Thực trạng nhu cầu tham vấn tâm lý của cha mẹ có con tự kỷ

THUC TRANG NHU CAU THAM VAN TAM LY CUA CHA ME CO CON TU KY Bai viet la mot phan ket qua nghien ciru cua de tai cap ca s6 nam 2018: Thtrc trang nhu cau dirge tham van tam ly cua cha me co tiT kf, Vien TSm ly hoc chO tri; Nguyen Thj Thanh Huyen lam chCi nhiem Nguyen Thj Thanh Huyen Vien Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Nghien cim tim hieu thuc trgng ve nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly cua cha me co /{f ky Mdu nghien cuu bao gom 120 cha/me cd Id tre tu ky song tgi thdnh Id Hdi Phong vd Hd Noi Cong cu nghien cuu chinh la bdng hdi Ket qud nghien cuu cho thdy, cha me co tu ky deu gap khd khan tdm ly vd cd nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly d cdc vdn de khdc vdi cdc muc khdc nhau, do, cha me co nhu cdu duac tham vdn tdm ly ve noi dung cao han so vai nhu cdu ve hinh thuc tham vdn tdm ly Ket qud nghien cuu giiip cdc nhd chuyen mon nhdn thicc ro han ve nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly cua cha me cd tu ky, tir co cdc gidi phdp de thoa mdn nhu cdu Tir khoa: Tre tu ky; Cha me co tu ky; Nhu cdu duac tham vdn tdm ly cita cha me cd tu ky Ngdy nhdn bdi: 24/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2018 Dat van de Tu ky la mot dang khuyet tat phat trien ton tai suot doi, thuong duoc phat hien ba nam dau dcri, m6t loai roi loan than kinh anh huong den chuc nang cua nao bp Tu ky co the xay khong biet gioi tinh, giau ngheo, chung tpc hay dja vj xa hoi Tu ky dupe the hien qua cac khiem khuy^f \t tuong tac xa hoi, giao tiSp ngon ngu va phi ngon ngG, cac hanh vi, so thich, hoat dong co tinh han hep va lap di lap lai (Benh vien Nhi Trung uong, 2008) S6 luong tre tu ky dang gia tang a t4t ca qu6c gia tren tha gioi, chii ygu o cac ph6 Ion (3 Viet Nam, tu ky mai duoc biet din nhftng nam 90 cua thi ky XX (Nguyin Thj Thanh Mai, 2016) Hien nay, tai Viet Nam, chua co sd lieu cu the va s6 lugng tre tu ky nhung theo uac tinh ciia Cue Bao tra xa hoi - B6 Lao TAP CHI TAM L t HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12-2018 gl dong, Thucmg binh va Xa hoi dua vao nam 2017, Viet Nam co khoang hon 200.000 nguoi tu ky (din theo Pham Thanh Binh, 2012) Doi voi gia dinh tre tu ky, viee phat hien mSc chung tu ky la mot eiJ soc Itm cho cha me va nguoi than ciia tre Cha me cam thay rat kho khan de chap nhan minh dugc chan doan tu ky (Tongerloo, 2005) Tir kbi biet mic chiing tu ky va suot qua trinh cham soc tre tir ky, cha me ihu sinh cac cam xue tieu cue, dac biet la tram cam on dinh theo thoi gian khien cha me luon d trang thai cang thang, lie chl (Carteret va cong sir, 2009) Khi phat hien eon tu ky, nhirng moi quan he gia dinh eo the khien cho cha me cam thdy vo ciing cang thSng (Crenguta va cong su, 2012) Ngoai viec sinh cac cam xiic tieu cue, cha me eo eon tu ky gap rat nhieu kho khan tam ly khac Do la kho khan viec doi hoi nguofi khac doi xu cong bang, tranh ky thi voi ban than tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky Viec nhilng nguoi xung quanh co nhirng cai nhin thieu thien cam, doi xii voi gia dinh tre tu ky khac voi cac gia dinh binh thuong khiin cha me co eon tu ky cam thay tu ti, khep minh (Cynthia A Serrata, 2012) Cha me co tu ky gap kho khan vi thieu hut thong tin lien quan den tu ky Cho den hien tai, nguyen nhan gay tit ky van dang tranh eai, nhien, nghien ciiu ciia Mercer va cong su (2006), dugfc boi ve nguyen nhan gay tu ky, phan nhieu cha me cho rang yeu to di truyen la chii yeu Cha me co tu ky gap kho khan viee tim kiSm m6i truong hoc tap va hinh thiic giao due cho tre tu ky Ngay dau nam 2018, tpa dam "Chinh sdch gldo due hda nhap cho tre rdi loan phdt trien", cac chuyen gia va ca cha me co tu ky chia se nhirng kho khan tre tu ky tham gia hoc boa nhap tai trudng hoc, nhu khong kip tilp thu bai, khSng co su danh gia rieng danh cho tre tu ky, nhirng dieu khiin tre tu ky kho hoac khong the hoc hoa nhap hieu qua (Ngan Anh, 2018) Kh6ng chi vay, cha me co eon tu ky gap kho khan viec thieu ky nang cham soc tre tu ky Theo VQ Thi Bich Hanh (2007), tre tu ky gap rit nhilu kho khan vl giao tilp, ngon ngO, hanh vi Noi each khac, rat nhieu kho khan co nguy co xuat hien va lam cho cuoc song cua gia dinh co tre tu ky, dac biet la cha me tre tu ky cang tro nen cang thang va phat sinh nhieu van de khac Vi vay, cha me can dugc tham vin tam ly de giai quyet nhirng kho khan phat sinh qua trinh cham soc tre tu ky ma khong the tu minh vugt qua Trong pham vi bai viet, chiing toi hilu Nhu cdu tham van tdm ly ciia cha me cd tu ky Id ddi hdi duac tra giiip tdm ly ve ndi dung vd hinh thicc ciia cha me cd tu ky nhdm tim kiem vd gidi quyet nhimg khd khan ciia minh Thuc vay, rat nhieu nghien ciiu va ngoai nuoc cho thay, cha me co tu 82 TAP CHI'TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 ky CO nhttng nhu ciu can dugc tham van tam ly nhu nhu cSu giai toa cac cam xuc tiSu cue (IVIicbelle A.M.M Van Togerloo va cong sir, 2015), nhu ciu tim hieu thong tin (Susan Senator, 2010), nhu ciu vl ky nang cham soc tre tu ky (Bary M Prizant, 2016), nhu ciu vl ky nang tuong tac va doi hoi dugc doi xil cong bang, tranh ky thi (Salli Ozonof va cong su, 2014) Khong nhirng co nhu cau dugc thoa man ve noi dung, cha me cQng cin dugc thoa man su dung cae binh thtrc tham vin khac (Trin Thi Minh Diic, 2016) Tham van tam ly chi dugc thuc hien boi cac nha chuyen mon a nhirng dia diem nhat dinh Tuy nhien, dl tham vin dugc hieu qua, cac nha chuyen mon cung can than bilu nhilng nhu ciu tham vin eila cha me, hilu dugc hg cin nhilng gi de co bien phap giup hp cham soc dugc t6t hon Vi vay, viec nghien eiiu thue trang ve nhu cau tham vin tam ly cbo cha me co tu ky la can thiet hien Khach the va phirtrng phap nghien ciru 2.1 Khdch Ihi nghien ciiu Bdng 1: Dac diem khdch the nghien ciru Tieu chi Cha/me Trinh hoc van Ngh6 nghiep Tuoi So liroTig Ty le % Cha 35 31,5 Me 82 68,5 THPT tro xuong 18 15,9 Trung cap, cao dang 42 37,2 46,9 D^i hQC, sau dai hgc 53 N6i tra/tir 19 17,7 Nhan vien van phong 24 22,5 KJ thuat 25 23,3 Kinh doanh 27 25,3 Giao due 12 11,2 Duo! 30 tuoi 37 33,3 TCr 30 den 40 tudi 60 54,1 Tren 40 tuoi 14 12,6 Nghien ctrii da khao sat bang bang boi tren 120 cha va me eo la tre tu ky va phong vin sau cha/me, can bp tham vin va giao vien can thiep TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 83 cho tre tu ky tai Trung tam Can thiep Timg buoc nho (Hai Phong) va Trung tam Can thiep sdm Tam An (Ha Ngi) Tuli trung binh cua khach tbi nghien ciiu la 33,67, lech chuan la 7,31 Nhu vay, mau nghien cilu phan nhieu la nguoi me, co dp tuoi dudi 40 tuoi; da so e6 trinh dp hpc van kha cao, tir trinh dp trung cap, cao dang trd len; nghi nghiep chu yeu la nhan vien van phong, kinh doanh va ky thuat 2.2 Phuang phdp nghien curu Cae phuong phap dugc sit dung nghien oixu gom cd nghien ciru tai lieu van ban, diiu tra bang bang hoi, phdng van sau va thong ke toan bgc Trong do, dieu tra bing bang bdi la phuong phap chii yeu Bang hoi tac gia tu xay dirng, bao gom thang do: Thang Khd khan tam ly cua cha me cd tu ky: 24 menh de (item) chia lam van de (khd khan giai tda cam xuc, khd khan thieu thdng tin lien quan den tu ky, khd khan thieu ky nang cham sdc tre tu kj, khd khan tiep can dich vu xa hpi danh cho tre tu ky va cba me tre tu ky, khd khan tim kiem mdi trudng va hinh thire giao due phii hgp vdi tre tu ky, khd khan viee ddi hdi cdng bang, tranh ky thi doi vdi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky) Doi vdi mdi item, khach thi lira chgn phuong an tra loi tuong ttng diim tir - 4: diem - khdng gap khd khan gi, diem - gap mot chut khd khan, diem gap kha nhieu khd khan, diem - gap rat nhieu khd khan Dp tin cay ctia thang la 0,947 Thang Nhu cau tham van tam ly ve ngi dung ciia cha me gan vdi tirng khd khan cu the bao gdm 24 item chia lam vin dl (nhu cau giai tda cam xilc, nhu cau can dugc cung cap thdng tin lien quan den tu ky, nhu cau cin dugc cung cap ky nang cham sdc tre tu ky, nbu cau tilp can dich vu xa hdi danh cho tre tu ky va cha me tre tu ky, nhu ciu tim kilm mdi trudng va hinh thirc giao due phii hgp vdi tre tu ky, nhu ciu ddi hdi cdng bang, tranh ky thi doi vdi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky) Doi vdi mdi item, khach tbi lira chgn phuong an tra loi: diem - khdng ed nbu cau tham vin tam ly, diim can tham van nhung khdng nhieu, diem - tuong ddi can, diim - rat can Do tin cay cua thang la 0,963 Thang Hinh thitc tham vin tam ly bao gdm item, khach thi lira chgn t phuong an tra Idi tuong ling vdi thang diem tir - 4: diim khdng phii hgp, diem - phii hgp mot phan, diem - kha phii hgp, diim - rit phii hgp Do tin cay eiia thang la 0,514 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, 86' 12 (237), - Nhu vay, diim trung binh eila cac thang cang cao, cba me cd tu ky cang gap nhieu khd khan, cang cin dugc tham van va cang danh gia cao mile phu hgp cua hinh thiic tham vin So lieu khao sat dugc nhap bang phan mem EPI data, sau dd chuyen sang xii ly bang phan mIm SPSS vdi cac phep thing ke: dim (count), tin suit (frequencies), so sanh Independent T-test, Oneway Anova, hrong quan (correlation) 3, Ket qua nghiSn cihi 3.1 Nhirng khd khan lam ly cua cha me cd lit ky NhOng khd khan cua cha me cd tu ky va phuong thilc giai quyet cac khd khan ay la co sd quan trgng, la tiln dl sinh nhu ciu tham vin d hp Do do, can bjeu dugc khd khan tam ly eiia cha me dl bilt hp cd nhu ciu tham vin khdng, vl nhirng vin dl gi va d miic dp nao Khao sat tren 120 cba me cd tit ky cd ket qua nhu sau: gin nhu tit ea cha me ed eon tu ky diu gap khd khan tam ly qua trinh cham sdc tre tu ky d cac vin de khac vdi mile dp khac Tdng hgp 24 van dl khd khan tam ly dugc khao sat tren linh vuc cho thiy birc tranh chung ve thuc trang nay, dugc the hien bang Bang 2: Kho khan tdm ly cua cha me cd tu ky BTB DLC Kho khan giai toa cam xiic Nhirng ITnh virc kho khan tam ly 2,69 0,73 Kho khan doi hoi doi xii cong bang, tranh ky thi 2,16 0,78 Kh6 Ithan thieu thong tin lien quan den tre tu ky 2,62 0,82 Kho khan thiSu ky nang cham s6c tre tu k^ 2,57 0,74 Kho khan viec tiep can dich vu xa hoi 2,78 0,86 Kho khan tim kiem moi tnrong va hinh thuc giao due 2,72 0,82 2,59 0,63 Chung Nbin chung, cba me cd tir ky thudng gap phai mdt sd khd khan tam ly nhit dinh cham sdc tre tai gia dinh nhung d mire khac Ba khd khan Idn nhit ma cha me gap phai la tilp can dich vu xa hdi, tim kilm mdi trudng va binh thitc giao due datih cho tre tu ky, giai tda cam xue tieu cue Ben canh dd, cha me cQng gap mdt sd khd khan nhu bi thilu hut thdng tin lien quan din tu ky, thilu ky iiang ehim sdc tre tu ky Cha me it gap khd khan nhit vi$c yeu ciu dugc ddi xir cdng bang, tranh ky thi TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 85 cho tre tu ky tai Trung tam Can thiep Tirng budc nhd (Hai Phdng) va Trung tam Can thiep sdm TSm An (Ha Ngi) Tudi trung binh cua khach tbi nghien ciru la 33,67, dp lech chuan la 7,31 Nhu vay, mlu nghien cim phin nhieu la ngudi me, cd dp tudi dudi 40 tudi; da sd ed trinh dp hpc vin kha cao, tir trinh dp trung cip, cao ding trd len; nghi nghiep chii yeu la nhan vien van phdng, kinh doanh va ky thuat 2.2 Phuang phdp nghien ciru Cac phuong phap dugc sir dung nghien ciru gdm cd nghidn ciru tai lieu van ban, dieu tra bang bang bdi, phdng van sau va thdng ke toan hgc Trong dd, dieu tra bang bang hdi la phuong phap chii yeu Bang hdi tac gia tu xay dung, bao gdm thang do: Thang Khd khan tam ly ciia cha me ed tu ky: 24 menh de (item) chia lam van dl (khd khan giai tda cam xuc, khd khan thieu thdng tin lien quan din tu ky, khd khan thilu ky nang cham sdc tre tu ky, khd khan tiep can dich vu xa boi danh cbo tre tu ky va cha me tre tu ky, khd khan tim kiem mdi trudng va binh thiic giao due pbii hgp vdi tre tu ky, khd khan viec ddi hdi cdng bang, tranh ky thi ddi vdi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky) Ddi vdi mdi item, khach thi lira chgn phuong an tra Idi tuong irng diem tir - 4: diem - khdng gap khd khan gi, diim - gap mot chut khd khan, diim gap kha nhieu khd khan, diem - gap rat nhieu khd khan Do tin cay ciia thang la 0,947 Thang Nhu cau tham van tam ly ve ndi dung ciia cha me gin vdi tirng khd khan cu the bao gdm 24 item chia lam vin dl (nhu ciu giai tda cam xuc, nhu cau cin dugc cung cap thdng tin lien quan din tir ky, nhu ciu cin dugc cung cip ky nang cham sdc tre ty ky, nhu cau tilp can dich vu xa hdi danh cho tre tu ky va cha me tre tu ky, nhu ciu tim kiem mdi trudng va hinh thiic giao due phu hgp vdi tre tu ky, nhu cau ddi hdi cdng bing, tranh ky thi ddi voi tre tu ky va gia dinh tre tu ky) Ddi vdi mdi item, khach thi lira chgn phuong an tra Idi: diim - khdng cd nbu cau tham van tam 1^, diim can tham van nhung khdng nhieu, diem - tuong ddi can, diem - rit cin Dd tin cay cua thang la 0,963 Thang Hinh thuc tham van tam ly bao gdm item, khach thi lua chgn phucmg an tra loi tuong img vdi thang diem tir - 4: diim khdng phii hgp, diem - phii bgp mot phan, diim - kha phii hop, diim - rit phii hgp Dp tin cay cua thang la 0,514 84 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 Nhu vay, diim trung binh ciia cac thang caiig cao, cha me cd tu kj e4ng gap nhilu kho khan, cang cin dugc tham vin va cang danh gia cao mirc dp phi hgp cua hinh thirc tham van Sd lieu khao sat dugc nhap bang phan mem EPI data, sau dd chuyen sang xu ly bing phin m^m SPSS vdi cac phep thong ke: dem (count), tan suat (irequencies), so sanh Independent T-test, Oneway Anova, tuong quan (correlation) Kit qua nghiSn ciru J Nhiing khd khan lam ly cua cha me cd lit ky Nhitag khd khan cua cha me cd tu ky va phuong thu:c giai quyet cac khd khan ay la co sd quan trpng, la tiln dl sinh nhu cau tham van d hg Do do, can hi^u dugc kho khan tam ly ciia cha me dl biet hp cd nhu cau tham van khdng, ve iihOng van dl gi va d miifc dp nao Khao sat tren 120 cha me cd eon tu ky cd ket qua nhu sau: gin nhu tit ca cba me cd tu ky diu gap khd khan tam ly qua trinh cham sdc tre ty ky d cac van de khac vdi mirc dp khac Tong hgp 24 vin dl khd khan tam ly dugc khao sat tren linh vyc cho thay bite tranh chung vl thue trang nay, dugc the hien bang Bdng 2: Khd khan tdm ly ciia cha me cd ttj- ky DTB DLC Kho khan giai toa cam xuc 2,69 0,73 Kho khan doi hoi doi xir cong bSng, tranh ky thi 2,16 0,78 Kho khan thieu thong tin lien quan dgn tre tir ky 2,62 0,82 Kh6 khan thieu kv nang cham soc tre tu kv 2,57 0,74 Kho khan viec tiep can dich vu xa hoi 2,78 0,86 iCho khan tim kiSm moi tnrong va hinh thiic giao due 2,72 0,82 2,59 0,63 Nhirng lmh virc kho khan tam ly Chung Nhin chung, cha me ed eon tu ky thudng gap phai mdt sd khd khan tam ly nhit djnh kbi cham sdc tre tai gia dinh nhung d mirc dp khac Ba khd khan Idn nhit ma cba me gap phai la tilp can dich vu xa hdi, tim kilm mdi frudng va hinh thitc giao due danh cho tre tu ky, giai tda cam xuc tieu cue Ben canh dd, cha me cimg gap mdt sd khd khan nhu bi thilu hut thdng tin lien quan din ty ky, fhilu ky nang cham sdc tre tu ky Cha me it gap khd khan nhat vide ydu cau dugc ddi xu cdng bang, tranh ky thi TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 85 Bdng 3: Phuang thitc gidi quyet kho khan tdm ly ciia cha me co hi tu ky Cac mijc (%) Diing phan lo-n Hoan toan dung 48,7 8,0 2,6 31,0 8,8 2,7 44,1 27,0 11,8 4,5 42,7 20,1 32,7 38,9 34,3 15,7 11,1 6,2 35,4 26,5 31,9 0,88 3,5 28,3 33,6 34,6 3,19 0,84 2,7 20,0 34,5 42,8 2,42 1,16 26,6 28,4 18,3 26,7 Phu'o'ng thii-c giai quyet DTB DLC Khong dung Diing mot phan Am tham chiu dung, khong chia se 1,71 0,72 40,7 Chan nan, buong xuoi, tron tranh van de 1,56 0,76 57,5 Tu suy tinh each giai quyet cho van de minh gap phai 2,35 0,89 17,1 Tim doc cac tai lieu lien quan 2,82 0,95 Di hoc them cac khoa v6 tu ky 1,99 0,99 Tam sir vai nguai gia dinh hoac ban be than thiet de tim lai khuyen 2,86 0,95 Xin y kien til nhimg nguai co kinh nghiem hoac cha me eo bi tu ky khac 3,01 Tim den cac thay, co day tre tu ky de hoc hoi kinh nghiem Tim den nha tham van tam ly Khi gap khd khan qua trinh cham sdc tre, cha me diu phai tu tim kiem cbo ban than cac phuong thitc khac de giai quylt cac khd khan iy Ket qua khao sat cho thay, cba me cd nhieu phuong thirc de giai tda cac khd khan tam ly cua ban than (xem bang 3) Nhung ndi bat hon ca la phucmg thiic tim den cae thay, cd day tre ty ky de hoc hdi kinh nghiem Trong sd cac gia dinh tham gia khao sat, tre chii yeu dugc cha me cho di can thiep hang tilp xiic vdi cac thay, cd la chu ylu Hon nOa, cac thay, cd day tre ty ky la ngudi cd kiln thirc chuySn mdn va kinh nghiem de day tre nen viee tim din cac thiy, ed dl hgc hdi la diiu dl bilu Cach thii hai va thir ba lin lugt la xin y kiln tit nhOng ngudi cd kinh nghiem hoac cha me khac ciing cd bi ty k^ va tam su vdi vien khac gia dinh hoac ban be than thilt dl tim Idi khuyen Day la nhung each hgp ly, phu hgp vdi van hda Viet Nam vl viec tim kilm loi khuyen tit nhirng nguiri cd kinh nghiem, nbOng ngudi tirng trai, nhilne vien khac gia dinh dl tir dd, cd phuang hudng giai quylt Cd giao TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, S6 12 (237), 12 - 2018 A (Ha Ndi) cho bilt: "Nhieu cha me hieu duac minh cdn gi nhung de cd nhimg quyit dinh tdt nhdt cho con, cha me thudng den hdi chiing toi de hieu them vg nhiing diiu dy" (27 tudi, Trung tam Can thiep sdm Tam An) Dang chu y la cd nhieu cba me lai chan nan, budng xudi, trdn tranh van dl hoac im thim tim cdch ty giai quyet van dl Nhilu cha me cd xu hudng khdng chap nhan hien thyc la dugc chan doan tu ky hoac cd lo lang ve tinh trang ciia nhung khdng cd hoac khdng biet each giai quyet tdt nen budng xudi, trin tranh hoac tu nghT each ma khdng chia se vdi bat cit Day cung la van de can quan tam dS hieu tam Iy cua cha me cd bi ty ky Theo chung tdi, phuong thiic tim den nha tham van tam ly la hieu qua nhat viec giai quyet cac khd khan cua cha me Theo Sexton (1993), hieu qua tham van tam ly cho thiy, gin 22% sd than chit thay dugc hieu qua dang ke tit tham vin, 43% ed su thay ddi vira phai va 27% dat dupe mdt sd eai thien nhit dinh vl tinh trang benh ciia (din theo Tran Thj Minh Dire, 2016) Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl, phuong thiic chi dugc cha me lya chpn d vj tri thii nam Chi M (Hai Phdng) cbo biet: "Minh khdng biet nhd tham vdn tdm ly la al nen gap kho khan minh khdng tim den" Day cung la cau tra Idi cua rit nhieu cha me dugc hdi tai khdng tim den nha tham van tam ly gap khd khan ma ban than khdng ty giai quyet dupe Diiu dd chimg td rang, tren thuc tl, dich vu tham vin tSm ly chua thuc sy phat triln, cong tac truyen thdng, quang ba dich vu vdi cdng ddng cdn ban che, dan den viec cha me ed bi ty ky gap kbd khan chua bilt din dich vu tham van tSm ly dl dugc trg giiip 3.2 Thuc Irgng chung ve nhu cau tham van ciia cha me cd bituky 3.2.1 Ddnh gid chung ve nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly KHONG C6 NHU CAU Biiu dd 1: Mice dp nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd tu ky TAP CHi JAM LY HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 87 Mac du, cae cha me cd eon bi ty ky da tim nhieu each khac de giai quyet khd khan, nhung hp vin gap phai mdt sd khd khan tSm ly Vay, hp cd nhu cau dugc tham van tam ly nham giai tda cac van dl khd khan tam ly ay sudt qua brinb cham sdc tre ty ky khong? Kit qua vl sd lupng va mu:c dp nhu cau dugc tham van tam ly dugc thi hien cy the d bilu dd Kit qua khao sat cho thiy, sd 120 cha me tham gia khao sat, chi cd nhat cha me khdng cd nhu cau tham van tam ly d bit cir vin de nao, chiem 2,5%, cdn lai cd din 117 cha me cd nbu cau d cac van de khac nhau, d cac mirc dd khac nhau, chilm din 97,5% Nhu vay, da so cha me cd bi ty icy deu ed nhu cau tham van tam ly mac dii d cac mu:c dp khac nhau, ve cac van dl khac Nhin chimg, cha me cd nhu ciu tham van tam ly khdng ddng deu d cac khia canh, dd, nbu cau ve ndi dimg tham van tam ly (DTB = 2,81) cao bon nhu cau ve binh thilc tham van tam ly (DTB = 2,63) Vay, cd bao nhieu cha me da tirng nghe ndi hoac sil dyng dich vu tham vin tam ly? Ket qua khao sat dugc the hien d bieu dd Da COngheden nhirng chu-a sCr clung Bieu 2: Mice sic dung dich vu tham vdn tdm ly cua cha me cd bl tic ky (%) Ket qua khao sat cho thay, ed hon 60% sd cha me tham gia khao sat cd nhu cau tham vin da biet hoac da su dung dich vu, dd, 42,6% sd cha me da su dyng dich vu, 18,3% cd nghe den dich vu Ty \t la phu hgp vdi kit qua lya chgn phuang thirc giai quylt gap khd khan tam ly cua cba me cd bi ty ky Diiu chiing td, cha me cd bi ty ky da phin nao nhan TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 thirc dugc mirc dp cin thilt ciia boat ddng tham vin tam ly ddi vdi ban than hg Tuy nhien, diiu dang budn la vin cd den 39,1% sd cha me cd nhu cau chua tung bilt din dich vu tham vin tam ly trudc day 3.2.2 Nhu cdu vi ndi dung tham vdn tdm ly Sd lieu bang cho thay, vl ngi dung tham vin, cha me cd ty ky can dugc tham van ve nhieu van de, nhung van de quan trpng nhat la giai tda cam xuc (DTB = 3,02) Cd le, day la van de can giai quyet sdm va triet de nhat, bdi cam xiic cia cha me cd anh hudng rit Idn den qua trinh cham sdc Thuc vay, nghien ciru cua cac nha tam ly hgc Cynthia A Serrata (2012), Alexandra H Solomon va Beth Chung (2012) cho thiy, phu huynh ciia tre tu ky cd mile dp tram cam va mirc dp cang thing cao hon nhieu so vdi phu huynh ciia tre khuyet tat khac Cae gia dinh cd eon ty ky it cd cac boat ddng gia dinh va xa hdi hori so vdi cac gia dinh khac Cba me cd ty ky ed kha nang ly hon cao ban ban so vdi cha me tre binh thudng va kha nang se khdng giam tre trudng Nghien ciru cung dua ket qua, cha me rat can dugc cung cap nhirng dich vu de gidp giai tda nhirng cam xiic tren Bdng 4: Nhu cdu ve ndi dung tham vdn tdm ly cita cha me cd tu ky Bieu hien nhu cau tham van tam ly ciia cha me co tu* ky Nhu cau ve noi dung tham van tam ly DTB DLC Nhu cau ve giai toa cam xuc 3,02 0,78 Nhu cau dugc doi xir binh dang 2,34 0,92 Nhu cau thieu ky nang cham soc tre tu ky 2,84 0,83 Nhu cau ve thieu thong tin 2,87 0,86 Nhu cau tiep can dich vu xii hoi 2,95 0,89 Nhu cau ve moi truang va hinh thuc giao due danh cho tre tu ky 2,9 0,95 Chung 2,81 0,72 Van de thir hai la nhu cau tiep can dich vu xa bdi (DTB = 2,95) Cu the la cha me cd nhu cau can dugc cung cap nhimg kien thirc ve chinh sach xa hdi hien danh cho tre tu ky va cha me cua tre tu ky Hien nay, Luat Ngudi khuyet tat da ban hanh song ty ky chua dugc cdng nhan la dang "khuyet tdt chinh thicc" ma chi dugc coi la "dang khuyet tdt khdc" Vi vay, tre tu ky va gia dinh tre ty ky chua cd cac chinh sach ciing nhu hd trg phii hgp Cha me tre ty ky cam thiy rit TAP CHI TAM LYHOC, Sd 12 (237), 12 - 2018 89 kbd khan va cd nhu cau can cd chinh sach rieng danb cbo tre ty ky Kit qua tren tuong ddng vdi ket qua nghien ciru ciia Nguyen Thi Hoang Yin (2013) v l tre ty ky Tac gia cung cho ring, viec tiep can dich vu xa hdi la mot nhthig nhu cau rat bite tbiet hien ciia cha me, dac biet la nhu cau kien thirc v6 cac mile hd trg xa hdi hien danh cbo tre tu ky va cha me tre ty ky Ngoai ra, cha me cd nbu cau phdi hgp vdi eac td chite xa bdi de ciing cham sdc tre tu ky mot each toan dien Mot nhirng van de cha me cd nhu cau nua la can cung cap kien thilc ve tham vin tam ly, bdi nhieu cha me hien gjp khd khan tam ly khdng the ty giai quyet dugc nhung hp lai khdng biet tim va bang phuong thitc nao de giai quyet Phdng van sau cha/me cd ty ky thi nhan dugc cau tra Idi: "Lan dau tien toi nghe den dich vu ndy", "Cd tim hieu qua tren mang nhung chua hieu ve loai hinh dich vu ndy nen chua ddm thic" "Tdi cd den mot trung tdm tdm ly de trao ddi, chia se vd nhdn duoc Idl khuyen nen Idm the ndo nhung toi chua cdm thdy thoai mdf, "Tdi biet dich vu tham vdn ndy a nuac ngodl rdt phat trien nhung a Viet Nam chua cd hieu qua ro ret nen tdi chua tim den", Chiing tdi nhan thiy ring, cha me da ed nhu cau tham vin tam ly, cd bieu biet nhit dinh ve dich vu tham van song hieu biet cdn chua ro rang ve dich vu Chinh vi khdng tim bilu dung va day dii vl dicb vu tham van cung nhu hieu qua tham van dem lai nen nhieu cha me gap khd khan khdng tim den dich vy tham van tam ly de dugc trg giiip giai quyet v i n de thii ba la nhu cau ve mdi trudng va hinh thilc giao dye danh cbo tre tu ky (DTB = 2,9) Day la van de co ban ma cha me can tim hieu dl giiip hpc tap va hda nhap vdi cugc sdng Tuy nhien, hien nay, cha me dang bj thieu hyt rat Idn v6 cac kien thire ve hinh thiic giao dye tre, trudng hpc phu hgp cho tre va eac mire giao dye trudng hpc danb rieng cbo tre tu ky Chi T., d Ha Ndi tam sy: "That khd khan de xin cho minh hoc tieu hoc, khdng mdt truang ndo mudn tiep nhdn minh cd, mac dii minh da duac xdc dinh id cd the theo hoc duac chuang trinh hoc ndy" Mdt phy huynh khac ciing chung chia se: "That su tdi mudn cho di hoc hda nhap tai cdc truang mdm non nhung trudng cd ve khdng mudn nhdn chdu, mac dii tdi cUng cd thue cd giao vien can thiep rieng cho chdu Hien gia tdi dang rdt ban khoan vi khdng biit lua chgn cdch thicc hoc ndo la phii hap nhdt' (M., 30 taoi Ha Ngi) Vi vay, cha me cd ty ky CO nhu cau cap thiet van de tim kiem trudng hpc danh cho tre ty ky Viee dugc thoa man nhu cau tham van tam ly vl viee tim kilm mdi trucmg va binh tbiic hgc tap cho tre ty ky giup cha me tre xac djnh dugc rd nang luc ciia fre, tir dd lya chpn che mdi trudng hpc than thien, ed thi la mdi trudng tu thue hoac ban cdng hay cdng lap ciing nhitag sy can thiep pbii hgp dl tre ed su can thiep hieu qua, dugc quan tam diing mile va dugc hda nhap mot each tdt nhat Day la vin dl CO ban ma qua trinh tham van, nha tham van phai cung cap cho cha me de cha me cd sy lya chgn tdt nhat cho viee hpc tap ciia sau 90 TAPCHITAMLYHOC, S6 12 (237), 12- 2018 Van de tbii tu la nhu ciu dupe cung cip nhung kien thuc lien quan den ty ky (DTB = 2,87) Chiing tu ky nlu dugc phat hien sdm va tri lieu kip thdi cd the cai thien dang kl, din 80%) sd tre ty ky ed thi di hpc hda nhap d cac trudng binh thudng Viee trg giilp tir cac nha chuyen mdn giiip cha me thda man nhu cau thdng tin vl ty ky, tit dd cd nhirng dinh hudng phii hgp cho viec cham sdc ciing nhu each thiic tri lieu sau Tuy nhien, de thoa man nhu cau tham vSn tam ly cua cha me la mot viee lam khd khan, ddi hdi sy chung tay cua rat nhieu td chiic, co quan chirc nang nham day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen nham cung cip cac kiln thitc mdi lien quan din tu ky, tit nang cao hieu biet ciia cdng dong vl ty ky Van de thir nam la nhu cau tham van tam ly nham cung cap ky nang cham sdc tre ty ky (DTB = 2,84) Day ciing la nhu ciu rit thilt ylu ddi vdi cba me tre tu ky, bdi hien tai cha me cd bi tu ky rat thieu hut cac ky nang cham sdc tre ty ky Cac phu huynh chia se: "Mac du da tu nhdc nha trudc la cdn phdi that kien nhdn vdi nhung mdi Idn day chdu mdt dieu gi mdi tdi deu cdm thdy minh khdng dii kien nhdn vdi Dieu ndy ddn den viec chua hoc duac thi bd da bd cuoc" (chi P., Ha Ngi), "Nhiiu luc tot khdng kiem soat duac minh ddn den viec mang con, mac dii biet khdng cd 161" (anh M., Ha Ndi), "That khd khan nuoi duang mot dica bi tu ky Khdc hdn vdi chdu dau binh thuang, chdu thic hai cua tdi duac chan doan tu ky, rdt khd nudi, nhdt Id viec dn udng vd gid gidc sinh hoat hdng ngdy" (chi T., Hal Phdng) Chinh vi vay, cha me cd nhu cau can dugc nha chuyen mdn chia se, trao ddi kinh ngbiSm ciing nhu trp giup de cha me cd them nhieu ky nang de cham sdc tre ty ky v i n dl thii sau la nhu ciu dugc ddi xu binh ding, tranh ky thi Day la vin de cha me cam thiy it cd nhu ciu tham vin nhat Cd thi cha me cho dieu la dutmg nhien nen khdng can tham van hoac cha me khdng tin rang nha tham van cd thi giai quyet tdt dugc vin de Day la ngi dung can thiet eac nha tham van can trao ddi vdi cha me cd bi ty ky tien hanh tham van tam ly Tdm lai, cha me cd bi tu ky cd nhu cau ve cac ndi dung tham van tam ly vdi cae mirc khac nhau, do, cha me ed nhu cau cao nhat ve van de giai tda cam xiic, tilp din la tilp can dich vu xa hdi va nhu cau thap nhat ve van dl ddi hdi dugc ddi xii cdng bing, tranh ky tbi ddi vdi tre ty ky va gia dinh tre 3.2.3 Nhu cdu ve hinh thicc tham vdn tdm ly v l hinh thiic tham vin tam ly (xem bang 5), cd hai hinh thiic tham vin chinh, dd, cha me cd nhu ciu dupe tham van tryc tiep (DTB = 3,03) cao hon hin so vdi nhu ciu dugc tham van gian tiep (DTB = 2,16) TAP CHITAM LY HOC, So' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 91 Tham van tryc tiep bao gdm tham van nhdm va tham van ca nhan Cha me cd nhu cau dugc tham van ca nhan tai van phdng, trung tam la cao nhat Cha me lya chpn hinh thitc bdi hai ly do: 1) Day la hinh tbiie cd thi true tilp trao ddi cac kbd khan cQng nbu cac nhu cau ciia minh vdi nha tham van, cd thi chia se ca nhung diiu tham kin, cae bi mat cua ban than dl tim kiem giai phap; 2) Ngoai viec dupe tilp nhan sy trg giup cua nha tham viii, cha me cdn cam thiy tin tudng vao sy chuyen nghiep ciia nha tham van den van phdng, ben canh dd, hg cd thi chii ddng tai chinh cung nhu thdi gian Bdng 5: Nhu cdu ve hinh thicc tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd tu ky DTB DLC Nhu cau tham van gian tiep 2,16 0,68 Nhu cau tham van true tiep 3,03 0,57 2,63 0,51 Nhu cau ve hinh thuc tham van tam ly Chung Hai hinh thuc tham van tam ly true tiep lai la tham van nhom va tham van ca nhan tai nha cung ducrc cha me lua chpn nhieu Voi lira chpn nay, cha me van chia se, giai bay tam tinh cua minh cho nha tham van, nhien, hp danh gia day la cac hinh thuc "kho kha thi" hon, bai lira chon mot hai hinh thuc nay, hp phai phu thuoc vao thai gian va long nhiet tinh cua nha tham van ci5ng nhu nhung nguoi cung tham gia Chi T (Ha Noi) cho biet: "Khi toi mai nhd tham vdn den nhd de giiip toi nhiing kho khan tdm ly, toi cdm thdy kho vuat qua duac Nhieu toi phdi hen den vdi mdi duac vi nhd tham vdn ban vd nhieu ho CO cd nhimg viec phdt sinh Dieu ndy ciing dnh hudng den toi, bdi co nhieu luc toi cdm thdy dp luc, muon duac chia se thi ho lai khong the tra giup toi kip thdi" Tham van gian tiep bao gom tham van qua bao, dai, internet, thu, dien thoai Viec lira chpn hinh thuc tham van gian tiep giiip cha me chu dong dupe thai gian, each thiic tien hanh ca tham van, nhien, cha me lai khong hik nguai dang tien hanh ca tham van la cung nhu nghi nga tinh chuyen nghiep cua nguoi dang lam tham van, tu khien hieu qua ca tham van khong ro ret Them niia, thai gian phan hoi lau co the khien cha me nan long va tim ki^m cac phuang thiic khac Chinh vi cac nhuac diim ma cha me uu tien su dung cac hinh thiic tham vkn true tiep han so vai cac hinh thuc gian tiip Anh M., a Ha Noi chia se: "Ldn ddu tien toi cung lua chon cdch goi dien thoai tdi mot trung tdm xin difac tra giup vi toi gap rdt nhieu rdc roi vai chdu Tuy nhien, toi khong biet ddu ddy ben co dung Id nhd tdm ly md toi mong mudn hay khong, them 92 TAP CHfTAM LV HOC, So' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 nica, thai gian ndi khdng nhiiu nen tdi ddnh cit: thic cdch cua nhd tham vdn chia se thdi Tuy nhien, Idn sau tdi khdng su dung lat cdch ndy nUa" Tdm lai, cba me cd bi ty ky cd nhu ciu ve ndi dung va hinh thiic tham vin tam ly rit da dang, phong phii Vl nhu ciu ndi dung tham van tam ly, cha me cd nhu ciu tham vin cao nhit vl viee giai tda cam xuc va tiep can dicb vy x i hdi, thip nhit la viec ddi hdi dugc ddi xu cdng bing, tranh ky tbi Ve nhu cau hinh thirc tham vin, cha me cd nbu ciu sit dung cac hinh thirc tham van tryc tiep eao ban hin so vdi nhu ciu sil dung cac hinh thirc tham van gian tiep 3.2.4 So sdnh nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd bi tu ky vai cdc bien ddc lap Bang 6: So sdnh gid tri trung binh glita nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd hi tu ky vdi cdc bien doc lap Cac bien doc lap Gioi tinh cua Cha/me Tinh trang hon nhan Trinh hoc van ciia cha me So nam cha me cham soc IMuc nhu cau tham van tam ly ciia cha me CO bi tir ky Con trai 2,72 Con gai 2,75 Cha 2,73 Me 2,72 Song mot minh 2,39 Song cung vg/chong 2,76 P 0,754 DLC 0,413 0,547 0,943 0,546 0,417 0,034 0,336 0,473 THPT tra xuong 2,89 Trung cap, cao dang 2,72 Dai hoc tro len 2,69 Duai nam 2,59 Tir den nam 2,78 Tren nam 2,85 0,423 Dudi 10 trieu 2,83 0,514 Muc thu nhap binh quan cOa gia TCr 10dSn20trieu dinh theo thang Tren 20 trieu Thu tu sinh cua DTB 2,7 0,464 0,244 0,468 0,419 0,508 0,076 0,141 0,449 0,396 2,57 0,464 Con dau 2,69 0,454 Con thir 2,78 TAPCHITAM LYHOC, S« 12 (237), 12 - 2018 0,28 0,48 93 Xem xet van de nhu cau tham van t^m ly cua cha me co bi tu ky vai cac bien so dpc lap, chiing toi thu dupe ket qua bang So sanh theo so nam cham soc con, ket qua kiem dinh Anova nhan thay, CO su khac biet vt nhu c^u tham van tam ly cua eha me theo so nam cham soc nhung su khac biet la rit ro va khong co y nghia ve mat thong ke (p > 0,05) Tuy nhien, so sanh tung cap thai gian cha me cham soc con, nhan th^y rang, giQa eha me cham soc duai nam vai cha me cham soc tren nam co su khac biet ve mat thong ke vai p < 0,05 Trong do, cha me cham soc tren nam co nhu cau tham van tam ly cao han han so vai cha me cham soc dual I nam Cang cham soc la tre tu ky lau dai, cha me cang phat sinh nhieu kho khan tam ly nhu kho khan tim kilm sir tri lieu, kho khan viec tim kiim moi tnrong hpc tap, kho khan viec doi hoi nguai khac doi xii cong bang, tranh ky thi vai tre va gia dinh tre tu ky So sanh theo tinh trang hon nhan, kit qua kilm dinh T-test cho thay, cha me song cung c6 nhu c&a tham vSn tam 1>' cao han han so vai cha hoac me cua tre tu ky cham soc mot minh Su khac biet co y nghTa ve mat thong kS vai p - 0,034 < 0,05 Khi ca cha va me cung cham soc se phat sinh nhieu van de, nhieu nhu cau han so vai cha hoac me tu cham soc la dieu de hieu, bai co hai ngucfi ciing cham soc se sinh mau thuan, bat dong quan diem ve viec cham soc con, dan den viec tranh cai va sinh cac kho khan khac That vay, nghien ciiu ciia Esther Devall (1998) da khang dinh rang, co su khac biet dang ke giila gia dinh dan than va gia dinh nguyen ven viec nuoi day cai Tuy nhung nguai me dan than va nguai cha dan than gap nhieu kho khan han ve viec cham soc tre nho, nhien, cha me song cung lai gap nhieu kho khan tam ly ve cham soc hem la cha/me song dan than So sanh theo giai tinh, trinh dp hoc van ciia khach the nghien ciiu, thu nhap binh quan cua gia dinh, gia dinh co tu ky la trai hay gai, kit qua nghien ciiu khong tim thay su khac biet co y nghia thdng ke v6 nhu ciu tham van tam ly (p > 0,05) Ket fuan Viec cham soc tre tu ky tai gia dinh khien cha me gap r^t nhiSu kho khan tam ly Cac kho khan ay neu khong duo"c giai quyet se khien cha me kho cham soc tre duoc tot Vi v£iy, cha me co bi tu ky sinh nhu c^u dugc tra giiip de giai quyet cac kho khan ay Ket qua nghien cuu cho thiy, cha me CO bi tu ky co nhiing kho khan tam ly nhat dinh va hp thuc sir co nhu ciu duac tham van tam ly dS giai quySt cac kho khan ay Cha me c6 bi tu ky 94 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, So' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 ed nhu cau tham vin tam ly d cac bilu hien khac vdi cac mirc khac nhau, dd, nhu ciu vl ngi dung tham vin cao hon so vdi nhu cau ve hinh thu'e tham vin Cu tbi, nhu ciu vl ngi dung tham vin tam ly, cha me ed eon bi ty ky cd nhu ciu cao nhit viec giai tda cam xiic va tilp can dich vy xa hdi, thip nhit la viee ddi bdi dugc ddi xu cdng bing, tranh ky thj Trong nhu cau ve hinh tbiie tham vin, cha me cd bj ty ky cd nhu cau dugc tham van true tiep eao ban bin so vdi nhu elu tham vin gian tiep Cha me cua tre tu ky, khdng phan biet gidi tinh, tre la trai hay gai, trinh dp hpc van cao hay thip, cham sdc da lau hay mdi biet tinh trang con, thu nhap hang thang nhilu bay it, ty ky la thii bay diu thi deu ed nhu ciu tham vin tam l^ la nhu Tuy nhien, cha me cting cham sdc tre cd nhu cau tham vin tam ly cao hem so vdi cha/me mot minh cham sdc tre Tuy tham van tam ly la rit can thiet cho cha me cd bi ty ky, song, mot thyc te dang budn la, mdi chi cd 60% sd cha me tham gia khao sat cd nhu cau tham van tam Iy da bidt den hoac sit dung dich vy tham van, cdn lai 40% sd eha me chua hi nghe ndi din djch vu trudc day Vi vay, van de can dat cho cac nha chuyen mdn, dac biet la cae nha tham van tam ly, phai chang cdng tac quang ba cdn chua that su hieu qua hoac dich vy that su chua chuyen nghiep, hieu qua chua cao dl cha me cd bi ty ky chua nghe ndi den hoac chua that sy tin tudng tim den dich vu tham van tam ly gap khd khan tam ly ma hp khdng the ty giai quyet dugc Vi vay, viec nghien ciru thyc trang nhu ciu tham vin tam ly ciia cha me ed ty ky giiip cae nha chuyen mdn hieu rd nhiing khd khan cQng nhu cac nhu cau ciia cha me cd eon bj tu ky vl kien thitc, ky nang cham sdc tre ty ky, giai tda'cam xiic tieu eye, tilp can dicb vu xa hpi, mdi trudng bgc tap cbp tre ty ky sudt qua trinh cham sdc Chi hieu rd cac nbu ciu tren, cac nha chuyen mdn mdi cd cac bien phap trg giiip eha me giai quylt cac khd khan, tir dd mdi cham sdc tre ty ky dugc hieu qua Tai lieu tham khao Ngan Anh (2018) Giiip 4.000 tri tu ky hoa nhap cong ddng http://www.nhandan com.vii/xahoi/nhan-aiyitem/36137902-giup-4-000-tre-tu-ky-hoa-nhap-cong-dong.html Autism Speaker (2018) 700 ngdy Amber Harper, Tyna Taylor Dyches, James Harper, Susanne Olsen Roper, Mikle South (2013) Respite care, marital quality and stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorders Joumal Autism Dev Disord.Vol 43 No U P 2.604 - 2.611 TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 95 Alexandra H Solomon, Beth Chung (2012) Understanding autism: How family therapists can support parents of children with autism spectrum disorder Family Proces Vol 51 No P 250-264 Barry M Prizant (2016) Uniquely human: A different way of seeing autism Simon & Schuster Paperbacks an imprint of simon & Schuster Inc 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York USA Pham Thanh Binh (2012) Nhdn thicc cua cdn bo tdm ly hoc dudng ve ca che phong ve a thdn chu tien trinh tham vdn Ky yeu hpi thao khoa hoc "Dao tao, nghien cuu va ung dung tam ly hoc boi canh hoi nhap quoc te" Ha Ngi Chi Mai (2014) Nhirng thdng tin mdi nhdt ve tre tu ky http://vietnamnet.vn/ vn/giao-duc/nhung-thong-tin-moi-nhat-ve~tre-tu-ky-184676.html Cynthia A Serrata (2012) Psychosocial aspects of parenting a child with autism Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling Vol 43 Issue P 29 - 35 10 Tran Thi Minh Due (2016) Gido trinh tham vdn tdm ly NXB Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi 11 Esther Devall (1998) Comparison of parenting and children's behavior in singlemother, singlefather, and intact families Joumal of Divorce and Remarriage 29 (3) 23 - 54 12 L Mercer, S Creighton, J.J.A Holden, M.E Lewis (2006) Parental perspectives on the causes of an autism spectrum disorder in their children Joumal of Genetic counselling Vol 15 No P 41 - 50 13 Hall H.R (2012) Families of children with autism: Behaviors of children, community support and coping Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing Vol 35 No P I l l - 132 14 Nguyen Thi Thanh Mai (2016) Thuc trgng benh tu ky vd mot s6 dinh hudng, http://Iaodongxahoi.net/thuc-trang-benh-tu-ky-va-mot-so-dinh-huong-1304350.html 15 Michele A.M.M Van Tongerloo, Patricia J.M Van Wijingaarden, Rutger Jan Van der Gaag, Antoine L.M Lagro-Janssen (2014) Raising a child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Tf this were a partner relationship, would have quit ages ago Family Practice Vol 32 Issue P 88 - 93 16 Salh Ozonof, Gregory S Young, Ahce Carter, Daniel Messinger, Nurit Yirmiya, Lonnie Zwaigenbaum, Susan Bryson, Leslie J Carver, John N Constantino, Karen Dobkins, Ted Hutman, Jana M.Iverson, Rebecca Landa, Sally J Rogers, Marian Sigman, Wendy L Stone (2011) Recurrence risk for autism spectrum disorders: A baby sibling research consortium study American Academy of Pediatrics Vol 128 No, P 488-495 17 Susan Senator (2010) The autism mom's survival guide (for Dads, tool): Creating a balanced and happy life while raising a child with autim Making Peace with Autism TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, S6' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 18 Dao Thi Bich Thuy (2016) Kinh nghiem quoc gia vi chinh sdch bdo tra xa hdi doi vdi Ire tu ky vd gia dinh a mdt sd nude tren thi gidi Tap chi Khoa hoc nghien cuu Giao due, Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Noi Tap 32 S6 Tr 59 - 67 29 Pham Van Tu (2015) Nhu cau tham van tdm ly cua Ire em HIV/AIDS Luan an tien sy Tam ly hoc Hoc vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Noi 20 Nguyen Thi Hoang Yin (2013) Tu ky, nhUng vdn di ly ludn vd thuc tiin NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi Ha Noi 21 Nguyen Thi Hoang Yen (2012) Gido due dac biet vd nhUng thuat ngic ca bdn NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi Ha Noi TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, SO' 12 (237), 12 - 2018 97 ... gian cha me cham soc con, nhan th^y rang, giQa eha me cham soc duai nam vai cha me cham soc tren nam co su khac biet ve mat thong ke vai p < 0,05 Trong do, cha me cham soc tren nam co nhu cau tham. .. glita nhu cdu tham vdn tdm ly ciia cha me cd hi tu ky vdi cdc bien doc lap Cac bien doc lap Gioi tinh cua Cha/ me Tinh trang hon nhan Trinh hoc van ciia cha me So nam cha me cham soc IMuc nhu cau tham. .. ndi dung tham vdn tdm ly cita cha me cd tu ky Bieu hien nhu cau tham van tam ly ciia cha me co tu* ky Nhu cau ve noi dung tham van tam ly DTB DLC Nhu cau ve giai toa cam xuc 3,02 0,78 Nhu cau