LONG TIN LIEN CA N H A N GIOA NHQNG NGJOI HANG XOM Bai via la mdt phan kS qua nghiSn ciru de tai cap co s& Hanh vi giup giOa nhiing ngudi hang xdm tai Ha Nor, ViSn Tam ly hgc chO tri; ThS Td Thuy Hanh lam chu nhiSm ThS Td Thdy Hanh Plid Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hgc dng dung, Vien Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Ket qud nghien ciru iren mdu gom 155 nguai ddn, luoi trung binh Id 42, sinh song tai Hd Noi cho thdy Idng tin lien cd nhdn giua nhirng nguai hdng xom duac bdc lo a muc ddng tin cdy Ngodi ra, nghien ciru cUng tim thdy nhiing khdc biel so sdnh chi so long tin lien cd nhdn giira cdc nhdm khdch the khdc Tir khoa: Long tin; Hdng xom Tin cdy; Giup da Ngdy nhdn bdi- 14/6/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi' 25/3/2017 ABSTRACT This study was conducted on 155 urban residents living in Hanoi, average age is 42 years old Results showed that social ini.sl (interpersonal tru.si) between ihe neighbours was reliable Besides, research found differences in interpersonal trust scores among differerent subgroups of participants Keyword: Trust Neighbours; Reliable; Helping M o dau Trong cuoc song hang ngay, nguoi dan Viel Nam rat coi trpng quan he hang xom, lang gieng Dieu dupe the hien qua cac cau noi dan gian: "'Ban anh em xa, mua lang gieng gan" hay "'Hang xom, lang gieng toi liia, tat den co nhau" Vcri mpt quoc gia co tinh cpng dong noi trpi, cac ca nhan luon tuong tac va CO anh hucmg lan thi long tin lien ca nhan dong vai tro quan trpng Trong Tam ly hpc xa hpi nhirng nghien cuu ve long tin xa hpi hay long tin lien ca nhan kha khiem ton, dac biet la long tin giila nhung nguoi hang xom Hau het cac nghien cuu de cap long tin dudi goc dp von xa hoi va mang ludi quan he xa hpi TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (217), - 2017 Long tin (ttust) khac vdi niem tin (belief) VS npi ham khai niem, long tin thuong dugc gin vdi su rin cSy, tin nhi$m Ldng tin lit su tin tiidn^ dua trfin dac diem, nang luc, sure manh ciia m6t c5 nhan hoSc ciia mot nhom NiSra tin thucmg ^ n vdi tam the cua ca nhan (c6 n i t o tin), voi cac yeu to ben cua ca nhan do, dugc biSu hien cu tbi nhu niem tin vao c4c ding sifiu nhien, viio cac the luc sieu nhien Long tin la trang thai dac biet doi s6ng tihn 1^ ciia nguoi Long tin mang mau sac ca nhan, phu thudc vao dac diSm tSm \^ cua mSi nguoi Tuy nhien, no van chiu tac dgng cua nhiing sir kien da va dang dien moi trucmg song cua ca nhan Long tin dugc xem nhu la tim guong phan chieu mgt each gian tiep nhihig su kien dS va dang dien moi trudng sdng cua ca nhan thong qua lang kinh cam nhSn, danh gia cua chu the ve nhirng su ki^n (din theo Le Huong, 2003) Long tin, da hinh thanh, se trd m6t nhung nhan to tham gia vao qua trinh djnh hudng, diSu chinh hanh dgng ciia chii thd tuong lai Long tin lien ca nhan la long tin giCia cic ca nhan vdi nhau, phan anh mdi quan he giila ca nhan vdi ca nhSn Trong nghien cim nay, long tin lien ca nhan giira nhOng ngudi hang xdm la long tin giila nhihig ngudi cimg sdng chung ttong mgt dia ban dan cu, thudc ciing mdt td dan phd, thudng gap hang Miu va phirong phap nghien cmi Chgn mdu Mlu dugc chgn la mlu thuan tiSn, gdm 155 ngudi dSn thudc Quan Ba Dinh va Quan Tay Hd, phd Ha Ndi Dd tuoi ttung binh cia mlu la 42; ty le nam la 55,5»/o, nil la 44,5% Ty 16 nhihig nguiri dang sdng thudc ki6u nha tai djnh cu/tap the cu la 50,3%, nha rieng ddc lap la 49,7%; Nhdm ngudi thudc dan thd cu, dan gdc chigm 31,8%, dan sdng ISu nam (tir 10 dgn 15 nam) chi«m 52,3%, sd lai la tu noi khac chuySn dSn chua lau (tir I dto nam) Khach the tham gia phong van sau (5 ca nhan) va thao luan nhdm (5 ca nhan) khdng thudc nhom tra Idi bang hdi Phucmg phdp nghien ciru Phuong phap chirih dugc su dung ttong nghien cim la dito tta bing bang hoi ket hgp vdi phdng van sau va thao luan nhdm Thang dove long tm giiia caeca nhan (Trust people in scale) cd ngudn gdc hr thang long tin giila ngudi vdi cua tac gia Ann Arbor thudc Trudng D^i hoc Michigan Thang dugc sir dung diu tito nam 1964 ttong nghito ciru ve bau cu Trung tam nghien cuu diiu tta tito hanh, gdm cau hdi: ^2 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (217), - 2017 ' 1/ Moi nguoi nai ong ba sinh s6ng la nhirng ngucri co tha tin cay duoc hay luon phai can th|n vdi ho? 2/ Ph§n Idn thdi gian, nhiJng ngudi xung quanh noi dng ba sinh sdng la nhung ngudi ludn cd gdng giiip dd ngudi khac hay \h hg chi quan tam den ban than? 3/ Phan Idn, nhftng ngudi xung quanh noi dng ba sinh song deu cd gang Ipfi dung ngudi khac ndu hg cd co hdi hay la ho ludn cd gSng doi xu cdng bang vdi ngudi khac? Cau hdi thu nhat Hen quan den viec dang tin tudng hay khdng (honesty), dupe danh gia tir miic (1) Ludn phai can than vdi hp den muc (4) Hau h^t cd the tin tudng duoc; Cau hdi thu hai lien quan den su giup (helping), duac danh gia tu muc (1) Chi quan tam den ban than den muc (4) Ludn cd gang giiip dd ngudi khac; Cau hdi thii ba lien quan den su cdng bang tu ngudi khac qua danh gia ciia chinh ngudi dupe hdi (to be fair), tir mirc (1) Loi dung cd co hoi den muc (4) Cd gang ddi xu cdng bang Phan tich djnh lupng Cac sd lieu dinh lupng thu thap tir khao sat duoc xir ly bang phan mem thong ke SPSS phien ban 22.0 Cac phep phan tich dupfc diing nghien cuu bao gdm phan tich thong ke md ta (tan sd, diem trung binh, dp lech chuan, trung vi va phan tich so sanh (so sanh gia tri trung binh, nhu phep phan tich phucmg sai mot yeu td (Anova) cho nhdm, phep kiem djnh t ve dpc lap giUa hai mau cho nhdm) Trong nghien cuu chiing tdi quy udc diem trung binh ciia timg cau cang cao, long tin lien ca nhan dugc danh gia cang cao va ngugc lai, diem trung binh cang thap thi chi sd Idng tin cang thap Ket qua nghien cifu Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay, y kien danh gia cua ngudi dan ve chi sd ldng tin kha dan trai (xuat hien tir diem den diem 4) Tuy vay, phan ddng ngudi dan lua chgn d mirc diem - diem the hien y kien "tin tudng nhieu han la phai can than" va neu danh gia chung thi Idng tin giira cac ca nhan dat d mirc luong doi cao (DTB = 2.87/4; DLC = 0.54) Kat qua cho tUky, chi sd Idng tin ciia ngudi hau het cac trudng hgp hiem mang tinh tuyet ddi nhung vdi mdi ngudi mirc dp long tin lien ca nhan la khac "Cupc song kinh te thi tnrang hien lam dam bdo dam tm tuang 100% truac day, neu co tin tdm, chin phdn thi gia chi tin duac sdu bdy phdn Do Id boi vl nguai cdng ngdy cdng tham lam, chi nghT den lai ich truac mdt, true lai bdn thdn Ho dam lira ddo de dat duac muc dich ma ho dot TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (217), 4-2017 93 Bdy Id noi chung chung, cdn ngu&i ddn quanh day, noi chung la luong thien.^ chung toi vdn nha vd, giiip da nhung tdt nhien, chi la nhimg viec nho nhat nhung su viec dgi thi goi chdu din giUp" (Ba M., 57 tuoi, Vmh Phuc, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi) Bdng J: Long tin lien cd nhdn giica nhimg nguai hang xom (2) Tin tirarng nbieu hon la phai can than (3) Hau hef tin tirovg dutfc (4) 21,9 53,6 21,9 Quan tam ban than hoii la giup ngiroi khac (2) Giiip ngiroi khac hon la quan tam ban than (3) Co gang giup ngiroi khac (4) 6.0 26.4 46,4 21,2 Loi dung ca hoi (1) Loi dung ho'n la doi xi> cong bang (2) Doi xir cong bang hon la loi dung (3) Doi xir cong bang (4) lO.I 20.8 43,6 25.5 Luon phai can thSn Phai can than htfn la tin 0) Miic tin tuung idn nhau: Luon phai can than voi hg 2,6 hay hau het co the tin cay duoc Chi quan tam ban than (1) Muc giup da: Chi quan tam den ban than hav luon CO gang giup nguai khac CO Mice cong bang' Loi dung co ca hoi hav co gang doi xii c6n2 bana dlTffC Long tin lien ca nhan DTB thap nhat = 1; BTB cao nhat = 4) BTB (Mean) DLC (SD) 2,95 0,73 BTB (Mean) DLC (SB) 2,83 0,83 BTB (Mean) DLC (SD) 2.85 0,92 2,87 0,54 Glu chu: Biem irung binh cdng cao ihi chi so long iin lien cd nhdn cdng cao "Khi CO ngirai la den tim bdt ky gia dinh ndo a day, chiing toi biit va bdo cho nhd ve ma tiep khdch Chimg tot a day lau ldm roi nen biSt hit chuyen ciia nhd nhau, tinh tinh ngirai ngirai nhu the ndo, chi trir nhirng nhd moi chuyen den Ddn song a day khong phdi de phong at, ma cung chdng CO gi phdi de phong co the tin cay diroc nhieu viec chir Nhir nhd co nguai chira 94 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (217), - 2017 de thi din nha chdu Th., no ldm benh vien nhd giup da, neu bi ngd thi co ong S ddu ngd, bo thudc hieu nghiem ldm, neu cdn xin ddu ma, chit ky thi chay qua nha ong td truang mang len phuang xin giup ngdy mai lay Nha co viec thi muon cdi sdn nhd vdn hoa phudng, khong gdy kho de cho minh cd" (Ba L., Trich Sai, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi) ''''Chung toi a ddy Id mdy dai roi, dat dai to tten, ong bd de lai, he co viec Id anh em, ban be, hp hdng quanh day tai giup Quanh day cUng ddng tin cay cd, thieu thon, kho khdn gi Id chung toi den hoi tham, giup da theo khd ndng cua tung nguai nhtmg cUng co ldm cdi phong bi chung" {Anh M., 48 tudi, Trich Sai, Tay Hd, Ha Ndi) Dac diem khach the nghien cuu ciing la mot yeu td dang chu y ly giai chi sd ldng tin kha cao cua ho Nhu da trinh bay d tren, cd xap xi 1/2 sd khach the la nhirng ngudi dan dang sinh sdng thudc kieu nha rieng dpc lap Hau het hp la nhung ngudi thudc ciing mdt lang, xa trude day (Lang Trich Sai, Quan Tay Hd) Dat dai td tien, ddng hp de lai Ngay nay, dng ba, cha me ban di hoac chia dat dai nhung manh dat nhd de cho chau gia dinh ciing sinh sdng Nhdm khach the thu hai dang sinh sdng d khu tap the, khu tai dinh cu Mdt phan sd nhimg ngudi sdng cac khu da timg biet trude dd Day la nhung hd trude timg d nha rieng ddc lap thudc ciing mdt td, mdt khu phd Sau Nha nude thu hdi, lay dat lam dudng, lam trudng, hp dupe den bii, chuyen den sinh sdng tai khu tai djnh cu (khu 7.2ha, VTnh Phiic, Ba Dinh) Ngoai ra, tir mdt sd y kien cua nhirng ngudi dan duoc hdi ve su hd trp, giiip can thiet, nhdm nghien cuu thay rang, dai da sd nhirng ngudi thudc nhdm phdng van sau la nhung ngudi gia da ve huu, lam cdng viec ndi trp, trdng nha cua cho chau di lam Hp danh gia cao nhimg hd trp tir phia nhtmg ngudi ban gia ciing lua, "dpi bon tre nd di lam ve giup thi cdn lau nen canh gia chiing tdi d nha lay quan he hang xdm lam niem vui, nhd va liic trai gid trd trdi, rdi cd cdn tam su, trd chuyen np kia, chuyen qua khu, chuyen chien tranh, chii bon tre nd cha cd thdi gian ngdi nghe minh ke chuyen, nd lai bao minh lam cam toan ndi chuyen xua, ndi chung khdng cd gi ma khdng tin tudng d ca " Vdi dii' lieu dinh tinh tren day cung cd the ly giai mot phan tai chi sd ldng tin duoc danh gia kha cao d nhtmg ngudi dan thudc mau dieu tra Long tin lien cd nhdn - So sdnh theo mpt so bien so dpc lap So sdnh fhea bien so giai linh Kel qua cho thay khdng cd su khac biet so sanh ve chi sd ldng tin lien ca nhan giira nam gidi va nu gidi (p > 0.05) C) timg khia canh bi6u hien, kk qua thu dupe cung tuong tu Ndi each khtic, dii la nam hay nil muc dp long tin giua nhung ngudi hang xom mSu nghien ciru ia khdng cd su khac biel TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So (217), - 95 So sdnh theo biin so kieu nha Tuong tir nhu biin s6 gioi tinh, kit qua nghien ciJru ve chi so long tin noi chung, ve mac dp giiip dd va c6ng bing khdng cho Ihly sir khac biet mang y nghia th6ng ke (p > 0,05) Tuy nhien, kSt qua so sanh miic dp dang tin c$y hay luon phai d n than voi nhOng nguoi xung quanh cho thiy, ngiroi dan sinh song o khu tai dmh cu co DTB vi y kiln la 3,05 (DLC = 0,64) cao hom so voi j kien I cua nguoi dan sinh s6ng o kiju nha tifing dpc l|p (DTB = 2,84; DLC = 0,81), yoi miic CO y nghia p = 0,07 KSt qua cho thiy, d6i voi nhirng nguoi dan sinh s6ng kilu nha khac nhau, miic tin cay lln cQng co sir khac biet So sdnh iheo bien so thai gian sinh song Bdng 3: So sdnh long tin lien cd nhdn theo thai gian sinh song Danh gia ve long tin lien ca nhan giu'a nhirng ngiroi hang xom ThM gian sinh song (DTB) Song tir Songtu La dan 5-15 1-5 goc nam nam (M3) (M2) (Ml) Luon phai can than vdi ho hay hau het CO the tin cay dirac 3,04 2,94 2,91 Chi quan tam den ban than hay luon CO gang giup ngu'oi khac 2,63 2,91 2,83 Loi dung co co hoi hay co gang doi xir cong bang 3,29 2,68 2,85 DTB chung 2,98 2,83 2,86 Muc y nghia (P) p > 0,05 Ml > M ; p = 0,00 Ml > M ; p = 0.05 Ghi chii Diem trung binh cang cao thi miic ve long tin lien cd nhdn cang cao Nhin chung, ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay khong co su khac biet \ I miic dp long tin lien ca nhan so sanh giua cac nhom dan cu theo thoi gian sinh song tai dia ban khao sat Chi co nhSt mot khia canh \ a long tin lien ca nhan dupe tim Ihly co sv khac biet mang y nghia thdng ke la mile dp Ipi dung CO co hpi ha\ co gang ddi xu cong bSng Cu thi nhom co thoi gian sinh song tai dia phuang thoi gian ngjn tir din nam danh gia mirc dp doi xir cong bang cao hon so \-cri hai nhom co thoi gian sinh sing tai dia phuong lau hon (nhom dan cu song tit din 15 nam va nhom dan ngu cu) Dl CO the ly giai dieu chung toi tiln hanh mpt s6 phong \ i n sau \a tham khao nhirng tai lieu thii cjp thu thap duoc tir can bp dia phuang Chiing toi thi; rang, hau het nhom gia dinh mcri chuyen den sinh song la nhom nguoi tre tuoi 96 TAP CHI TAM LYHOC, So (217), - mpt s6 la nhiing ho thue nha d, mpt s6 dupe cha me de lai duac den bii hoac dupe chia dit, tacli xSynha rieng Hp cho biet: "Chiing loi gi khoi nhd tit gia sdng din g0 tdi, rdt hiim va chgm vdi hdng xom, nhieu ngirai tuang chirng toi mai chuyin din nhtmg that dd a day dugc 3, nam Thinh thoang cd bdc id truang din keu ggi ung hg cho nhom ngudi ngheo, ngudi bi thien tai, bao IH, chiing toi vui ye ddng gop nen thdy cuoc song hdng xdm quanh day khong co vdn di gi, rdt cong bang, nhiing nhd thuoc chung cu tdi d diu ddng gdp nhu Mgt dieu nUa tdi thdy cung rdt cong bdng, hiap ly, Id viec don dep ve sinh cdu thang chung ctia chung cu ndy Den cudi tuan cua thdng thi bdc td trudng phdn chia dgn dep cdu thang, khdng cd the ti ngnh cd Bdc ghi chep vd ddnh ddu Idn ndy gia dinh ndo quel dgn cdu tfiang thi sang thdng gia dinh khdc dgn dep ludn phien" (Nguyen Do Van A., 34 tuoi, Vinh Phiic, Ba Dinh) So sdnh theo tudi Bdng 4: So sdnh long tin lien cd nhdn giica cdc nhom cd tudi khdc Danh gia ve long tin lien ca nhan giua nhirng ngiroi hang xom Luon phai can than vdi hp hay hau het CO the tin cay duoc Lai dung co co hpi hay co gang doi xir cong bang Chi quan tam den ban than hay luon CO gang giiip da ngudi khac DTB chung Nhom tu6i (DTB) >48 19-30 31-47 tuoi tuoi tuoi (M3) (M2) (Ml) MIJC y nghTa (P) 2,84 2,82 3,18 M3>MI,p = 0,02 M3 > M2; p = 0,01 2,71 2,61 3,26 M > M l , p = 0,00 M > M ; p = 0,00 2,86 2,84 2,78 2,80 2,75 3,05 p > 0,05 M > M ; P = 0,0I M3 > M2; p = 0,00 Ghi chu Diem Irung hinh cdng cao thi mirc ve Idng tin lien cd nhdn cang cao Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay muc ve ldng tin lien ca nhan d ca nhdm deu kha cao, the hien su danh gia ciia ngudi dan vdi nhimg ngudi sdng xung quanh d mirc tin cay dugfc Trong nhdm tudi dugc phan dinh, nhdm tren 48 tudi cd chi sd Idng tin lien ca nhan cao hem so vdi hai nhdm tudi cdn lai (p < 0,05) Ket qua ciing tuong tu phan tich d hai khia canh bieu hien ve long tin lien ca nhan: Nhdm tudi tren 48 danh gia muc tin tudng, su ddi xu cdng bang vdi nhtmg ngudi sdng xung quanh cao hon so vdi nhdm 19-30 tudi va 31 - 47 tudi Chi cd TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd (217), - 2017 97 danh gia vl sir giiip nguoi khac so sanh giila nhom tupi la kh6ng co khac biet vl mat thing kg vol p > 0,05 So sdnh theg mUe sdng Nghien ciiu chp kit qua ngupc lai voi nghien cim tai My dupe tien hanh vap nam 2006 - 2007: "Nguai My vd long tin xa hgi: Ai, a ddu, igi sao" {5), kit qua diu dupe nhu sau: NhOng h6 cp thu nhap cao thi dang tin cay hon nhOng hp gia dinh co thu nh^p Uilp nhiing ngucri dan nhan thiy kha nSng ling voi nhiing riii ro, hau qua ciia nhom ngheo, nhom co thu nhap thap la kem hon Trong do, kit qua cua nhom nghien cuu lai co ve ngupc lai: Nhung nguoi dan co miic sing duoi trung binh danh gia miic dp tin tuong doi yoi nhihig ngucri song xung quanh cao hon so yoi nhiing ngucri dan eo mirc song kha gia (3,09 so vdi 2,56 vdi p < 0,01) Co thi thiy, p timg noi, tiiy thupc vap rit nhiiu yiu tl, kit qua danh gia vl miic dp long tin giira cac ca nhan ciing cho nhiing ket qua khac So sdnh theo trinh ddo tgo Khong tim thiy co sir khac biet ve long tin lien ca nhan giila cac nhom CO trinh dp dao tao khac Noi each khac, dii trinh dp dao tao o cac nhom dan cu la khac nhung diu co sir tuong dong y kien tra loi ve long tin lien ca nhan Mot vai nhan xet riit Long tin giira cac ca nhan la mpt cac chi so co y nghia de danh gia sir gan ket xa hpi, dac biet xa hpi "di dpng" va xu hucmg tinh ca nhan hoa cang cao nhu hien Ket qua nghien cim cho thay, long tin lien ca nhan giila nhirng nguoi hang xom mirc dp luong doi cao So sanh chi so long tin lien ca nhan giua nhiing nguoi hang xom theo mot viii hien so nhan khau ket qua cho thay nhu sau: Xet tren tong the, duong nhu co mpt kiiuon mau chung doi voi ngucri dan mlu nghien ciru ve long tin lien ca nhan Dii hp la nam hay nir, dang sinh song khu tai dinh cu hay nha rieng dpc lap, trinh dp dao tao cao hay thip thi mirc dp long tin giua ciic ca nhan la nhu nhau, khong co su khac biet Phan tich ba bieu hien long tin lien ca nhan, kit qua cho thiy co mpl s6 biiu hien mang y nghia khac bict vl mat thong ke so sanh theo biin s5 nhan khiu: • NhQng nguoi dan tren 48 lull danh gia mirc dp tin tuong, mii'c dp dii xir cong bang giira ciic ca nhan cao hon so voi hai nhom tufii tre hon - Nhung nguiri sinh sing a khu diin cu tir din nam danh gia mirc dp doi xir cong bang cao hon so voi nhom dan sina o khu dan cu lau nam 98 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, S o ( ) , - 2(117 - Nhirng nguoi dan co mu:c sing duoi trung binh danh gia mirc dp tin tuong dii voi nhiing nguoi sing xung quanh cao hpn so voi nhOng nguoi dan CP mdc song khS gia Tiii lieu tham khao Le Huong, Tinh tich cue nghe nghiep cua egng chiic - Mgt so nhdn td dnh hudng, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, 2003 Larsen Knud S v a L e Van Hao, Tdm ly hgc xd hoi, NXB Tir dien Bach khoa, 2010 http://www.behaviouralinsights.co.uk/uncategorized/social-tmst-is-one-of-the-mostimportant-measures-that-most-people-have-never-heard-of-and-its-moving http://fet2er.org/sites/default/tiles/images/stories/pdi/selfineasures/SeIf_Measures_for_Trust_ TRUST_IN_PEOPLE.pdf http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2007/02/22/americans-and-social-lrust-who-where-and-why TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, SS (217), - 99 ...Long tin (ttust) khac vdi niem tin (belief) VS npi ham khai niem, long tin thuong dugc gin vdi su rin cSy, tin nhi$m Ldng tin lit su tin tiidn^ dua trfin dac diem, nang... NiSra tin thucmg ^ n vdi tam the cua ca nhan (c6 n i t o tin) , voi cac yeu to ben cua ca nhan do, dugc biSu hien cu tbi nhu niem tin vao c4c ding sifiu nhien, viio cac the luc sieu nhien Long tin. .. cd gi ma khdng tin tudng d ca " Vdi dii' lieu dinh tinh tren day cung cd the ly giai mot phan tai chi sd ldng tin duoc danh gia kha cao d nhtmg ngudi dan thudc mau dieu tra Long tin lien cd nhdn