Tự đánh giá năng lực bản thân của người lao động

Tli OANH GIA NANG LLJC BAN THAN CUA NGJOI LAO OONG TS BOi Tfli Hong Ttiai HVCH.NguyJn Tfli Mui Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Kd hgi vd Nhdn vdn Hd Ndi TOIM T A T Tu ddnh gid ndng igc bdn tbdn a ngudi lao dgng duac thi hiin d hai khia cgnh id tu ddnh gid ndng luc ldm vlfc vd tu ddnh gid ndng luc xd hdi Irong mdi trudng lao dgng Tir nghiin ciiu bdng bang hdi tren 392 ngudi lao dgng tgi Hd Ngi, bdi bdo chi rdng cdc khdeh thi cd xu hudng tu ddnh gid ndng luc ldm viic cao htm so vdi ndng luc xd hgi Nhimg ngtrdi lao ddng Irong hodn cdnh Ihu viic, ngudi lam viic ca quan Nhd^ nuac, ngudi chua timg chuyin ddi cdng viic vd ngudi cd cdm xic liiu cue nghj ve cdng viic cd diim sd lu ddnh gid ndng Igc bdn Ihdn thip him so vdi ngudi lao dgng cd hgp ddng laa dgng chinh thiic, ngual ldm viic d cdc dan vi ngodi Nhd mrdc hoge Uin doanh, ngtrdi dd cd kinh nghifm chuyin ddi cdng viic va nguoi cd cdm xuc lich cgc nght vi cdng viic Bdi bdo ciing gpi md mgt si hudng nghien cuu liin quan din dnh hudng cua tu ddnh gid ndng luc bdn Ihdn dil vdi hiiu sudt ldm vlfc cua ngudi lao dgng Til- kh6a: Tgddnh gid ndng Igc bdn Ihdn: Ndng life ldm vlfc: Ndng luc xd hgi: Ngudi lao dgng Ngdy nhdn bdt: 29/7/2016; Ngdy duyil ddng bdi: 25/8/2016 D^t v^n de Tu iM, ffi nang lvc ban Mn la idiSi ni&n Bandura kliai xudng (1997) nhSm ehi niem lin ma c4 nhan co vj nSng lire cfla minh viec thvrc hi?n dui^c hay khong duoc mpt nhi?m vu hoan canh cu thi vdi kk qui t6t Tir dSnh gi4 nang Itrc bia than khong ehi 14 vi^e ei ahka bik nhimg gi hg c4n phii iam, ma c6n li vi?c hp phai e6 dgng Ivrc dj thg-c hi$n nhihig vi?c iy N6 dugc the hi^n thdng qua cic tieu h^ thdng la nSng luc nhan thuc, nSng l^c xi h§i, cim xue vi hinh vi mi ci nhin sip x«p vi su dyng mOt each co hi$u qui nhim phyc vy cho nhieu myc dich khic Bandura cho ring, nhD-ng niSm tin vi ning lyc cfla bin than c6 thi Ui yeu to dy bao cho ning duong diu vdi kh6 khin, trd ngai ciia mSi ci TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, 569 (210), - 2016 nhan; cho dpng lyc hinh dpng; nSng hoan nhiem vy cung nhu nhOng lya chon Uong cupc doi cfla hg Theo do, nhihig nguoi nghi ngo vio kha nang cua ban than thudng ne trinh nhimg nhiem vu kho khan, khong Ihi hien hk sy CO gang Vi thucmg bo der nhiem vy Hp thuong it the hien su nhiet tinh va it diu tu vao nhOng hoat dgng ma hp dim nhiem Ngugc lai, nhiing ci nhan co niJm tin manh het vao nang lyc ban than thudng sin sang din than vao thii thich Hg cung CO nhihig each thiic hpp Iy de ddi dien vcri hoan canh va cd thd kiem soit cam xuc am tinh, su lo hai gap kho khan, trd ng?i Cd the ndi ring, tu dinh gia ning lyc bin than quyet djnh each thiic ma ci nhan nhin nhan vi hoin cinh kho khan vi nhiing trd ngji, ddng thdi cich nhin nhan niy lai chi phdi lya chon, sy CO gang vi thdi gian ma mdi ea nhan bd ii ddi mat vdi hoin canh Khai niem "tu danh gii ning lyc bin than" thudng bi lan Idn vdi khai nifm •;tu danh gia bin than" Theo Bandura (2003), ty danh gii nang luc ban than gan vdi nhiing nhan dinh eiia ci nhan vi kha nang cua minh ttong timg Itnh vyc cy the Can nhin manh ring, ty danh gia nang luc bin than lien quan ddn iihihig nhiem vy hay hoat dpng chuyen bift, ttong dd, tu danh gia bin thin thuong hen quan tdi each ca nhan nhin nhan vi gia tti eiia minh mdt cich tdng the Nhu viy, mpt ca nhan cd thd cho ring khdng cd nang dd thuc hien mgt ITnh vuc nio dd nhung di6u niy khdng inh hudng ddn each tu danh gia ban thin ndi chung ndu ca nhan khdng coi ttong linh vuc dd Ddi vtii ngudi lao ddng, mgt ngudi ty dinh gia ning lyc cfla bin thin la thip ttong hoat dpng nghd thujt nhung niem tin khdng Iam ni dinh gii thip bin thin ndu cdng vide vi dam me nghd nghiep cfla li giing day hay nghien cuu Ngugc I?i, neu ngudi Iao dpng Iam viec va dam me ITnh vue nghe thuit nhung Iai un ring minh da ngdi khdng dung vi tti, minh khdng cd ning lam cong vi$c gan vdi nghe thuit thi luc niy tu danh gia ning Iyc bin than thip ddng thdi cung anh hudng den muc dp ei nhan ty dinh gia bin thin Didu niy cung Iy glii vi muc dd ty dinh gii bin than cao chua du dd ca nhin cd thd dat dupe nhOng mong dpi cfla minh Cd the nhin thiy, ba nhdm xu hudng ndi trdi ttong cic nghidn cflu hidn ve ty dinh gii ning Iyc bin than li tu danh gii nang Iuc bin thin ttong nioi trudng hgc dudng, tti lidu tim ly vi ttong lao ddng Leeompte (2004) cho rang, a trudng hpc, tu dinh gia nang luc bin than duoc did hien thdng qua phuong dien: niem tin cua hgc sinh vd ning Iuc cfla bin than ttong viec lam chfl nhOng mdn hpc khic nhau, nidm tin cfla giio vien vd ning luc eua bin thin vide tao dpng co va thflc diy vide hge tip d hpc sinh vi nidm tin cfla tap the giao vien ve ning luc ehung eiia hp ttong vide Iim cho mrdng hoc phit ttiln Trong hoat ddng ttj lieu tim ly, theo Bandura, Igi ich Idn nhit cfla tti lidu tim Iy khong chi dung I?i d vide giup dd ci nhan ttong mdt tinh hudng cu thd' ma phii TAP CHf TAM lyHOC SS9 (210), - 2016 59 giup cho ci nhin cd the quin 1^ mgt each hidu qui mpi hoin cinh cudc sdng Nhi tri lieu thflc diy cac ci nhan dd hp cd nidm tin vi nang luc cfla minh ttong viec Iim chu cugc sdng cfla hp Nhd do, ca nhan dat dugc nhihig cich thiic dd kidm soit nhiing suy nghT hfly hoai, cac cim xuc tidu cyc va nhihig hinh vi cd inh hudng tdi mdi quan he vdi bin thin va vdi nhflng ngudi xung quanh, Hieu qua cfla viic thuc diy miic tu danh gia ning Iuc bin than ttong vide tri lieu da dugc minh chiing ttong cic nghien cuu vd tti lieu am inh sg (Williams vi Zane, 1989), tri lieu rdi loan trim cim (Kavanagh vi Wilson, 1989) vi trf lidu nghien chit (Gossop va cdng sy, 1990) Anh hudng cua tu dinh gia ning luc bin thin mdi trudng iao ddng dugc the hidn trude hdt d vide ei nhan lya chgn dudng su nghidp cho minh Theo Lent va Hackett (1987), tu dinh gii ning Iuc bin thin tham gia manh me vio vide dinh hudng cho ci nhinfaudngtheo nghd hay nghd khic Nd du bio cho lya chgn nghe nghidp, hflng thfl nghd nghidp vi hidu suit Iao dgng eua hg sau niy Muic ty dinh gii ning Iyc bin than ciia hgc sinh anh hudng ddn loai hoat dgng nghd nghidp ma hgc sinh tin ring minh c6 the Iim, dd, nd eiing tic ddng ddn lya chpn nghd nghidp cfla hpc sinh Nhihig hgc sinh dinh gii cao nSng Iyc bin thin thudng hudng ddn cic cdng vide Iao dpng tti dc Ngugc lai, nhihig hpc sinh cho ring ning lye cua minh kem thudng hudng ddn cac cdng vide lao dpng chin lay Tidp dd, d giai doan tim kidm vide Iim, Kanfer vi Hulin (1985) nhan dinh rSnj, ci nhan cang ty dinh gii ning Iyc bin thin cao, nhihig hanh vi tun kidm vide lim cfla hp cing tich cyc vi ning tim dupc cdng vide cfla hp eOng cao hon so vdi ngudi ty dinh gii ning Iyc bin thin thip Khi da budc vio eupe sdng nghd nghidp, nhihig ngudi lap ddng cd miic dp ty dinh gii ning lyc bin than cao sd nhanh chdng Iim chu cdng vide hon (Buike vi Day, 1986) COng ttong td chuc, hidu qua quin I3/ cua cic Iinh dao dupc ghi nhin li cd mdi lidn hd cd y nghra vdi cich thflc hg nhin nhin ve ning Iuc cua bin thin Nhihig nhi quin I;/ tin ring, hg cd thi hgc hdi, tidp thu cic tti thuc vd quin Iy va cd ning quin Iy tdt td chfl-c thi thudng cd chifa luac quin Iy t6t hon Ngay ci hg dupc giao nhihig nhidm vy tudng nhu khd khan, phdc t»p vdi eic tidu chuin cao, hp vin cd xu hudng din dit td chile cfla minh ii hoin thinh nhihig nhidm vu iy hon li ehii bd nhidm vy (Bandura vi Jourden, 1991) lOii nghidn cuu vd tu danh gii ning Iyc bin thin, cic tic gii thudng dd c»p den hai khia canh Ii tu dinh gii ning Iyc chuydn mdn ttong hpc t«p hoic eong vi^ Sherer vi cpng sy, 1982) vi ty dinh gii ning Iuc xi hdi thi hidn qua vide thiet UP vi tti cie mdi quan h? xa hdi ttong mdi ttudng mi ci nhin Oiupc ye (Sherer vi cgng su, 1982; Muiris, 2001) Trong bii bio niy, chflng tdi ttinh bay ket qua ve hai khia c?nh ty dinh gii nang Iyc ndittdnd ngudi lao d ^ g 60 TAPCHfTAM ly H(?C,S«9 (210),9 - 2016 Phtrong phap nghien cuu 10-5 i.t.^fli?' " ^ ^"""^ " ^ '™* ™ P'"""8 pMp didu tta bing bing hdi ttdn jy^ Khach the la nhimg ngudi lao dgng t^ Ha Npi Vd gidi tinh, cd 46,4% khich the nam vi 53,6% khich thd nu vdi dp mdi tii 23 d£i 53 vi tudi ttimg bmh Chung aia toin nhdm khich the li 28,86 mdi Vd ttinh dao tao, cd 13 4% KMch fte d ttinh dp ttung cap - cao ding, 72,6% khich thd d tttah dai ho^ vi n n ^ r ^ u * ^ dttinh dg sau d»i hpc Cic lihh vyc nghd nghidp gdm'; kinh td chmh(16,7%) vicic lmh vyc khae(14,5%) ,1, T"",^?.^" •^ ^^ ^^ " ^ luc bin than d ngudi lao ddng gdm hai tieu thang la tieu thang tu dinh gii ning lue Iim vide (duoc dich tu thang cua Sherer vi cpng su, 1982) Thang gdc cfla cic tie gii chidua nhOng hem Chung ye l ^ g lue vi da dugc su dung ttdn nhidu nhdm khich thd khic Chujig toi da bo sung vio mdi item nhihig cym tir nhu "cdng vide", "ttong edng vide nham ttag sy ddng nhit eua khich thd vio vide ttr dinh gii ttong lao dpng khl tta IOI cau hdi Phep phin tich nhan td (vdi hd sd KMO = 847 va muc^y nghia la p < 0,001) ghi nhin nhan td vdi 16 item (da loai bd I item ed hf so tai nho hon 0,5 sp vdi thang gdc li 17 item), giai thich 54,935% sy bidn thien cua bien (bing U'.Hfsd Alpha cfla Cronbach cua thang doii 0,71 Bang 1: Ngi dung thang hf ddnh gid nang luc ldm vifc Cic»M»ri l.Tinhnd tr^hkho khan cdng viec Npi dune item Hjs^m Tdi trinh hpc nhitng dieu moi cho cong vi?c chine gua phlic tap vdi toi 0,750 Khi toi hpc diiu gi moi, toi bd no thai nhanh niu no khong mang lai ket qui tot lap nic cho conf viec cua toi 0,740 Khi tdi phii doi dien vori mpt vin di khong mong dpi cone viec, toi khong the dirong diu voi no mpt each binh tihh 0,673 »^-" -,J , „ T- -„„ w, Nhin Chung, toi thudng ne oinh nhihig nhiem vy cfing vijc 0,548 Tinh khong ki£n tri cong viec Mpt bpng nhOng van di ciia toi li m3i lim vise, loi khong the tip trung hoin loan vao cong vigc Toi thucmg xuyen bo da cong viec Niu nhiem vy cong vifc nio cd ve kho thirc hien vpi toi loi se khfing thiir thuc hien nd 0,649 0,630 0,599 'Z'^:'^n^i:^/d::v^''''''^'^''-^'""''''-^^'''^'^^'''^"^''^^ TAP CHlTAM Ly HOC, S69 (210), - 2016 61 Tinh no Iyc cong vt£c Tinh hi?u qua cong vi^ Toi thirong dl dang tu bo cac muc tieu ngh^ tighiep 0,549 Toi thucmg hi€m thirc hi?n duoc nhung muc tieu cong vi?c ma toi Sn dinh lii quan doi \6i minh 0,547 ThSt bai cong vifc cang khien toi bit dau l^i voi s\f ben bi nhieu hon 0,683 Toi CO the ^iai quyet hieu quii nh&ng vkn dh cua cong v i ^ 0.622 Khl CO nhung nhi?m vy cong vi?c kh6, t6i van co gfing dfi thyc hifn chung 0,596 Khi toi gip kho khan viec thyc hifn nhifm v\i cong vifc ndo d6, toi ki€n tri Iam cho din co the hoan no 0,560 Khi toi thyc hifn cdc nhifm vy cong viec, t6i thudng chac chfin rang toi se thyc hifn chung c6ng • 0,752 Toi cho rfing toi la nguoi lam vifc co hifu qua 0,648 Toi tin rfing toi c6 nhfhig dong gop ding ke cho myc dich chung cua to chuc lam vifc 0,599 Tieu thang ty dinh gii ning Iuc xi hdi (dupc tham khio tir thang cfla Sherer vi cjng sy, 1982 vi Murris, 2001) Phdp phan tich nhin to (vdi hf sd KMO = 0,785 vi miitc y nghfa Ii p < 0,001) ghi nhin nhin td vdi item (sau di lo^i bd I item ed he s6 tii nhd hon 0,5), giii thich 62,947% sy biin thidn cua biin (bing 2) Hd sd Alpha cua Cronbach cfla thang Ii 0,79 Thang dugc thidt kd d?n^ Likert bic vdi cich quy dinh dilni di tir - khdng ddng y ddn - hoin toan ddng y Didm dinh gii cang cao cho thiy mflc dp dinh gii cua ngudi Iao dgng vd ning Iyc bin thin cing Idn vi ngupc l?i Cac so lidu dugc xfl Iy bing phin mdm SPSS 16.0 gdm nhihig phdp tinh giittjttung binh, phdp phin tich nhin td, phdp so sinh gii trj tiung binh thdng qua t-test hoic phin tich phuong sai One-way ANOVA vi phdp phin tich mdittiongquan thdng qua he sd r Pearson Mfle xip hang cic bidu hidn cfla ty danh gii ning lye bin than cfla ngudi Iao dgng dugc dya theo gii tii tiung binh chung vi dp Idch chuan cia toin thang (DTB thang = 3,03 vi DLC = 0,40), vdi cic thdng sd cy die nhu sau: Ty dinh gii ning luc mflc thip: 1,00 - 2,62; Ty dinh gii ning lyc miic binh thudng: 2,63 - 3,43; Ty dinh gii ning luc muc cao: 3,44 - 4,00 62 TAP CHlTAM LV HOC, Sd' (210), 9-2016 Bing 2: Npi dtmg thang hf ddnh gid ndng luc xa hdi mdi tnrdng lao dpng Cac nhfin to Sir tham gia vao t^p the Ngi dung i Toi lim chu dirpc ban thin trpng cic cupc hpp cong vipc vdi dong nghiep He so tii 0,766 Tfii sin sing phai biiu y kiin cua toi cic cupc hpp nhom cong vice 0,689 Toi di dang hda nhjp vni moi Iniong lam vipc mpi 0,674 T6i biit cich kiim s- I I I - • ' [3.07 1 \ i Biiu ti 1: DTB danh gid cdc nhdm biiu hifn cia ndng luc ldm vlfc Trong yiu to cua ty dinh gii ning lyc lim vide, sd lidu d biiu dd cho diiy cd hai ydu td dupc ngudi Iao ddng dinh gii d mflc dg thip li "tinh nd ttinh khd khin ttong cdng vide" (DTB = 1,93) vi "tinh khdng kidn tti ttong cdng vi?c" (DTB - 1,79) Sy nd ttinh cua ngudi Iao d$ng thi hi$n qua v i ^ hp ttinh hgc nhDng didu mdi hojc niu c6 hge thi hg sd tfl bd niu nd khdng mang lfi hidu qui nhu mong mudn; gip phii nhiing cdng v i ^ khdng mong dgi hg tim cich nd ttinh diung hojc dfln diy cho ngudi khic Sy khdng kidn tti ttong cdng vide dugc hieu li ngudri lao dOng hiim djt dugc myc tidu cdng vide mi td chuc hay ty bin thin hg di hojc ndu ttong qui ttinh lim vi?c gip 64 TAP CHf TAMLfWJC, Stf ( , - nidt nhidm vu khd thay vi c5 ging hp Iai tu bd nd Kdt qua niy cd thi coi nhu diu hidu tdt vi nd cho thiy ngudri lao dpng nghidn cflu khdng di theo xu hudng nd trinh hay it phin diu cho cong vide Ngugc lai, ydu td "tinh nd Iycttongcdng viec" (DTB = 3,09) vi "tinh hidu qua nong cdngvidc" (DTB = 3,07) dugc ngudi lao ddng danh gii d miic binh thudng Tinh nd Iyc ttong cdng vide dugc biiu hidn thdng qua su theo dudi mpt cich kidn tti cua ngudi Iao ddng cho din hoin nhidm vu cdng vide ci nd cdkhd khan vi hg da qua thit bai Tinh hidu qui ttong cdng vide Ii mem tin cua ngudi Iao ddng ring ttong cdng vide hg di ludn cd n^ch nhidm, hoin thinh dflng thdi ban vi dat hidu (jui tdt, ting hg di ddng gdp duoc kha ning cimg nhu cdng sue cfla minh cho td chflc Iim vide Nhu vay, ddi vdi nhiing khia canh it tich cue ttong cdng vide nhu tinh khdng kidn tri, tinh ne ttinh khd khan ttong cdng vide, didm sd danh gii cua cic khich thd li thap va didm ting Idn d nhiing khia canh dinh gii tich cue hon nhu tinh no Iyc vi tinh hidu qui ttong cdng vice Ndi cich khic, khich thi nghidn cuu cd xu hudng nhin nhan ning Iyc Iim vide cua bin thin theo budng tich cue Cd thi n^n mgt miu nghien ciiu gdm nhiiu ngudi cd trinh dd dio tao cao (86,6% sd khich thi cd tiinh dg dai hge vi sau dai hpc) ndn cac khich thd ed nidm tin vio ning lye cfla ban than Ddi vdi ngudi Iao ddng, nhit Ii ngudi lao dgng tti thuc thi vide tin ttrdng vio ning Iyc Iim vide cfla minh eung chinh li each thi hidn sy ty tdn mi hg danh cho bin than - Ttf ddnh gid cia ngir&i lao dpng vi ndng luc xd hdi : 7^ ^^^ ^'* "*"* '"'^ "? *•'' "'""S mdi ttudng lao dpng dupc biiu hidn d nidm tin cfla ngudi Iao dpng vd nang hda nhip vio mdi ttudng Iim vide; vd tinh tich cue chfl dpng ttong vide Iim quen, xiy dyng mdi quan he vdi cac ddng nghidp; vd muc dd sin sing phat bieu y kiin, tham gia vao cic lioat ddng cfla nhdm lim vide vi ttong td chuc Kit qua didu tra cho thiy, cd 13,95% so khich the tu dinh gii ning lyc xi hdi ttong mdi trudng Iim vide d miic thip; 72,87% - ty dinh gii d muc binh thudng vi 13,18% - d mflc cao Ci ba nhdni yeu td ttong dinh gii ning luc xa hpi Ii "su tham gia vao tip thi", "sy tich eye xay dyng biu khdng Iim vide" vi "su thidt lip vi tri mdi quan he nghi nghidp" deu cd DTB d muc binh thudng Nhin chung, phin Idn ngudi Iao dgng ddu y thflc vd vide thiet lip vi tti mpt mdi quan he lien nhin cich binh on ttong td chuc, hp cd xu hudng trinh nhflng va chjm vi miu thuan khdng ding cd Didu niy khdng chi giflp hp dugc chip nhin ttong tip thd mi cdn giim cic nguy CO khdng ding cd xuit phit tit nhung mdi quan he nghd nghipp khdng dupc tdt Do vay, cac khach thi ttong nghidn euu cOng cd xu hudng t?lo dyng vi gm gio mdi quan hd cdng vide theo eich an toin nhit cd thi TAPCHITAML'?HOC,Se(9(210),9-2OI6 65 3.2 Mpi so yeu to inh hudng ten ttr tinh gii ning Iwc ngudi lao tpng bin thin cua Trong sd cic die didm vd nhan khiu, nghi nghidp cua ngudi Iao ddng mi nghidn cuu dd cap tdi thi cic die diim nhu gidi tinh, tudi, ttinh dio tjo, vi tin cdng vide, muc thu nhip khdng tao khic bidt vi muc ty danh gii ning lyc bin thin d ngudi Iao ddng Dudi diy, ehung toi tiinh biy mgt sd kit qui cd ^ nghia thdng kd vd nhiing yiu td inh hudng din tu dinh gii ning Iuc bin thin cua ngudi Iao ddng - Lagi hgp ddng lao dgng Cd sy khie biet ed y nghia thdng kd vd diira sd ty dinh gia ning Iuc Iim vide (F|3j7„, = 4,569; p < 0,01) vi ty dinh gii ning lyc xa hgi (F|3 3,, = 5,570; p < 0,001) xdtflieoIoai hgp ddng Iao dgng eua cie khich thi (bing 3) Bang 3: So sdnh BTB lu ddnh gid ndng luc bdn Ihdn theo logt hgp ding lao dpng Lo^i hpp dong lao dpog Nine lue (im viec Ning 1^ xa hoi DTB DLC DTB Thir viec 2,98 0,43 2,84 0,48 Dufii nim 3,10 0,37 2.73 0,61 nim - nim 3,24 0,37 3,06 Tren nim 3,08 0,47 2,94 DLC 0,49 1,^ ?Jl^!!'?''^ '^ ^^"^ 8'* "*"8 Ittc lim vidc, kit qui didu tra cho thiv l ^ l uiycMlim ^ Vvide d^' cao '""b"*"* ' """cdn ''^"lal" " *>;.r3n,4„ nim cd 's nang hon so''°vd''"''" cic nhdm u .tti xd i n •• khich thd ed hg^ ddni ttdn n C n " ^ ^ , ^ ! JS".^^ ? "•""" "^ ""^^ ddng dudi ni^cd d & ^ d ^ g ^ n S d i tto ' * • • ' ' "^ ''"' '^° thip nhit Nhin Chung, d ei hai kWa eari^^hr l l ^ T ^ """ " " ^ ^ '^^ ""'"S n.«iaoddngtheoLhgpdW^c;r:^i:^drd^^"3^i:-t.:^„"^t^ TAPCHfTAMLyHOC, S59 (210), - 2016 diem ty dinh gia cao nhiL Xet theo tinh chit hgp ddng lao ddng, c6 thd ndi rang, nhung ngufti cd hgp ddng flni vide vi hgp ddng dudi I nam thi tinh chit cong viec bap benh hon ci Nhiing ngudi cd hgp ddng ttdn nam ed tinh chit gan graig voi loai hpp ddng vd flidi han ndn cdng vide mang tinh dn dinh eao hon Nhung nguoi cd hgp ddng tu nam den dudi nam dudng nhu cd ip Iuc nil" r ^ " * ^^ *^" ™ * * * * * "°"^ **^ Si™