Tôn trọng quyền tự quyết của thân chủ trong hoạt động tham vấn tâm lý

TON TRONG QUYEN Tii QUYET CUA THAN CHU TRONG HOAT DONG THAM VAN T A M LY Nghien ciiu duoc tai trg bdi Quy Phat triln Khoa hoc v^ Cdng ngh6 Qufic gia (NAFOSTED) de tai: Nghien cCm thi/c trang hoat dong tra giup tam ly nhkm xa dimg Bo tieu chuan Dao dire nghe nghiep cho cdc nha tam ly htx Viet Nam; M§ vil.1-2013,10; GS.TS, Tran Thi Minh Dure lam chii nhi6m PGS.TS Bui Thj Hdng Thai ON Vu Thj Thuy Khoa Tdm ly hoc Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd Ndi TOM T A T Nghien cuu cho thdy cdc nhd tham vdn cd xu hudng tdn trpng quyen Ur quyet ciia than chu the hien qua cdc khia cgnh nhu thiic day sir lu cua than chit vifc l{ra chpn cOng nhu chdm dirt su trp giup, khdng dua ldi khuyen hay lira chpn gidi phdp cho thdn chii Tuy nhien, cd mdt sd bieu hifn ciia khia cgnh thdng tin vi hogi ddng thgm vdn vd ddc hifl viec gidi thieu thdng lin bdn than lien quan den cdng vifc thgm vdn cdn dang bi xem nhf Tit kh6a: Tdn trpng: Quyen tu quyet; Thdn chu: Nhd tham vdn Ngdynhgnbdi: \9/9/20\6; Ngdy duy?l ddng bdi: 25/11/2016 Mpt so van de ve ton trpng quyen ty quyet cua than chu ho^t dpng trgr giiip tam ly Vdi bat cir nghd nao, ldn chi boat dpng hay dao diic nghd la dieu quan trpng dg tri, phat trign nghg va hudng din nhCtng ngudi lam nghg vg gidi h^n, trach nhiem eua hp ttong cdng viec Digu khdng la ngoai I? vdi nghg Tam ly hpc, nhat la cdng viec ciia cac nha tam ly lign quan Iryc tigp dgn ngudi Cae vin dg lign quan dgn dao dire hanh nghg lam ly dugc nghien cim phd bidn d nhiing nude phuong Tay va Bic My Tuy nhien, nhtimg nghidn cim cdn kha han chg d Viet Nam Cac bp quy didu dao diic nghd lam ly d cac nude nhu My, Canada, Phap, Anh, Singapore, Philippin dd cap ddn nhiing nguydn tac cu thd ma nha tam Iy can tuan theo Irong hoat dpng nghd nghi?p 62 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 nhu sy tdn ttpng pham gia eon ngudi, trach nhidm chu> en mdn trach nhidm xa hdi, v.v ciia nha lam l\' hpc Trong khudn khd bai bao nay, chiing tdi chi ban vd sy ldn trpng quydn ty quydt ciia than chu ttong boat ddng tham van lam Iy d mdt sd nha thyc hanh tham van d Viet Nam Vdi sd lugng khach thd khidm tdn nhiing dSc thu >gu cau lya chgn khach thg (la nhiing ngudi tdt nghiep nganh Tam ly hpc va chi lam tham van tri lieu, khdng linh dgn nhiing ngudi eham chua ttg ty ky) chung tdi chi md la thyc trang \an dg ma chua cd didu kidn tim hidu cac ydu td tac dpng ddn \'iec nha tham van tdn ttpng quydn ty quydt cua than chu Carl Rogers (1952) cho rang, boat ddng tham van khdng chi dimg lai d vide giup than chu cd ldi thoat ma cdn hudng ldi muc tidu nang cao kha nang ly nhan thdc va tu giai quydt van de cua hp Cdn theo Patterson (1954), nha tham van can su dung kidn thirc hidu bidt ve tam ly dd giup than chii cd the ty giai quydt van dd va cai thidn siic khde tam than (din theo Biii Thj Xuan Mai va Nguydn Td Nhu, 2013) Dd dat dugc muc lieu nay, nha tham van phai tdn trpng quydn ty quyet cua than chu qua trinh tham van Hai khia canh vd t||l trpng quydn ly quydt ciia than chu dugc dd cap nghien cim la: Tdn trpng quydn lua chpn djch vu tham van ciing nhu eham diit mdi quan he tham van va tdn trpng quydn lya chpn each thiic giai quydt van dd cua than chii Sit ton trgng quyin lua chgn dich vu vd quyen eham dut moi ^uan hf tham van dugc thd hidn trude lien qua \'iec than chu tu ngu\dn chap thuan tham gia vao mdi quan he tham van Didu 9, Bd Quy didu dao dure hanh nghd cua cac nha tam iy hpc Phap ghi rd: "Bat eii sy can thi^p nao tir phia nha tam ly ddu phai dugc sy ddng y ciia than chu hoac nhiing ngudi cimg tham gia" (din theo Luu Huj Khanh, 2003) Nhiing trudng hgp than chii la Ire em hoac nhiing ngudi ban chg vg nang lyc tam than, ngudi khdng cd kha nang dua cac thda thu^in thi nha tham van can cd nhiing giai thich va thdng bao eu thg dg tim kigm sy thda thuan, chap nhan tham gia vao mdi quan he trg giup tir nhihig ngudi cd trach nhiem (bd me, nhiing ngudi bao trg) Nha tham van can giup than chu nam dugc thdng lin, higu vg ban chat cua mdi quan he trg giup dg hp cd thg dua sy lya chgn phii hgp vdi muc dich va nhu cau ciia ban than Do dd, viec gidi thieu vg kinh nghiem, ITnh vyc tham \an, bing cap gan vdi cdng viec nha tham van dang lam dugc xem nhu nhiing thdng tin co ban ban dau ma nha tham vSn can ndi cho than chu Bgn canh dd, nha tham van cung cin thdng bao cho than chii \c ndi dung, each thirc tign hanh, cac cdng cu hd trg, chi phi cho mdi budi lam vice \a canh bao cho than chii bigt vg nhiing rdi ro cd thg gap phai ttong qua trinh tham van Vg khia canh Digu A.2.b ttong Bd (Juy digu ciia Hiep hdi tham van Hoa Ky (ACA) ciing nhan manh ring: "Nha tham van thdng bao cho khach hang vg muc tigu, ky thuat, each thirc, nhiing gidi ban va TAP CHf TAMiy HOC, S6 12(213) 12-2016 63 nhiing nii ro cd thg xay cung nhu Igi ich ciia djch vu trg giup Cac thdng tin lign quan dgn nang lyc ciia nha tham van chiic danh nghg nghiep kinh nghiem lam viec cung dugc thdng bao cho than chii" (ACA, 2014) Vg quydn ty chim diit mdi quan he, Didu A.2.a cua ACA khang djnh: "Than chii cd quvdn ly lya chpn hoac eham dirt mdi quan he tham \an" Ngay ca mdi quan he trg giiip da tridn khai, than chu cung cd quygn eham dirt nd bit cir liic nao hp mudn Tuy nhign, Irong trudng hgp nha tham \an khdng dii nang lyc chuyen mdn, digu kien thdi gian hay siic khde hp cd thg khdng dap iing ygu ciu mudn dugc trg giiip ciia than chii nhu nhac nhd Digu A.l b ciia ACA: "'Ngu nha tham vin nhan thiy minh khdng cd kha nang ttg giup than chii, nha tham vin khdng dugc nhan than chii dd Vdi kinh nghiem lam viec cua minh, nha tham van can gidi thieu than chii de tim mpt djch vu hd trg khae thay thg" Hanh ddng ciia nha tham van nhim bao ve quygn Igi cho than chu, hudng dgn viec giiip than chii dugc hudng djch \u tham van lot nhat cd the Sir ton trgng quyen lua chgn cdeh thuc gidi quyet van de eda than ehd duge Carl Rogers Iy giai tir gdc dp than chu la ngudi ly chju trach nhi?m vg vin dg ciia ban than, dii hp lim dgn mdt dd dg nhd giup dd, song sy lugng gia va quygt djnh van thudc vg chinh hp (din theo Tran Thj Minh Diic, 2014), Nha tham van can khuygn khich than chii lim nhiing mdi quan tam, nhu cau, lgi ich ciia hp va tranh nhiing mdi quan he cd thg lam gia tang sy phu thupe cua than chu vao nha tham van; trao quygn cho than chii cung tham gia phan lich cac mat uu, nhugc digm cua mdi giai phap dg ra, tir dd than chii ty quygt djnh lya chpn giai phap phu hgrp nhat dg giai quygt van dg ciia hp nhu ndi dung cua Digu B Bp Quy digu dao diic ciia Hiep hdi Tham vin va trj lieu Canada: "Nha tham van hgp tac vdi than chii dg phan lich, dua kg hoach tham van, nhimg bao dam vc cdng gidi han van de va kha nang ciia than chii" (CCPA, 2007) Ndi each khae, vice nha tham vin khdng dua ldi khuygn cho than chu vg lya chpn each giai quygt vin dg ma khuydn khich than chu ty lya chpn sg giup thuc diy d than chii kha nang tu duomg diu vdi hoan canh, khdng ehi la hoan canh khidn hp tim ddn djch vu tham vin tam ly ma kha nang cdn dugc phat huy ttong nhimg didu kidn khae Tren co sd ciing than chii phan tich lam rd nhirng uu didm ciing nhu han ehd cua mdi giai phap, nha tham vin giup than chu nhan tidm nang cua ban than dd ty tin vdi quydt dinh ciia minh Nhu ghi nhan cua Hidp hdi Tham vin Thuy Sy: "Muc dich eiia qua ttinh tham van la mang lai sy ho trg cho than chii hoan canh roi nhieu co thd ly huy dpng dugc nhimg tidm lyc de giai quyet vin dd ciia minh vdi tu each la mpt ca nhan, mdt vidn cua xa hgi" (SAC, 2000) 64 TAP CHf TAM l y HOC Sd 12 (213), 12-2016 Mdt didm cin dugc tach biel d day la sy khae giua vide cung cap thdng tin va dua ldi khuydn cho than chu Ndu \idc dua ldi khuyen khdng dugc iing hd ttong qua trinh tham \ an thi \ iec cung cip thdng lin la didu ma cac nha tham van cin lam, vi theo Neukrug, dd la '"mot dap irng cung cap cho than ^ H thdng tin khach quan cd gia trj ma than chii khdng bidt vd nd, thdng tin ^ lao didu kidn thuan Igi cho sy hidu bidt va sy Idn Idn ciia than chii" (dan theo Tran Thj Minh Diic, 2014) Tuy nhidn, ttong mdi vai trudng hgp ngoai Id thi vide cac nha tham van dua ldi khuydn la didu cin thidt Dd la than chu khdng cd kha nang xem xet van dd ciia minh cd rdi loan lam Iy hay than chii la trd em thi tiiy thudc vao miic dp va linh chit vin dd ciia than chu ma cac nha tham van cd thd dua ldi khuydn iryc tiep hoac cd thd thao luan vdi nhiing ngudi bao hd cua than chii vd nhiing ldi khuydn trude dua cho hp Hoac nha tham van cd thd can thidp vao cac quydt djnh cua than chii cac quydt djnh ay gay hai cho chinh ban than than chu hoac nhiing ngudi xung quanh Didu da dugc dd cap ddn d Didu 5, muc Trach nhidm vdi than chii cua Bd Quy didu dao dure AIOSP: "Trong trudng hap than chii cd bidu hidn chdng ddi xa hdi nha tham van can sii dung cac gia trj nghd nghidp dd gidi ban lai cho an chu vd nguygn lac xa hdi" (AIOSP, 1995) Trong bai bao nay, hai khia canh vg tdn ttpng quygn tu quygt ciia than chu ma chiing tdi vira trinh bay d ttgn dugc cu thg hda qua loai hinh boat i ^ | cua nha tham van: 1/ Gidi thieu thdng tin vg ban than lign quan dgn cdng vice ttg giiip, 2/ Thdng lin chung vg boat ddng trg giup trude tign hanh trg giiip, 3/ Thuc day than chii ty lya chpn sy trg giiip, 4/ Khdng dua ldi khuygn va lya chpn giai phap cho than chii va 5/ Thao luan giai phap cung than chu t Phirong phap nghien ciru Nghign cim bang bang hdi dugc tign hanh d 30 nha tham van vaj van sau nha tham van Gin mdt nira sd khach thg (12 ngudi) chuygn lam viec vdi trg em, sd cdn lai chuygn lam vice vdi thigu nign va ngudi trudng Hinh thirc tham van chu ygu la tham van ca nhan va lam trye tigp hoac qua dien thoai Nhirng van dg cac khach thg ihudng lam la tham van hpc dudng va nhiing cang lhang ttong cude sdng Thang 31 menh dg dugc xay dyng nham xac djnh miie thyc hien cac boat ddng thg hien sy ldn trpng quygn ty quygt ciia than chu ttong thyc hanh ttg giiip lam ly Dp lin cay cua thang dat chi sd a = 0,88 Digm cac phuong an tra ldi cho timg menh dg la: digm - khdng bao gid thyc hien; digm - thinh thoang; digm - thudng xuygn; digm - lign luc Nhiing menh dg ngugc chigu da dugc ddi digm qua ttinh nhap sd lieu Digm trung binh cua menh dg cang cao cho thay mirc dp tdn trpng quygn ly quygt ciia than chii TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, Sd 12 (213) 12 - 2016 65 cang Idn va ngugc lai Thang cd didm trung binh chung la 2.45 \a dp lech chuin la 0,36 Viec xgp cac mde dp thg hien sy tdn trpng quygn ty qu>ct ciia than chu dugc phan djnh nhu sau: - DTB < 2.09: sy tdn trgng d miic thip - 2.09 < DTB < 2.81: sy tdn trgng d mirc trung binh - 2,81 < DTB < 4: sy tdn ttgng d miic cao Ket qua nghien ciru Phin trinh bay cae kgt qua khao sat thyc lien vd tdn trpng qu>dn ty quydt cua than chu hoat ddng tham van thd hidn qua \ iec nha tham \an thyc hidn loai hinh boat dpng ma chiing tdi ndu d ttgn 3.1 Gidi thieu nhiimg thong tin vi bdn than nhd tham van lien quan din cong viie trg gidp Trgn CO sd nhiing thdng tin \'g ban than lign quan dgn boat ddng trg giup ma nha tham vin cung cap, than chii cd thg can nhie dg dua quyet djnh tham gia hay khdng tham gia vao hoat ddng trg giiip, lya chpn nha tham van ma hp mong mudn Bdng I: Mirc dp giai thieu thdng tin ve bdn than nhd tham vdn lien qugn den cdng viec Ira giiip Cac thong tin dmrc gioi thieu cho than chii Xep miirc DTB DLC Nhihig ITnh virc co the trtjr giiip cho than chij 2.77 0,77 TB Tuoi dai cija ban than 1,97 0,85 Thap BSng cap gSn vtji cong viec trgr giiJp lam ly 2,00 0,83 Thap Bing cap cao nhal ciia ban than du bjng cap ay khong gjn vai cong viec trijr giup tam ly 1,13 0,35 Thap Tham nien cong tac ciia ban than Irong ITnh virc trgf giiip lam Iv 2,03 0,85 Thap Trong thdng lin vg ban than ma nha tham vin gidi thi?u cho than chii, ehi cd nhat thdng tin \ c nhiing bing cip ma khdng gin vdi cdng vi?c trg giiip tam ly la khdng cin thigt Do dd, viec cac nha tham vin khdng cd xu hudng gidi thieu vg bing cip la hgp Iy (DTB =1,13 tuong img vdi mire dp thyc hien la thip) Tuy nhign, nhirng thdng tin lign quan dgn bing cip gin vdi cdng vide trg giiip tam ly va tham nign cdng tac ITnh vyc trg giiip tam ly 66 TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016 cung khdng dugc cac nha tham \ an chu ttpng gidi thieu cho than chii Miic dp gidi thieu cac thdng lin na\ ciing chi dat miic thip Ly giai vg digu na%, cac nha tham van ihudng cho rang, ban than than chii khdng quan tam ngn hp khdng gidi thieu vg ca nhan minh: "Thdn chit cOng khong qud quan tdm den nhimg thdng tin do" (Bign ban phdng van sau sd 3) hay: "Khi thdn chu tim den minh hp ludn cd xu hudng ndi thdng vdo vdn de cua bdn thdn Hp chi qugn tdm den viec hp cd dang duac ldng nghe hay khdng Cdn nhung thdng tin nhu tudi ddi, kinh nghiem hay bang cap cua nhd tham vdn ddi vdi hp khdng quan trpng" (Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 1) Nhu vay, lir thyc id cdng vide ttg giiip, cac nha tham van cho ring, vide cung cap cac thdng tin vd ban than lidn quan ddn cdng vide trg giiip la didu khdng can thidt Du\ chi cd thdng tin lidn quan ddn nhiing ITnh vyc ma nha tham van cd thd ttg giup cho than chu dugc thyc hidn d miic trung binh vi: "Viec gidi thieu vdi thdn chu ve tinh vuc minh cd the tra giup duge nhdm dem lgi cho thdn chit su tin tuong ddi vdi ngirdi trg gidp'" (Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 3) Tim hidu thdng tin trdn cac website cua mdt sd trung tam tu van tam ly tai Ha Ndi, chung ldi nhan thay cd rat it trung tam danh ridng muc gidi thidu vd ckc chuydn gia lu van cua hp vdi day du cac thdng tin lir tudi ddi, ITnh vuc ttg giiip, kinh nghidm lam vide Trung lam lu van Linh Tam va Cdng ty ed phan Tham van Nghidn cim va Tam ly hpc cude sdng Share la hai ttong sd nhirng trung tam, theo tim hidu ciia chung tdi, cd gidi thieu mdt each ti mi, day dii vg dpi ngii nha tham van, thyc hanh tai eo sd Cdn lai phan Idn cac trung tam chi gidi thieu mdt each chung chung ma khdng cd hudng dan cu thg vg cac chuygn gia tham van ciia minh Digu cd thg gay khd khan cho than chii ttong viec lya chpn nha tham van theo mong mudn ciia ban than Nhin chung, cac kgt qua khao sat cho thay, cac nha tham van cdn dang xem nhe viec gidi thieu thdng tin vg ban than, dac biet la nhiing thdng tin lign quan dgn boat ddng trg giiip 3.2 Thong tin chung vi hogt dgng trg gidp tru&c tiin hdnh gidp dd Nhirng thdng tin chung vg boat ddng ttg giup nhu muc tigu ttg giup, chi phi lieu trinh, ttach nhiem mdi bdn \.v nham giiip than chii sang Id ban chat cua boat ddng ttg giiip va cd thd ty can nhac vd vide tham gia hay khdng tham gia vao mdi quan hg ttg giup dd Kgt qua digu tra cho thay, cac boat ddng "Thdng bao vg each thiic lign hanh trg giiip" (DTB = 3,06), "Thda thuan each thiic lign hanh trg giiip" (DTB = 3,2), "Thda thuan %g cam kgt ttach nhiem eua cac bgn tham gia vao mdi quan he ttg giup" (DTB = 3,13), "Thda thuan vdi than chu vg muc tigu dat dugc sau moi budi lam viec" (DTB = 3,06) va "Thdng bao \ c kdt qua dy kien dat dugc sau qua trinh ttg giiip" (DTB =^ 2,90) ddu dugc TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, Sd 12 (213) 12-2016 67 cac nha tham \ in thyc hidn ihudng xuydn ttong boat ddng ttg giiip ciia minh Nhiing \iec lam la hoan loan can thidt ddi vdi mdi cupc tham van ca than chu da timg cd kinh nghidm lam tham vin tir trude Ihi \ ice cung cap nhime thdng lin co ban la didu can thidt Nhu chia sd ciia mdt nha tham van: •Ddy^ld nhimg thdng tin ca bdn nhdl cd the giup thdn chii mir&ng tiromg hog dpng ciing nhu cdeh thirc md tdi se tiin hdnh tro giup cho hp" (Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 3) Bdn canh nhiing thdng tin vd kdt qua muc tidu, each Ihiic ttg giup da dugc cac nha thyc hanh chia sd vdi than chu trude bit diu qua trinh trg giup, cdn mdt sd thdng lin dugc cac nha tham van thyc hidn nhung d miic dp khdng Ihudng xuvcn, Cac boat ddng nhu: "Quydt dinh so budi lam vide trdn co sd vin dd cua than chu" (DTB = 2,80) \ a "Thdng bao vg chi phi ciia moi budi trg giiip" (DTB = 2.70) dgu dugc cac nha tham van thyc hien nhung d mirc dp khdng thudng xuyen, Mac du \ay cac nha tham van thg hien y thirc coi trpng \ ice dua nhimg thdng lin nav dgn than chii vi: "Viec cimg thdn chit dug rg thda thudn ve sd budi Idm viec cSng nhu kinh phi cho mdi budi the hien mot phdn linh lu quyet ciig thdn chu ke hogeh giiip vd phdn ndo tgo cho thdn chu su thodi mdi khdng gd bd, guomg ep qud Irinh tra giup cho hp" (Bign ban phdng van sau sd 3) d mdt sd trung tam khae, nhiing thdng lin vira ndu dugc hidn thj trdn hgp ddng tham van vdi than chii: '"Trong budi gap ddu, sau cd ddnh gid ddu tien, tdi se thdng bdo lai than chii Idt cd cdc thdng tin ve muc lieu, cdeh thirc, phuong phdp Id trinh, muc tieu eu the eiia lirng budi cung nhu chi phi Idm viec vdi thdn chit Tdt cd cdc thong tin ndy deu hien thi tren hpp ddng Idm viie vdi than chu" (Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 6) Nhu vay cd thd thay cac nha tham van da tdn trpng quydn ly quydt ciia than chu thdng qua vide thyc hidn cac boat ddng thdng bao cho than chii bidt \ e nhirng thdng tin lien quan ddn qua trinh trg giup 3.3 Thue day than ehd lu lira chgn su trg giup Bidu dd ghi nhan vide thyc hidn cac boat dpng nhim thuc diy sy ty ciia than chii vide lya ehpn sy trg giup Trong bidu hidn vc sy thiic diy sy ly ciia than chu vide lya chpn djch vu trg giiip vide "Ddng y giup dd than chu dii vin de khdng thupe chuven mdn chi vi than chii ydu ciu" la vide trai vdi Quy didu dao diic Cae Bp Quv didu ddu nhie nhd cac nha tham vin tam Iy chi lam \ iec ITnh vyc phii hgp V di chuydn mdn da qua dao lao va dugc giam sat dd thyc hi?n cdng V ice dd Do vay, vide cae nha tham vin khdng cd xu hudng nhan ldi giiip dd than chu chuyen mdn eua hg khdng dap img (DTB =1,43) la didu hoan loan dung dan va giup bao ve quydn Igi eua than chu Trudng hgp nha tham vin 68 TAP CHf TAMiy HQCSd 12(213), 12-2016 khdng dii didu kidn giiip dd than chii thi hg hudng tdi vide "'Giiip than chu tim kidm nha tham vin phii hgp vdi vdu cau cua hp" (DTB = 2,80) Vice lim kidm nha tham van thay thd phu hgp vdi quv chudn dao dire nghe ddi hdi nha tham van phai cd mang ludi cac ddng nghidp ma hp tin tudng cd thd giiip dd dugc cho than chu Chia sd vd didu nay, mdt nha tham vin cho bidt: ".\eu em ban hogc nhdn thdy minh khdng gitip dugc vdn de aia thdn chu thi em nhd ddng nghiep giup Trong thdnh phd ndy, cd khoang den ngirdi la em tin tudng vdo ndng lire Idm thgm vdn tri lieu eua ho de minh chuyen thdn chu" (Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 5) Cudi cung, "Chi lam vide vdi than chu ty nguydn tham gia qua ttinh ttg giiip" (DTB = 2,97) dugc cac nha tham vin thudng xuv en thue hidn Chi ^ viec vdi than chu tu nguyen tham gia qui trinh trg giup 2.97 Giup than chu tim kiim nhd tham vin phij hgp vdi y£u cau cua hp 2.80 » Ddng y giup dd than chu dii van dl khdng thupe chuyen mdn vi than chu yeu chx 1.43 2.!! 3.S Biiu 1: Muc dp thue Men cdc hogt ddng thuc ddy quyen tu lug ehpn su trg giup cua thdn chu 3.4 Khong dua ldi khuyin vd lira chgn gidi phdp cho than chu Trong mdi quan he ttg giiip, nha tham van la ngudi hd ttg cho than chu dd hp ed thd huy dpng dugc tidm lyc cua ban than v a hudng ddn vide ty giai quydt dugc van dd ciia minh Trdn thyc td, khdng it than chu di tham van, trj lieu ludn mong ehd vao vide dugc nha tham van cung cap ldi khuydn va giiip hp lim giai phap nao tdt nhat cd thd Tuy nhidn, trach nhidm ciia nha tham van chi la ciing than chu ban ve ckc giai phap, mat thuan Igi ciing nhu ban ehd ciia mdi giai phap dd va ngudi cudi cimg lya chpn giai phap la than chii O ca loai boat ddng thd hifn sy v i pham quygn ty quygt ciia than chu nhu "'Quydt djnh thay cho than chii thav hp dang phan van chua bidt phai lam gi"' (DTB = 1,37) "'Dua ldi khuydn giup than chu giai quydt vin At cua hp" (DTB = 1,80), "'Dua ldi khuydn than chu tha thigt xin ldi khuygn cho vin dg ciia hp" (DTB = 1,70) va "Khuygn than TAP CHf TAMiy HOC, 5612(213), 12-2016 69 chu lya ehpn giai phap ma nha tham vin cho la tdi uu nhat" (DTB = l,70^vci qua digu tta cho thay cac nha tham vin ttong nghien cihi khdng cd x u ^ H I quygt djnh thay hay khuygn than chii ngn lam gi Ndi each khae nha t h a r n P ^ da thg hien sy tdn trpng d mure cao ddi v di v iec lya ehpn giai phap cua than chii vi: "Viec quyit dinh thay se kim ham su chu dpng cua thdn chu n-ong viec gidi quyit cho chinh nhirng khd khdn md hp dgng gap phdr'{B\en ban phdng van sau sd 3) va: "Niu nhu minh cho ldi khuyen cd nghia Id minh da dp dgt nhirng quan diim ed nhdn len thdn chu Hode ddi nhimg ldi khuyen cua minh se Idm cho hp cd thi khdng phdt huy dugc hit tinh tu chu cSng nhu liem ndng ciia hp Nhu vdy Ihi muc tieu Idm tham vdn tri lieu ciia minh chua duac hieu qud cao nhdt Id giiip cho hp tu khdm phd bdn thdn vd lu gidi quyet vdn de ciia minh" (Bign ban phdng van sau sd 4) 3.5 Thao lugn gidi phdp cdng than chu Ngu nhu viec khdng cho than chu ldi khuygn vg each thirc giai quyet V an dg la hoan loan hgp ly thi nha tham van qua trinh trg giup can ciing than chu thao luan v e cac giai phap, uu digm va han chg cua timg giai phap Digu khign than chu lya chpn giai phap nao, hg chic chin la da higu r6 vg giai phap dd va ciing hieu iv cho sy lya chpn ciia hp Di than chii l\f quyit djnh giai phip nga\ ca nha tham vin tin rflng l^a chpn cua than chu chua phai li toi uu 2,40 Bin vi uu nhu^c diem cua timg giai phip 3.30 Khuyin khich thin chu lu lira chpn giii phip 3.43 0.5 I.S 2.5 J 3,5 Biiu 2: Muc dp thao lugn gidi phdp cimg thdn chu (DTB) Viec "Khuvdn khich than chu ty lya chpn giai phap" (DTB - 3,43) va "Ban ve uu, nhugc diem ciia timg giai phap' (DTB = 3.30) dugc cac nha tham 70 TAP CHf TAM l y HOC Sd 12 (213), 12 - 2016 van tdn ttgng va thuc hien d mirc cao (bigu dd 2) Dieu ciing phii hgp vdi tieu ehuan dao diic lien quan dgn sy tdn ttpng quygn ty quygt cua than chU Nhu chia sg eiia mdt nha tham van: "Tdi thudng cimg hp phdn tich nhiing dieu thugn lgi vd bdt lgi cug timg gidi phdp de ho lua chgn cho minh gidi phdp tdi iru nhdt"{E'\cn bkn phdng van sau sd 3) Chi cd vice "Dg than chii quvgt djnh giai phap ca nha tham van lin rang lya chpn ciia than chii chua phai la tdi uu" (DTB = 2.40) cd miic dp thyc hien d mirc ttung binh Thyc tg quygn quygt djnh la cua than chu va ehi cd than chu mdi higu rd nhat v i hg dua lya chpn cua minh Ngay ca nha tham van tin ring lya chpn cua than chu chua thyc sy tdt nhung digu hoan loan xuat phat tir nhan quan nhiing gia trj va nigm tin cua nha tham van Bdi vi: "Vdn di cug mdi ngudi se ed nhimg cdeh gidi quyet khde ung vdi nhimg truong hgp khde nhgu Cd the cdeh gidi quyet ciia tdi dua ra, vdi tdi, la phii hgp nhung ddi vdi than chu ed the lgi khdng phu harp" (Bign ban phdng van sau sd 2) Do dd nha tham vin cd xu hudng tdn trpng lya chpn cua than chu Tuy nhign, ttong qua trinh ttg giup, vide dua ldi khuydn lai la can thidt ttong mdt sd trudng hgp dac bidt than chii khdng cd kha nang xem xdt van dd cua minh cd rdi loan lam ly hay than chu la tre em Trong nhirng trudng hgp nay, nha tham van cd xu hudng ""Dua cac giai phap trdn co sd thao luan vdi cha me hay ngudi giam hd eiia tre ttong trudng hgp than chii la ire em" (DTB = 3.03) Ngoai ra, cae nha tham van cd xu hudng thyc hidn d muc dp trung binh ddi vdi cac v ice "Dua giai phap cho than chu la ttd em va ngudi ed rdi loan tam than" (DTB = 2,10) va "Can thigp vao nhiing quvet dinh cua than chii quygt djnh dd gav ldn hai cho ban than hp va ngudi khae" (DTB = 2,67) Nhin chung, cae kgt qua ttong phan cho thav nha tham van da thg hien sy ldn trpng trach nhiem thao luan giai phap cung than chii dg than chii cd thg lya chpn giai phap phii hgp nhat cho minh d mirc cao v a linh boat theo timg hoan canh cu the, Ket iu^n cac kgt qua trinh bay d trgn cho thay loai hinh boat ddng the hifn sy ldn trpng quygn ty quygt cua than chii ma nghign cihi dg cap ldi, cac nha tham van thg hien xu hudng ldn trpng d miic cao ddi vdi cac khia canh thuc day than chii ty lya chpn sy trg giup, khdng dua ldi khuygn va lya chpn giai phap cho than chu va thao luan giai phap cung than chu Ddi vdi khia canh gidi thieu thdng tin chung ve boat ddng trg giup trude lidn hanh giup dd thi ed nhiing bieu hidn nhu thda thuan vd each thirc tidn hanh trg giup trach nhidm ciia mdi bdn muc tidu trg giiip, kdt qua dat dugc dugc cac nha tham van thyc hidn thudng xu> en thd hidn mirc tdn trgng cao nhimg nhimg khia canh TAP CHiTAM ly HOC, Sd 12 (213) 12-2016 71 lien quan ddn chi phi hay cdng cu trg giup lai it dugc nha tham van ban vdi than chu Cudi ciing khia canh gidi thieu vg ban than lign quan dgn cdng vice trg giup cdn dang hi xem nhe Do hien chung la chua cd Bd Quy digu dao dire hanh nghe Tam Iv hpc cac kgt qua trgn phin nao cho thiy sy nd lyc cua cac nha thyc hanh tam ly V iec trg giiip cho than chii v a dap img cac tigu chuan dao diic nghd bang vide tham khao cac bd tidu chuin trdn the gidi Tuy nhidn, thyc lg cung dat sy cin thigt phai cd nhumg hudng din cu thg cho ckc nha thyc hanh nghg tam Iv d Viet Nam, dg giiip hp higu rd va ton trpng nhiing v gu ciu dao dire nghg, khdng chi viec tdn trpng quygn ty quygt cua than chii ma cdn la nhimg khia canh khae nhu van dg trinh dp chuygn mdn, mdi quan he v di Id chirc/ddng nghiep v v boat dpng nghd Tai lieu tham khao Biii Thi Xuan Mai, Nguvcn Td Nhu Gido Irinh Tham vdn trj lieu nghien NXB Lao dong xa hpi Ha Noi 2013, Luu Hu\ Khanh dich, "Dgo ly hdnh nghe tdm ly" (Nhirng dieu khoan quy dinh Dao ly hanh nghe cua cac nha tam l\ hpc Phap) Thong tin khoa hpc (1 2), Trung tam Nghien cim Tarn Iv \a Tam benh ly tre cm, 2003 Dang I loang Ngan luge dich, Oiiy dieu dgo due Vien thdn chii trpng tdm (IFEF) Tran Thi Minh Dire Gido Irinh Tham vdn tdm ly NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi 2014, Amcricain Counseling Associaiion Code of Ethics, http://\vww,counscling org/docs/ dcfault-sourcc/librorv-archivcs/archivcd-codc-of-ethics/codeethicsOS.pdf? slVrsn=4 2014 Tmy cap '2016 Code dconlologie dc LAIOSP, http://iaevg.net/iaevg.org/lAEVG/nav76ff-2.html? Iang^l&menu=l&submenu=2, 1995, Truy cap 10/5/2016 Canadian Counselling and psychotherapy associaiion, https://vvvvw.ccpa-accp.ca/ \Np-comeni/uploads/2014/10/Codcon;thics_cn.pdf, 2007 Truy cap 10/5/2016 Swiss Association for Counselling (SGfB) (n.d.-a), http://vvvvw.sgfb.eh/index php? option=com frontpage<emid=l&lang=francais, Truy cap 15/4/2016 ''- TAP CHf TAMiy HOC Sdi (213), 12-2016 ... nghiem, ITnh vyc tham an, bing cap gan vdi cdng viec nha tham van dang lam dugc xem nhu nhiing thdng tin co ban ban dau ma nha tham vSn can ndi cho than chu Bgn canh dd, nha tham van cung cin... nha tham van vaj van sau nha tham van Gin mdt nira sd khach thg (12 ngudi) chuygn lam viec vdi trg em, sd cdn lai chuygn lam vice vdi thigu nign va ngudi trudng Hinh thirc tham van chu ygu la tham. .. quan dgn boat ddng trg giup ma nha tham vin cung cap, than chii cd thg can nhie dg dua quyet djnh tham gia hay khdng tham gia vao hoat ddng trg giiip, lya chpn nha tham van ma hp mong mudn Bdng I: