behaviors in the positive direction, parental support affected to children's aggressive behavior in the opposite direction This result is a practical basis so that attention should be paid to strengthening the authoritative parenting style as well as parents’support and decreasingly applied authoritarian parenting style, or permissive parenting styles and parental controls when looking for solutions to limit aggressive behavior of children aged 3-6 years 3.3.3 The influence of aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years to parenting style Parenting style was formed under the influence of many different factors However, this study only explored the impact of children's aggressive behaviors on parenting style The results were presented at Table 3.16: Table 3.16 The impact of children's aggressive behaviors on parenting style Children’s aggressive behaviors Physical AB Verbal AB Relational AB Authoritarian PS Beta R2 0,112* 0,212** 0,109 0,104 Parenting style (PS) Authoritative PS Permissive PS Beta -0,089 -0,143* -0,074 R2 0,051 Beta 0,099 0,230** 0,105 R2 0,114 *: p < 0,05; **: p < 0,01 Aggressive behavior of children aged 3-6 years can predict parenting styles in different levels Specifically, parenting style was predicted through aggressive behavior of children as 11.4% in permissive parenting style, 10.9% in authoritarian parenting style and 5.1% in authoritative parenting style 22 However, each child's aggressive behavior pattern has a different impact on the parenting style Verbal aggressive behavior of children has the strongest impact on permissive parenting style (beta = /0.230/, p < 0.01), the next one was authoritarian parenting style (beta = /0.212/, p) < 0.01) and authoritative parenting style (beta = /- 0.143/, p < 0.05) This result regarded to children when acting their verbal aggression, parents were less likely to present authoritative parenting style, tend to replace by permissive or authoritarian parenting style and vice versa Children's physically aggressive behavior had only positively impact on authoritarian parenting style (beta = /0.112/, p < 0.05) and without impact on other styles (beta = /0.112/, p < 0.05) p > 0.05) That is, the higher aggressive the child performed physical behavior, the more parents tended to use an authoritarian style in their child's education and vice versa Due to relational aggressive behavior of a child had no strong impact on parenting style as no statistical significance with p > 0.05, it was excluded from the impact model Interviewing the parents of also found that many parents (22/36 people) ignored and permissive as their children who not played with friends or inciting others to force following their requirements Because they think it was not a manifestation of aggressive behavior Therefore, the child's relationship-aggressive behaviors cause fewer negative emotions for parents and also have little effect on the parenting styles In addition, we also investigated the impact of children's aggressive behavior on parenting dimensions The results obtained in Table 3.17: Table 3.17 The impact of children's aggressive behavior on aspects of parental educational behaviors Children’s aggressive Parenting dimensions (PD) behaviors Support Behavioral Psychological control control 2 Beta R Beta R Beta R2 Physical AB -0,082 0,129* 0,172** Verbal AB -0,030 0,03 0,101 0,052 0,097 0,112 Relational AB 0,184** 0,112 0,151* *: p < 0,05; **: p < 0,01 Aggressive behavior of children - years old also had an impact on the parenting dimensions, but the level of impact was not strong and uneven frequency in parenting dimensions Parent's support to a child was affected negatively by the aggressive behaviors within a child's relationship as beta = - 0.151 (p < 0.05) That is, the more a child exhibited relational-aggressive behavior, the less parents would support to the child, and vice versa 23 The parental psychological control only affected in the positive direction through child's physically aggressive behavior with a beta coefficient of 0.172 (p < 0.01) And the parental control of the child's behavior is positively influenced by both forms of aggressive behavior of the child in relational and physical pattern as the corresponding beta coefficient of 0.184 (p < 0, 01) and 0.129 (p < 0.05) That means the higher level of physical and relational aggression a child exhibited, the more control parents have over the child's behavior and psychology, and vice versa On the basis of two-way impact analysis, it is possible to represent the relationship between the parenting style, as well as the parenting dimensions, and the aggressive behavior of 3-6-year-old children using the diagram 3.7 and 3.8 as follows: Child’s aggression Parenting styles +,112* +,196** Authoritarian PS (10,9%) Physical AB (8,7%) +,225** +,179* Authoritative PS (5,1%) Permissive PS (11,4%) -,176** +,212** -,210** -,143* -,164** +,230** Verbal AB (15,2%) Relational AB (8,5%) +,139* Diagram 3.7 Relations between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children Child’s aggression Parenting dimensions -,177** Support (3,7%) -,175** +,129* -,239** +,172** Physical AB (11,4%) +,231** Behavioral control (9,7%) Verbal AB (9,9%) +,250** +,291** +,183** Psychological control (11,2%) -,151* +,126* +,184** +,127* 24 Relational AB (14,1%) Diagram 3.8 Relations of parenting dimensions and aggressive behaviors of children Thus, there was a correlation and mutual influence among the parenting styles and the aggressive behaviors of 3-6-year-old children However, dimension of impact from parenting style on aggressive behaviors of 3-6-year-old children was highly clearly stronger This result was a practical basis for educators to develop measures that focus on changing parenting styles towards democracy, increasing child support, thereby contributing to limiting children's aggressive behavior And when the child's aggressive behavior is limited, it also has a positive effect on the parent's educational style 3.4 Some influence factors to relations of parenting styles and aggressive behaviors aged 3-6 years By regression analysis, the results showed that there was a number of factors that acted as control variables (gender of parents and children, regional culture) and moderator variables (father/mother – child relationship) in the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behavior of children - years old Diagram 3.12 presented these relations: Moderating variable: Father/Mother – child relationship Parenting styles Children’s aggressive behaviors 25 Controlled variables: - Gender of parents - Gender of children - Regions Diagram 3.12 Monitor variables participating in relationships of parenting styles and children’s aggressive behaviors 3.5 Result of the case study Dissertation has analyzed three parent-child pairs and found that there was a close relationship between parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative and permissive) and aggressive behavior of children – years old 3.6 Proposed measures and experipsychological application 3.6.1 Psychological measure Proposing We proposed psychological measures, including: Firstly, parents need to form skills at setting up rules and limiting their children's behaviors appropriately and clearly Secondly, parents should have skills at using appropriate rewards and punishments in different educational situations Thirdly, strengthening the close father/mother-child relationship Fourthly, some basic suggestions for parents to solve specific problems in different educational situations 3.6.2 Experiment Results After months of experiment, the results showed that proposed psychological impact measures were highly feasible in improving the parenting dimensions towards authoritative parenting style From the change, it has contributed to limiting the aggressive behavior of children from - years old participating in the experiment 26 Summary of Chapter A back-and-forth relationship between the parenting style and the aggressive behavior of children 3-6 years old was still existed Authoritative parenting style was negatively correlated with children's aggressive behavior and predicted low-level aggressive behavior of children; the authoritarian parenting style and the permissive parenting style were positively In contrast, aggressive behavior of children aged 3-6 years could predict a higher level of authoritarian and permissive parenting style than authoritative style The study has proposed psychological impact measures to guide parents to build and use authoritative parenting style in the process of educating their children, thereby contributing to limiting children's aggressive behaviors at age from to years The experiment results have confirmed that the proposed measures were feasible to improve the parenting styles and limiting the child's level of aggressive behaviors 27 CONCLUSION Conclusion On the basis of analyzing, synthesizing and generalization of a number of documents and research works of previous authors, a number of fundapsychological concepts were developed including parenting style, aggressive behavior of children aged years, the relationship between parenting style and aggressive behavior of children - years old We used a combination of research methods such as questionnaire, observation, interview, case study and experipsychological On the basis of results obtained through the research, we made some conclusions as follows: First, most parents of children aged 3-6 years who participated in the study used a combination of styles in their process of educating their children depending on the specific educational circumstances However, authoritative parenting style was ranked by most of parents as the most typical parenting style, the authoritarian parenting style ranked the second and the last one was permissive parenting style Second, level of aggressive behavior of children assessed by preschool teachers and children's parents was similar Most of surveyed children performed their aggressive behavior symptom but only about ¼ of children with obviously clear symptoms Third, the child's aggressive behavior was manifested in three forms, in which the child showed the highest level of relational aggression (especially 4-5-year-old children), then respecttively in physical aggression and verbal aggression Fourth, a back-and-forth relationship between the parenting style and the aggressive behavior of children 3-6 years old was still existed Parenting styles and parenting dimensions were correlated and could predict aggressive behaviors of children from 3-6 years old In contrast, the aggressive behaviors of 3- to 6-year-old children could also predict parenting styles and parenting dimensions in a lower extent Specifically: Parenting styles affected to children's aggressive behaviors: Authoritative parenting style with strongly support and behavioral control from their parents was negatively correlated with children's aggressive behavior and predicted low-level aggressive behavior of children In contrast, the authoritarian parenting style (with a high degree of parental control over both the child's behavior and psychology) and the permissive parenting style (moderate or higher support and control at low level) were positively Aggressive behavior of children affects parenting styles: Aggressive behavior of children aged 3-6 years could predict a higher level of authoritarian and permissive parenting style than authoritative style Impact of verbal and physical aggression on parenting style is more powerful than the impact of child’s relational aggressive behaviors 28 Fifth, relationship between parenting styles and aggressive behaviors of children aged 3-6 years can be controlled by some variables (gender of parents, gender of children, regions and father/mother – child relationship) Sixth, we have described and analyzed three cases of parent-child pairs in order to clarify the relationship between each type of parent's typical parenting style and the child's aggressive behavior Seventh, the study has proposed a number of psychological impact measures to guide parents to build and use authoritative parenting style in the process of educating their children, thereby contributing to limiting children's aggressive behaviors at age from to years The experiment results have confirmed that the proposed measures were feasible to improve the parenting styles and limiting the child's level of aggressive behaviors However, these measures should be further applied on a large scale to verify their effectiveness and adjusted in different subjects, conditions and circumstances Recommendations Within the scope of the research, we would like to propose some recommendations as follows: Implication for parents Parents should form and use an authoritative parenting style to support intensively to their child and control behavior instead of psychological control in the process of educating them Some suggestions should be provided as follows: In the process of taking care and educating children, parents need to pay attention to setting up clear rules of expected behaviors which should be appropriate to their child's psycho-physiological characteristics At the same time, parents need to explain, guide and regularly remind children to understand, remember and voluntarily follow the set rules Making some encouragement, rewards and praise for your child in a timely manner when he or she has good performance and making efforts This means that parents should not have an attitude of criticism, ridicule or denial of their child's efforts Parents should not label negatively their children such as bad, dumb but always respect and believe in their child's progress - Parents should build a close relationship between parents and children by regularly talking, listening to and sharing with their children, giving them a feeling of safety and trust them - Create a positive educational environment for children, a happy family atmosphere, harmony, peace of mind, happiness, without any violence Parents are good 29 model observed by their child in all aspects of behavior, gestures, discussion for their learning - Due to ability to control of children aged - years old has still some limitations and influenced by emotional factors, as children still have many negative spontaneous reactions and easily violation of the rules Therefore, parents need to control their emotions, behaviors, sayings, and calming, they can choose the right behavior for their children in those situations - Discipline is necessary to ensure that children not to exceed limitations, but parents also need to consider to choose positive discipline, avoiding negative forms of discipline Although negative discipline can work immediately in certain educational situations, it can negatively affect the long-term development of children Implications for preschools and preschool teachers - Preschool teachers are suggested to work closely with parents to set up consistent rules and behavioral principles agreed by school staff and family to help children to easily form their good behavior habits - Preschool teachers should discuss or share information regularly with parents to promptly grasp the child's situation and work with the parents to come up with appropriate care and education strategies for each child - Preschools can organize seminars and clubs for parents to raise their awareness in understanding the child's development and school educational methods This is the basis for parents to easily coordinate effectively with school in education for their children At the same time, seminars and clubs are also suggested to parents to have the opportunity to share and learn from each other about methods and ways of educating their children 30 31 LIST OF THE THESIS-RELATED PUBLISHED WORKS BY THE AUTHOR Tran Thi Tham (2018), The reality of aggressive behaviours in relative interaction of children at the age of early childhool, Proceedings the sixth international conference on school psychology “The role of school psychology in promoting well-being of students and families”, University of education publishing house, pp 335 – 343 Tran Thi Tham (2020), Response of early childhood teachers to deal with aggressive behavior of their preschoolers, HNUE journal of science (Educational Sciences), 65(11A), pp.169-177 Tran Thi Tham (2020), A quantitative research of parenting style to preschool children, HNUE Journal of Science (Educational Sciences), 65(12), pp 148 – 154 Tran Thi Tham, Nguyen Thi Thanh Nhan (2020), Response of parents to deal with aggressive behaviors of their preschool, International conference proceedings psychology – pedagogy for students’ development and happy schools, HNUE journal of science, pp 125 - 131 Tran Thi Tham (2021), Response of mothers to deal with aggressive behaviors of their – years old children, HNUE Journal of Science (Educational Sciences), 66(4), pp 131-140 Nguyen Thi Nhu Mai, Tran Thi Tham, Tran Thi Kim Lien, Observation signs of aggressive behaviors in peer interaction of preschoolers – A case study, HNUE Journal of Science (Educational Sciences), 66(4C), pp.158-168 Tran Thi Tham, Nguyen Duc Son (2022), Aggressive behaviors in peer interaction of preschoolers at their kindergarten, Journal of Psychology, 1(274) (posting approval date: 25/12/2021) Tran Thi Tham (coordinator) (2021), Measures to prevent and reduce aggressive behaviors of preschoolers, Research project on science and technology at the university level, Ha Noi National University of Education, Code number: SPHN 20-17 32 ... = 36 5) Quantity % Quantity % Quantity % – years old 64 36 ,8 59 30 ,9 1 23 33, 7 – years old 74 42,5 62 32 ,5 1 36 37 ,3 – years old 36 20,7 70 36 ,6 1 06 29,0 Age Average age 4,5 4,7 4 ,6 Male 95 54 ,6. .. 191) (n = 36 5) SL 13 % SL % SL % Father 60 34 ,5 39 20,4 99 27,1 Mother 114 65 ,5 152 79 ,6 266 72,9 Under 25 2,9 3, 7 12 3, 3 25 – 35 98 56 ,3 148 77,5 2 46 67,4 Over 35 71 40,8 36 18,8 107 29 ,3 Highschool... Unclearly Quan 95 % M Teachers’ evaluation ĐL C 26, 0 Quan % 122 33 ,4 1, 93 0,59 Quite clearly 1 83 50,1 1,91 0, 63 152 17 M ĐL C 41 ,6 t p 0,5 0 ,6 Strongly clearly 87 Total 36 5 23, 8 91 100 36 5 24,9 3 100