Hành vi giúp đỡ giữa những người hàng xóm ở hà nội

HANH VI GIUP DO GIOA NHONG NGUOI H A N G X O M O HA NOI B^l vi^t la mdt phan cua ket qua nghien ciru de tai cap co sd: Hanh w giup dd giifa nhOng ngu& hang x6m tai Ha Noi Vifn Tam ly hoc chQ tri, ThS Td Thuy Hanh Idm chQ nhiem PGS.TS Nguyen Thi Hoa Trudng phong Phdng Tdm ly hpc img dung, Vien Tdm ly hpc TOM TAT Hdnh vi giiip dd Id hdnh vi mang lgi lpi ich cho ngudi khde Ket qud nghien cim thuc tiin tren 155 khach thi d hai cum ddn cu cua Hd Npi cho ihdy hdnh yi giiip da giua nhiing ngudi hdng xdm diin a mde Irung binh Trong cdc tinh huong cd mirc dp khd khdn khde ngudi co nhu cdu giup da gap khd khdn han hdnh vi giiip dd dupe thuc hien thudng xuyen han Cd su khde biel vi muc dp ihudng xuyen thuc hi?n hdnh vi giiip da giira cdc nhdm khdeh thi theo dp ludi muc sdng ngudn gdc gia dinh vd ddc diem khu ddn cu Tir kh6a: Hdnh vi giup dd: Ngudi hdng xdm Ngdy nhgn bdi: 17/8/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/11/2016 1, DSt van de Hanh \ i giup dd la mdt dang hanh vi lich eye, mdt dang hanh vi ung hp xa hpi, hanh \ i cd dao dire Hanh vi dd cd tac ddng tich eye true tiep den cupc sdng ciia nhihig ngudi dugc giiip dd, giiip hp giam bdt hoac khic phye khd khan, bat lgi eugc sdng Dd cung la hanh vi dem lai sy ty hao vg ban than va nigm vui cho chii thg ciia hanh \i va gdp phan lam cho xa hdi tdt dep hon Hanh vi giup dd la mgt hanh vi phd bign cude sdng xa hpi Duomg nhu ciing da timg cd nhiing Ian thyc hien hanh vi dd Hanh vi dd bao gid ciing xuat phat tir nhiing chu the nhit djnh (cd thg la ca nhan, la nhdm) va dugc hudng tdi nhiing chu the cu thg (ca nhan hoac nhdm) Cac chu thg ciia hanh vi giiip dd cd thg cd cae mdi quan he xa hgi khae nhau, cd thg la ngudi than cung huygt thdng, la ban la ddng nghiep, la ngudi quen bigt nhung ciing cd the la nhiing ngudi chua timg quen bidt Vdi quan niem xem hanh vi giiip dd dugc xem la hanh vi mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi khae (Igi ich vat chil/Igi ieh tinh than) vdi bat cir ddng co nao, nghien cim nay, chung tdi tim higu hanh vi 50 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 giup dd giira nhiing ngudi hang xdm tire la hanh vi mang lai Igi ich cho nhiing ngudi quen bidt cung sdng cdng ddng hep: ttong ciing Id dan phd, cimg nha chung eu Trong cude sdng nhiing ngudi hang xdm cd \ ttd rat quan ttpng vdi moi chung ta Trong dan gian cd cau ngii: "Ban anh em xa, mua lang gidng gan" nham ndi rang, nhiing ngudi hang xdm lang gidng d mdt gdc dp nao dd cd y nghTa vdi chung la hom ngudi hp hang, rudt ihjL Hinh mgng "hang xdm lang gidng tdi liia tit den cd nhau" la mdt bidu hien sinh ddng vg y nghTa dd Trong cupc sdng hang ngay, du gia dinh giau hay ngheo; dii gia dinh ddng ngudi hay neo ngudi, khd tranh dugc nhiing tinh hudng khd khan, can dugc giiip do, hd ttg kip thai cua nhiing ngudi sdng gan gui Vi vay, hanh vi giiip dd giiia nhiing ngudi hang xdm rat can thigt va quan ttgng vdi mdi ngudi mdi gia dinh Quan he hang xdm lang gidng ndi chung va hanh vi giup dd ndi ridng ciia ngudi dan d dd thj d nude ta chii ydu dugc phan anh qua ca dao tuc ngQ:, ngii va cac nghidn cuu tir gdc xa hdi hgc nhan hgc, cdn it cdc nghign eiiu tir gdc dp Tam ly hpc vg van dg Mpt so ly thuyet ve hanh vi giiip 6& 2.1 Thuyet ehuan muc xa hoi vd hdnh vi giiip dd Trong hau hgt cac ngn van hda, hanh vi giiip dd ngudi khae dugc xem la trach nhi^m ciia mdi ngudi, dugc khuygn khich thyc hien (David Clarke, 2003) Trai lai, ngu dd khdng thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd ttong trudng hgp gap ngudi cd nhu cau thi ngudi dd dugc xem la thigu su quan tam dgn ngudi khae, thigu trach nhi^m, thidu d ^ dire, hg dd bj phd phan, chi trich He qua, vg ban than hp, hp sd chju cam giac ay an han cd ldi; vg phia xa hpi, nhumg ngudi bigt dugc digu dd sd danh gia, phg phan, Ign an hp (lily theo miic dp khd khan cua ngudi can giup dd) Cd mpt sd ly thuydt ehuan myc xa hdi vd hanh vi giiip dd sau day: Thuyet chudn muc "ed di ed lgi" Thuygi ehuan myc "cd di cd lai" Gouldner dg xuat (David Clarke, 2003) Nha lam ly hpc cho rang, chiing la giiip dd Ian vi chiing la man theo nhiing quy djnh eiia ehuan myc 'cd di cd lai" nhiing quy djnh ciia chuin myc d^o dire ngudi ttong xa hdi phai giiip dd lan NhOmg quy djnh nhu vay rat phd bidn d nhidu ndn van hda Tu> nhidn, theo Gouldner hanh vi giiip dd lin theo chuin myc "cd di cd lai" khdng ehi dugc higu don gian, vdi nghTa hep theo kigu "ngudi nao giiip la thi la giiip lai ngudi dd hoac ta chi giiip dd nhiing ngudi cd thg giiip ta" Chuin myc cin dugc higu rpng hon: mdt mjt, chiing ta cd thg giup dd nhiing ngudi TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 51 quen bigt cd kha nana sd giiip lai ta nhung mat khae, chiing la cung nen thyc hien hanh vi giup dd nhima ngudi dudng nhu chiing ta khdng bao gid co the g^p lai v^ ho khdng cd kha nang giup lai chiing ta "Digu dd ndi Ign rang ehuan myc "co di cd lai" hoan loan dung v di lit ca mpi ngudi ttong xa hpi, neu mg nguoi deu tham thiu chuin muc dd thi chiing la sin sang giiip dd nhiing ngudi cd nhu cau va chiing ta cd nhu ciu se dugc ngudi nao dd giiip dd va lat ca mgi nguoi chung ta giiip dd lan nhau" (David Clarice, 2003, tt 25) Quan digm v g hanh si giup dd theo thuygi "cd di cd lai" theo nghTa rpng nhu trgn nhit quan vdi xu hudng quan niem vg hanh vi giiip dd xa hpi nude ta hign Quan sal ngiu nhign cho thay, da sd dng ba cha me, nguoi Ion ndi Chung'thudng giao due khuygn khich trg thyc hien hanh vi giup do: giiip dd ngudi khae la \ iec lam cin thigt, la hanh vi cd dao due, khong nen dan hp cd thg giup lai minh ha> khdng, ngu minh giiip ngudi khae thi minh gap khd khan se cd ngudi giiip minh Thuyil chudn muc trdeh nhiem xd hpi l.y ihuygt nav Berkowitz va Dainelas dua vao nam 1963 (David Clarke, 2003) Cac tac gia cho ring, chuin myc trach nhiem xa hdi quy djnh chiing ta phai giup dd nhiing ngudi gap khd khan, cd nhu ciu giup dd vi hp phu Ihupc vao ehiing la, vi dg dem lai Igi ich chung cho xa hpi Chuan myc trach nhiem xa hdi cung quy dinh nhimg ngudi cd quan he gin gui phai cd ttach nhigm quan lam, giiip dd Thanh nign nhudng cho cho nhihig ngudi Um mdi, phu nil cd thai, ngudi khuygt lat trgn xe buyt vi hp dugc thim nhuan ring, tt^ch nhiem cua hp - nhiing ngudi ttg, khde phai nhudng ehd cho nhihig ngudi ygu the va vi nhimg ddi lugng trgn phu thudc v_ao hp Nhumg ngudi quen bidt, nhimg ngudi hang xdm lang gigng phai giiip dd lin vi hp cd mdi quan he gin bd vdi phu thudc lin Trong gia dinh, cha me phai cd trach nhiem quan tam, eham sdc Trong cac ngn van hda phuong Ddng, chuan myc trach nhiem xa hpi cdn nhin manh chigu ngugc lai, cac phai cd trach nhiem giup dd cha m? hg cin, dac biel, hp dau dm gia ca Nhflmg chuan myc nhu \a\ thim vao mdi ca nhan thdng qua qua trinh \k hdi hda, cd tac dpng rit ldn dgn hanh \ i cua mdi ngudi 2.2 Thuyit trao doi xa hgi vi hdnh vi gidp d& Cac nha lam iy hpc xa hdi giai thich hanh vi giup da dya ttdn thuydt trao ddi cho ring, \igc thyc hien hanh \i giup dd ngudi khae la kgt qua cua sy can nhie Igi ich va chi phi ma hanh vi dd dem lai Lgi ich va chi phi d day cd thg \c mat v?t chat, quan sat dugc; cd thg vg mat linh than, mang linh chat chii quan trim tugng Thdng thucmg, nhihig trudng hgp, ngu viec thyc hi?n hanh vi dem lai Igi ich Idn hon chi phi thi xac suat hanh vi dd dugc thyc hi?n 52 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 se Idn, trai lai, ngu chi phi Idn hon Igi ich thi xac suat hanh \ i dd duge thyc hien se thip Trgn thyc tg, nhigu trudng hgp, lgi ich va chi phi ciia hanh vi giiip dd khdng thyc sy rd rang Vi du mpt ngudi gap ngudi khd khan, tiing thigu, ngu khdng giiip dd ngudi dd sd cam thay ay nay, cd ldi \ i thigu trach nhiem, vi khdng luan theo nghTa vu dao diic xa hdi Vi \a\ dg ttanh cam giac ligu eye ngudi la cd gang thyc hien hanh \ i giiip dd dc vira dem lai Igi ich cho ngudi khae vira lam cho minh cd tinh than thoai mai O mdt gdc dp nao dd, nhigu ngudi khdng ddng tinh vdi each giai thich hanh vi giiip dd theo thuygi trao ddi trgn Tuy nhign, trgn thyc tg, thuc hidn hanh vi, ngudi Ihudng nghT ddn lgi ich cua ban than, dac bidt la Igi ich trude mat (Philip C Megravv, 2007) Vide can nhac giira Igi ieh va chi phi thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd ngudi khae khdng phai la ngoai le Nhu vay, hanh vi giiip dd cd thg dugc higu \ a dugc giai thich tir nhiing quan didm khae Tuy nhidn, hanh vi cua ngudi ndi chung hanh vi giiip dd ndi ridng la mdt hidn tugng lam ly phire tap, la kdt qua lac ddng ciia nhidu ydu Id, dd ydu Id van hda, tap quan dja phuong cd lac ddng dang kd Vi vay, nghidn curu nay, nhOmg ydu id dd rat dugc quan lam Dia ban, khach the va phirorng phap nghien ciru 3.1 Dja bdn vd khdeh the nghien eiru Nghidn ciiu thyc dja dugc lidn hanh vao thang - nam 2016, trdn hai khu dan cu thudc phudng Budi (quan Tay Id) va phuomg VTnh Phiic (quan Ba Dinh), phd Ha Ndi Khu dan cu thir nhat la khu nha tai djnh eu danh cho cac hd gia dinh bj thu hdi dat (thupe ciing mdt dja ban) cho muc tidu md rdng trudng hpc Khu dan cu dd da dugc khanh each day 25 nam Tu\ nhidn hidn nay, cac hd dan sdng d dd cd ngudn gdc khae nhau: ed ngudi la cha me cua chu hd ddn sdng d nha con, hp chuydn ddn d noi khae; trai lai cd ngudi la dgn sdng d nha cha me, cha me hp sdng d noi khae; mdt sd can hd da dugc chuygn nhugng cho cac gia dinh khdng thudc tigu ehuan tai djnh cu Hd dgn mudn nhat each day nam Nhu \'ay cac hd dan da cd thdi gian nhat djnh dg trd hang xdm cua Khu dan eu thii hai la mdt to dan phd gdm cac hd gia dinh sdng ttong cac ngdi nharigngbiel Td dan phd vdn la mdt lang d viing ven dd Ha Ndi duge lap each day hon 20 nam lign ttinh md rdng phd Ha Ndi Trude ttd id dan phd, nghg nghiep chinh ciia ngudi dan la lam rudng Sau trd ngudi dan eiia td dan phd, hp khdng cdn dat lam rudng ngn TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 53 chu) dn sang lam dich vu va budn ban nhd Gidng nhu cac khu dan cu khae d dd thj, d da> cung cd sy di dan dgn va di, luy nhign, sd dd khdng nhigu Nhu va\ da sd cac hd gia dinh d khu dan cu deu da timg la ngudi cimg lang, la hang xdm lau nam Mau khach thd dugc chgn la miu thuan lien, gdm 150 ngudi dan Dp tudi ttung binh ciia mau la 42 Ty le nam nhigu hom nu' (tuomg img la 55.5% va 44,5%) Ty le nhimg ngudi dang sdng d khu lai djnh cu la 50,3%, nha rigng biet la 49.7% dd nhdm ngudi thudc dan thd cu, dan gdc chidm 31.8% dan sdng lau nam (tir 10 ddn 15 nam) la 52,3%, sd cdn lai la tir noi khae chu>dn ddn Khach thg tham gia phdng vin sau gdm ngudi khdng thudc miu khach the tra ldi bang hdi 3.2 Phuffng phdp nghien eiru Phuong phap nghign cilu chu >eu dugc su dung la bang hdi (bao gdm thang do) va dg cuong phdng vin sau Cac du; lieu thu dugc lir khao sal thuc tien dugc xii Iy bang phan mgm SPSS 22.0 Thang lim higu mirc Ihudng xuygn cua hanh \ i giiip dd giiia nhiing ngudi hang xdm gdm 10 menh dg vg nhiing tinh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan cd nhu cau giup dd Moi menh dd ed phuong an tra ldi, luong irng vdi ba mirc thudng xuyen ed thd cd hanh vi giup dd: didm luong img vdi "Thudng khdng giup" tire la nhiing trudng hgp hang xdm gap khd khan, dd nghj duge giiip dd, sd trudng hgp khdng thyc hidn hanh vi giiip dd nhidu hon sd trudng hgp thyc hi^n hanh vi dd didm - "Thinh thoang giiip" - ttong nhiing trudng hgp hang xdm gap kho khan, dg nghi dugc giiip dd thi cd trudng hgp giup, cd trudng hgp khdng giup digm - "Thudng giup" - ttong nhiing ttudng hgp hang xdm gap khd khan, dg nghj dugc giup dd, sd truomg hgp thyc hien hanh vi giup dd nhigu hon sd imdng hgp khdng giup cac menh dg dugc chia ygu Id tuomg iing vdi hai loai linh hudng cd nhu cau giiip dd: 1) Hang xdm gap khd khan khdng dang kg (vi du, hang xdm thigu, hdng dd diing sinh hoat hang ngay, mudn xin, mugn), 2) Hang xdm g$p khd khan dang kg (hang xdm cd chuygn budn: ngudi nha dau dm, gap nii ro) Do tin ca\ ciia lhang dat 0.60 Ket qua nghien ciru 4.1 Hdnh vi giup dd eda nhOng ngudi hdng xdm Theo kgt qua thu dugc tir bang hdi, hanh vi giup dd giira nhimg ngudi hang xdm ttong mau nghidn cim (theo muc Ihudng xuydn) cd DIB = 2,08/3 54 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213) 12-2016 Kdt qua cho thiy hanh vi giup dd ciia mau nghien ciru nam d quanh muc "Thinh thoang giiip" Nhu vay quan he hang xdm lang gidng d day chua dugc hidu theo kidu "Hang xdm lang gigng ldi lira, tit dgn cd nhau" nhung quan he dd khdng ddn miic bi quan nhu each nhin tidu eye cua mdt sd ca nhan: "0 phd, nha nao ciing kin cdng cao mdng, dd cao canh giac Mdi nha la mdi the gidi ridng Hp sdng sat vach nhung khdng bidt gi ve Phai chang la mdt "dac tnmg" cua ddi sdng phd thj?" (7) Bdng 1: Muc dp thuong xuyen giiip da cdc tinh hudng khde giira nhiing ngudi hdng xdm TT Dac diem nhu cau dirac giiip iSi DTB DLC Kho khan khong Ion 2,00 0,41 Kho khin dang ke 2,13 0,37 Danh gia chung 2,08 0,33 Sy am ap tinh hang xdm lang gidng ciia ngudi dan Ha Ndi hidn cd sy ddng gdp khdng nhd ciia hoat ddng xay dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu theo linh than ciia Nghj quydt Trung uong khda VIII Dd la mdt hoat ddng cd muc tidu mong ddi loan di^n va da dat dugc nhumg lyu dang ghi nhan, dd khdng thd khdng ndi ddn luu ciing cd va phat huy tinh than doan kdt, tuong ttg lan ciia ngudi dan cupc sdng hang ngay, ciing nhu nhiing hoan canh khd khan, hoan nan Neu nhu trude day, hanh vi giiip dd nhan dan chu ydu mang tinh ly phat, nd phu thudc vao mirc dp tham thau chuan myc xa hdi, vao Idng trdc an cua timg ngudi thi ttong hoat ddng xay dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu dan cu, vide ciing cd tinh than tuong trg, giup dd ttong mpi hoan canh ttd muc tidu phan dau cua cac td dan phd va loan xa hdi Dpi ngii can bd chinh quydn, doan thd d cac cap thudng xuydn luydn Imydn, nhie nhd, ddn ddc ngudi dan thyc hien hanh \ i giup dd phii hgp vdi cac tinh hudng cu thg Ching han, gia dinh nao cd sy kien budn: cd ngudi dm dau di vien, ed viec higu cua bd me hai bdn (kd ca bd me dang sdng d qud), can bd Id dan phd thdng bao cho cac hd dan td ben canh nghTa cir chia budn ciia dai didn td dan phd, da sd cac gia dinh ddu chia se sy khd khan va budn dau vdi than chii theo each ciia minh Trong cac budi hpp, can bd Id dan phd Ihudng nhie nhd cac gia dinh nang cao canh giac, giup dd nhau, ngan ngira hidn mgng ttdm cap tai san (Nguyen Thj Hoa, 2015) Xem xet hanh \ i giiip dd giu'a nhiing ngudi hang xdm (theo miic dp thudng xuydn) ttong nhiing linh hudng khae cho thiy linh hudng TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213) 12-2016 55 hang xdm gap khd khan dang kc hanh \ i giiip dd dugc thyc hien ihudng xu\cn hon so vdi tinh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan khdng dang kc (DIB va D i e lin lugt ia-^2.13 va 0.37: 2,00 va 0.41) (bang 1) Su khae biel vd hanh \ i giup dd cac linh hudng co miic dp kho khan khae nhit quan vdi ly thuydt chuin myc trach nhiem xa hpi Hoan canh cang khd khan, tinh huong cang cip thigt, mirc dp de dpa dgn sy an loan cua ngudi cd nhu ciu giiip dd cang ldn thi ngudi chiing kien cang dg nhan biet nhu ciu cua hp thiy trach nhiem ciia minh cang Idn, dd hanh \ i giup dd dugc thyc hien Ihudng xuygn hon Ndi chung nhumg linh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan, can giiip da sd nhumg ngudi xung quanh cd giup cd khdng Trong cac tinh hudng ed mirc khd khan khae thi nhiing tinh hudng khd khan hon, hanh \ i giup dd dugc thyc hien ihudng xuygn hon so vdi linh hudng it khd khan 4.2 Hdnh vi giup dd tinh huong cd khd khan khong ddng ke Bdng 2: Mirc dp ihirang xuyen giiip da tinh huong cd khd khdn khdng ddng ke TT Tinh huong can giup d& Mirc thucrng xuvcn giup dd' Thu'6'ng Thuong Thinh thoang giup giiip khonc i^iup ,, thong tin DTB DLC % N % IN % N % 12.7 71 47,3 15 10 0.00 1.67 0.65 20 13.6 75 51.0 52 35.4 0.02 22 0.67 39 26.2 69 46.3 41 27,5 0,006 2.01 0.73 lang \6m nho dua di 44 dau 29.5 75 50.3 30 20.2 0.006 2.00 0.78 2,00 0,41 N 1 \ing \om muAn mugn 64 diing sinh ho^ h^g ngiy (bj hong, h^ chua kip mua) Khach cua h^g \6m nhir chi diR'mg njingx6m hoi dO nh6 \c mav Dinh gii chung Ghi chu: Ty If % mirc dg ihmrng xuyen giiip ddt la ty le phdn trim cii hieu lire (chi linh Iri'n nhOng nginii cd phmrng tin tra lai) Trong cac tinh hudng cu ihd linh hudng hdi mugn dd diing hang ngay, hanh vi giup dd it dugc thyc hidn nhit (DTB = 1,67; Dl.C = 0,65), trai lai, tinh hudng cd ngudi hdi nha hang xdm, hanh vi giiip dd dugc thuc hi?n thucmg 56 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12(213), 12-2016 xuydn hom ea (DTB = 2,22/3; DLC = 0,67) nhimg hanh \ i giup dd cac tinh hudng khae cd DTB khoang 2.0/3 Nhu nhimg loai hanh \i khae cua ngudi hanh vi giup dd la kdt qua lac ddng ciia nhidu \eu td Trong sinh hoat hang nga\ eiia ngudi dan nude la, thidu (hoac hdt) dd dung sinh hoat, mdt gia dinh cd thg mugn hoac xin chut it d nhiing gia dinh hang xdm Cach irng xur nhu vay dugc xem la binh Ihudng ngu dien mpt \ai lan va linh hudng nhu \'ay thi nhirng ngudi hang xdm san sang giup dd Tuy nhign, ngu hien • mgng dd lap di lap lai thi ngudi dugc dg nghj giiip dd cd thg nghT khdng tich eye vg ngudi mudn xin, mudn mugn, khign hg tir chdi giiip dd Mat khae, hanh vi giup dd cd duge thyc hien hay khdng cdn tiiy thudc vao linh each ngudi dugc dg nghi giup dd Nhirng ngudi "kT tinh" cd thg it thyc hien hanh \ i \ i hg cho rang, hp khdng dang bi lam phign bdi nhimg chuygn nhd nhat ciia ngudi khae Trong trudng hgp hang xdm cd khach dgn tham hdi duomg \ iec chi nha hang xdm la mdt viec qua don gian, hau nhu khdng anh hudng gi Dung theo thuygi trao ddi xa hdi, chi phi cua sy giiip dd cang thap kha nang cd hanh vi giup dd cang cao 4.3 Hdnh vi gidp dd tinh huong cd khd khan ddng ke Trong cac tinh hudng cd khd khan dang kg, gia dinh hang xdm cd chuydn budn (cd ngudi dm dau, gia dinh gap hoan nan hoac cd vide hidu), hanh vi giup dd duge thyc hien thudng xuygn nhat (DTB = 2,36) Ngugc lai, nhiing trudng hgp hang xdm ban, nhd ttdng hoac nhd dua hp di hpc/ddn vg, hanh vi giiip it dugc thyc hi?n nhat (DTB = 2,00 - xem bang 3) Khi bat cii gia dinh nao cd ngudi mac benh higm ngheo hoac bj lai nan thi cugc sdng ciia gia dinh dd dudng nhu bi dao ldn, hp khdng nhumg gap khd khan \ c lai chinh, ma cdn gap khd khan vg linh than (mpi ngudi ttong gia dinh dgu bat an \ c siic khde cua ngudi benh, lo ling cho luong lai eiia hp) La nhirng gia dinh sdng kg can nhau, nhirng ngudi hang xdm khdng khd nhan digu dd Hon thg kinh nghiem sdng ciing giup hp nhan thirc rang, sy ddng \ ign, an ui nhirng gia dinh dd vg mat linh than \a sy hd trg nhat djnh vg mat \at chat la hgt siic can thigt va cd y nghia to ldn Dd la ddng lyc Idn thuc daj' hp tich eye, ty nguygn thyc hien hanh vi giup dd nhumg gia dinh cd ngudi bj benh hidm ngheo hoac gap lai nan Dac biel, ddi vdi nhflmg gia dinh cd vice higu cung vdi ngudi than, ban be eiia gia chii, hau hgt nhiimg ngudi hang xdm dgu chia se bang nhigu each, nhigu hinh thirc khae nhau, \i hp cd quan niem: "NghTa tu la nghTa tan", tire vice chia budn vdi ngudi nha cua ngudi da mat, viec lien dua ngudi da mat la viec lam hgt sire cin thigt, khdng thg khdng thyc hien Cd the ndi rang, miic dp thudng xuygn dign hanh vi giiip dd cac tinh hudng cu thg nhu trgn khdng chi phan anh thyc trang hanh v i giiip dd giu'a TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 57 nhiing ngudi hang xdm ciia mau nghign curu, ma cQng la thyc trang hanh vi giup dd giiia cae v ign cua cac nhdm xa hdi khae d nude la (nhdm cac co quan dan \i hoat ddng nghg nghigp, nhdm hpc tap, nhdm sinh hoat giai tri ) Quan lam ddng vign tham hdi \ a hottgvat chit cho nhirng gia dinh cd ngucri dm dau bj nii ro tai nan hoac bj mit ngudi than ttong cdng ddng \a nhiing gia dinh gap hoan nan thign tai gay ttgn pham vi ca nude la net dep van hda ttuygn thdng cua dan tdc ta, dung nhu cau ngu: "La lanh diim la rach la rach it diim la rach nhigu" Ngay nay, digu kien truygn thdng thuan Igi, digu kien kinh lg phat trign, tmygn thong dd vin dugc tri va phat huy y nghTa ciia nd Bdng 3: Muc dp thudng xuyen ciia hdnh vi giiip da tinh hudng ed khd khdn ddng ke TT Tinh hu6ng can giijp dd* Mang xAm \ u \ lien ling x6m di ving dii nga\ nhd trdng nhi (cho ch(>, mto in tuoi ca\ ) Hing x6m c6 chu\cn hu6n (c6 nguifri niii dau 6m cd v i ^ hieu) I ling x6m c6 nho bin v i ^ m u ^ nhd ho Hing \om ^:6 v i ^ Idn (\i>' dyng, sira chihi nhi Inchirctijc ),munndut;«; U^i dicii kicn thuan l(;n Hing \om khtVig the dua di hgc/ddn di hoc vc muon nhd du^ ddn giup Mirc d( thu6"ng xuyen giup dd' Thinh Thu-d'ng Thi thoing giup Riip khon ERiup Thieu thong tin DTB DLC N % N % N % N % 18 12.0 88 58.7 44 29.3 0.00 2,17 0.61 30 20,0 63 42.0 57 38.0 0.00 2.18 0.74 23 16.0 46 31.9 75 52.1 0.04 2.36 0,74 31 22,9 82 60.8 22 16,3 15 0.10 2,00 0.75 24 16.0 80 53.3 46 30.7 0.00 2,15 0.67 46 30.7 58 38.7 46 30,7 0.00 2,00 0,79 2.13 0,37 Dinh gii chung Ghi chii: Ty If % miic dO thucmg xuyen giup dor la ly l( phdn tram co hieu l\rc (chi linh tren nhung ngudi CO phmrng an tra lai) Tuy nhign, trudng hgp hang xdm nhd trdng eon nhd dua/ddn it dugc thyc hien hom ca xuit phat tir mdt sd Iy dSc thii Ngay cac gia dinh dgu cd it (hiu hgt cac gia dinh d phd chi cd tir I ddn con) Quan nidm ring, cac eon la thir quy gia nhit cua mdi gia dinh van la quan ni?m phd bidn xa hdi hidn Trong dd, vi?c trdng Ire nhd la vide rit vit 58 TAP CHI TAM l y HQCSd 12 (213) 12 - 2016 va va ddi nii ro ddn vdi cac em (nga, bj xay xat da thjl) rat khd ludng Bdn canh dd, ttong tinh hinh giao thdng cd nhidu bit cap nhu d Ha Ndi, \ an dd bao dam an loan tuyel ddi cho cac em la didu chua thd khang djnh chae chan Vi vay, dua/ddn hd ngudi khae la vide dang ngai ddi vdi khdng it ngudi Cd Id dd la nhiing ly ca ban khidn hanh \ i giup dd nhiing tinh hudng dd it dugc thyc hidn 4.4 Hdnh vi gidp d& giua nhung ngudi hang xdm: So sdnh theo cdc nhdm ngudi trd ldi Bang 4: Mirc dp thuong xuyen eiia hdnh vi giup da giira nhihig ngirdi hdng xdm - so sdnh theo cdc nhdm nguai trd ldi Tieu chi doc lap Hanh vi giiip do' Tinh huong kho khan Tinh huong kho khan dang kc khong dang ke Chenh Mirc y Mijc y Chcnh nghia lech D T B lech DTB nghTa Cac nhom I J l-J P I-J P F^iic song Trung binh Kha gia 0,25 0,00 0,15 0,05 Kieu nha Nha rieng Nh^ tang 0,14 0,02 Gia dinh chuyen den chira lau 0,28 0.00 0,14 0,03 Gia dinh chuyen den lau nam 0,23 0,00 Trung nien 0,18 0.01 Nguon goc gia dinh Tuoi Dan goc Thanh nien Ghi chu: Trong bdng chi the hifn nhiing sd lieu khde biet cd y nghia giira cdc nhdm So sanh theo miic sdng, kel qua phan tich so sanh cho thay, nhdm ed mirc sdng trung binh Ihudng xuydn giiip dd hang xdm hon nhdm cd miic sdng kha gia Chung ldi nhan thay rang, nhiing gia dinh cd mire sdng trung binh thudng gap nhidu khd khan cac ITnh vyc cd lidn quan nhidu ddn phuomg didn vat chat hom nhirng gia dinh kha gia Do dd, hg dd thau hidu, dg thdng cam vdi nhimg ngudi cd khd khan, can dugc giiip dd han nhung ngudi sdng gia dinh cd miic sdng kha gia Mat khae, tim higu cac dac digm than nhan cua cac nhdm theo miic sdng, chiing tdi phat hien ring, ttong nhdm cd mirc sdng TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 59 ttung binh da sd (93.9% sd ngudi ttong nhdm) la nhifng ngudi tte tudi (tir 40 ttidi ttd xudng), trai lai, d nhdm kia, sd ngudi Idn tudi chidm t> Ic dang kd (trdn 30° sd naudi ttong nhdm tir 41 ludi ttd Idn) Theo kinh nghiem thyc te nhiing neucri tre tudi Ihudng nana ddng nhiel tinh, it ngai khd khan, hp cd the it quan lim dgn ngudi khae, nhign, dugc dg nghi giup dd, hp ihuimg mudn khing djnh Idng tdt cua ban than, sin sang giiip dd ngudi cd nhu cau Xet theo dp ludi ttong linh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan dang kg, khdng cd sy khae biet rd ret \g hanh \ i giup dd gitta cac nhdm (sy khae biet DTB khdng cd y nghTa thdng kg) Rigng, linh hudng hang xdm cd khd khan khdng dang kg, hanh \i giiip dd eda nhdm tre tudi nhat (dudi 30 ludi) diin thudng xu_\ en hon nhdm cd dp ludi lir 31 - 40 (bang 4) Trong cac nhdm cd ngudn gdc gia dinh khae nhau, DTB hanh \ i giiip dd cua nhdm gia dinh gdc I la Ndi cao hom DTB ciia nhdm gia dinh mdi chuygn dgn cac loai tinh hudng va cao hon DTB ciia nhdm chuygn dgn lau nam tinh hudng hang xdm gap khd khan khdng dang kg (bang 4) Theo dac digm khach thg ttong mau nghign cim, nhdm gia dinh gdc Ha Ndi, da sd hp vdn la dan cung mdt lang (62,0% sd ngudi thudc nhdm sdng d kigu nha dpc lap (nha mat dat) trude lang ciia hp trd td dan phd qua trinh dd thj hda) Trong dd, nhdm gia dinh chuygn den lau nam va nhdm mdi chuygn dgn Ha Ndi cd the cd ngudn gdc xuat xu khae (do Ha Ndi la phd Idn, la trung tam chinh trj, \ an hda, khoa hpc ky thuat, vi vay nhifng ngudi dan chuygn dgn djnh cu d Ha Ndi cd ngudn gdc tir khip noi trgn ca nude) Do la ly CO ban khign cho nhdm dan cu Ha Ndi gdc thyc hien hanh vi giiip dd hang xdm Ihudng xuygn hon ngudi dan d cac noi khae chuygn dgn Hon thg, trgn thyc lg, quan he hang xdm cua ngudi Ha Npi khdng theo kigu "Den nha ai, nha ay rang" nhu suy nghT eiia nhigu ngudi Khdng it ngudi Ha Ndi gdc, dd ed cac ban tre sinh \ a ldn Ign d Ha Ndi cho ring, linh lang nghTa xdm cua ngudi dan Ha Npi gdc "khdng nhu ngudi ta ndi" Giiia nhdm dan cu d nha rigng va nhdm dan cu d khu tai djnh cu, mirc dp Ihudng xuygn giup dd cua nhdm d nha rigng ldn han cd y nghTa so vdi nhdm d khu tai djnh eu (bang 4) Digu nay, vg co ban, xuit phat lir dac digm khu dan eu Da sd cac hp dan cua nhdm dan cu d nha rigng vdn la dan ciing mdt lang trude lap id dan phd (nhu da ttinh bay d ttgn) dd, cac hd dan d khu tai djnh cu cd ngudn gdc khae va thdi gian sdng d khu dan eu cung khae Dd la ly co ban tao ngn sy khae biet vg hanh vi giup dd giiia hai nhdm Nhin chung hanh \i giiip dd giiia nh&ng ngudi hang xdm d cae dja ban dugc khao sat d Ha Npi dien d mire vira phai (trong nhirng tinh hudng dugc de nghj giup dd, giup dd, khdng giup dd) Hanh vi giiip dd cua ngudi dan d da> nhat quan vdi ly thuygi ehuin muc xa hpi vg trach nhiem xa hpi ciia 60 TAP CHf TAM l y HQCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 ca nhan Xet \ e linh chit tinh hudng cua ngudi cd nhu cau giiip dd, ttong linh hudng khd khan dang kg hanh vi giup dd dien Ihudng xuygn hon tinh hudng cd khd khan khdng dang kd Giaa cac nhdm theo miic sdng, theo dp tuoi theo ngudn gdc gia dinh va dac diem khu dan cu, hanh vi giup dd giira nhihig ngudi hang xdm dien d miic thudng xu> en khae Tai lieu tham khao Knud Larsen va Le Van Hao, Tdm ly hpc xd hpi, NXB Tir dien Bach khoa 2010 Nguyen Thi Hoa, Hogt dpng xdy dung ddi sdng vdn hda d khu ddn cu, NXB Khoa hoc xahdi, 2015 Trinh Duy Luan, Tim hieu mdn Xa hpi hpc ihi NXB Khoa hoc xa hpi, 1996 David Clarke, Pro-Social and anil - social behaviour Printed and bound in Great Bitain b\' TJ International Ltd Padstow, Cornwall 2003 Eliot R Smith and Diane M Mackie, Social Psychology, Worth Publishers, 1995 B p h i l i p C Megravv, Chiin lupc sdng, NXB Van hda - Thdng tin Ha Ndi, 2007 Huy Tuan, Hdng xdm a phd http://nld.com.vn TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, S d i (213), 12-2016 61 ... vi giiip 6& 2.1 Thuyet ehuan muc xa hoi vd hdnh vi giiip dd Trong hau hgt cac ngn van hda, hanh vi giiip dd ngudi khae dugc xem la trach nhi^m ciia mdi ngudi, dugc khuygn khich thyc hien (David... hien hanh vi giiip dd ngudi khae khdng phai la ngoai le Nhu vay, hanh vi giiip dd cd thg dugc higu a dugc giai thich tir nhiing quan didm khae Tuy nhidn, hanh vi cua ngudi ndi chung hanh vi giiip... tire vice chia budn vdi ngudi nha cua ngudi da mat, viec lien dua ngudi da mat la viec lam hgt sire cin thigt, khdng thg khdng thyc hien Cd the ndi rang, miic dp thudng xuygn dign hanh vi giiip