Thực trạng kỹ năng giao tiếp và hiệu quả giao tiếp của cán bộ lãnh đạo, quản lý chủ chốt trong hệ thống chính trị ở nước ta

THLJC TRANG KY NANG GIAO TIER VA HIEU QuA GIAO TIER CUA CAN BO L A N H O A O , Q U A N LY CHU CHOT TRONG HE THONG CHINH TRj NUOC TA "Nghien cijru dugc tai trg bdi Quy Phat fri^n khoa hgc va Cdng nghe Qudc gia (Nafosted) de tai ma sd: VI1.2-2011,01" PGS.TS Nguyen Ba Duong ThS Nguyen Van KiSu Hoc vien Chinh tri khu vuc I • T O M TAT Khdo sdt 1.200 cdn bd lanh dgo, qudn ly chu chdt he thdng chinh tri d nudc ta hien (chu ye'u tap trung a cdp huyen (bao gdm cd qudn), xd (bao gdm cd phudng) vd mgt phdn cd'p tinh) cho thdy ky ndng giao tie'p vd hieu qud giao tie'p cua dpi ngd cdn bd ndy d mifc trung binh vd yiu Sd cdn bg Idnh dgo, qudn ly ndy cd mifc dd ky ndng giao liip cao chi chiim dudi 2,5% Cd mdi tuang quan thugn giifa thdm nien cdng tdc vdi ky ndng giao tie'p, giifa ky ndng giao tie'p vdi hieu qud giao tiep Tuang quan giifa ky ndng giao liip vdi gidi tinh, ITnh vuc cdng tdc vd cd'p qudn ly chua chdl, chua rd rdng Qua khdo sdi cho thdy cdn thie't phdi sdm trang bi tri thifc, ndng cao y thdc ren luyen, cdi thien cdc ky ndng giao tie'p cho dpi ngd cdn bg ldnh dgo, qudn ly d nudc ta hien nay, dgc biet Id cdc ky ndng ldm chu cdm xiic, hdnh vi; ky ndng si'f dung ngdn ngif ca ihe: ky nang lang nghe; ky ndng thuyet phuc; ky ndng ddm phdn thuang lifgng vd nhifng quy tdc quy dinh ciia giao tiep chinh thifc vd giao liip ngogi giao Tir khda: Giao tie'p; Ky ndng giao tiip; Hieu qud giao tie'p; Cdn bp lanh dgo; Qudn ly he ihdng chinh tri Ngdy nhdn bdi: 20/6/2014; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/7/2014 Mddau Can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt he thd'ng chfnh tri d nudc ta la nhCrng c^n bd, eOng chdc giii vi trf lanh dao, quan ly cac td chiic Dang, Nha nudc, cae td cbiic chfnh tri - xa h6i d cac cap tir co sd de'n Trung uong Qua thuc tien cho tha'y giao tiep cd dac trung ro net nha't boat dong lanh dao, quan ly TAP CHf TAM LV HOC Sd (185), - 2014 53 va cung chiem nhieu thdi gian nhat ciia dOi ngij can b6 Nhimg ngudi lanh dao, quan ly cd hieu qua cung thudng la nhflng ngudi giao tiep gidi Van de dat la: phai chang cac ky nang giao tie'p, giao lie'p cd hieu qua cd md'i quan he true tiep vdi hieu qua boat dOng cua ngudi can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt he thdng chfnh tri Di tra Idi cau hdi tren, chung tdi tren co sd khao sat thuc tien da tim hie'u thuc trang nhung va'n de sau day: - Thuc trang've cac ky nang giao tiep ciia can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chdt (tap trung ehu ye'u d c^p huyen, xa va mdt ph^n cap tinh) he thd'ng chfnh tri - Thuc trang hieu qua giao tiep ciia ddi ngu can bd Phuong phap va khach the nghien cuu Mau chgn gdm 1.200 can bd lanh dao quan ly cSp xa, cap huyen va mOt phan cap tinh thuOc tinh, la: Ha Ndi, Son La, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Hai Duong, Quang Ninh, Ninh Binh, Thanh Hda Thdi gian dieu tra til thang de'n thang 10/2013 Thie't ke' nghien cuu chon mau lan theo lat cat ngang Phuong phap thu thap dH lieu gdm cac trac nghiem va phieu dieu tra sau: De nghien cuu thuc trang ky nang giao tie'p ciia can bd lanh dao, quan ly chil chdt he thdng chfnh tri chung tdi sir dung trdc nghiem ciia V.P Dakharov bao gdm 80 item, m6i item sat hop vdi mdt sd item khac tucmg iing vdi mOt bi^u hien cu the ciia mot ky nang giao tiep nao dd Vi du: ky nang lang nghe ddi tugng giao tie'p gom cac item (3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73) Cach danh gia: M6i item la mdt tinh hudng vdi miic d6 tii cao xudng tha'p: Di^m iing vdi miic dd tra ldi dung (co ky nang va ky nang xuat hien thudng xuyen) Diem ung vdi mdc tra ldi trung gian (bieu hien cd ky nang nhung khdng xua't hien thudng xuyen) Di^m iing vdi khOng cd bieu hien ky nang Tong hop tir cac item ung vdi mot ky nang tuong ung, ne'u tong so diem ky nang nao dat tii - di^m la miic yeu, tir - 11 diem la miic trung binh, tu" 12-14 di^m la mdc kha, tii 15 - 16 diem ia miic dd gidi Danh gia chung ve ky nang giao tie'p dua tren ke't qua ciia 10 ky nang dieu tra d tiing khach the Ne'u: - Cd 2/3 ky nang d miic dO ye'u thi the hien ky nang giao tie'p chua tdt - Co 2/3 ky nang d miic tmng binh, the hien ky nang giao tiep trung binh - Cd 2/3 ky nang d mdc kha, th^ hien ky nang giao tiep tdt - Co 2/3 ky nang d miic gioi, the hien ky nang giao tiep ra't td't * De tim hidu thuc trang cac ky nang giao tiep can cd d can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chdt he thdng chfnh tri, chung tdi xay dung bang tu danh gia theo mau ciia cac nha nghien cuu d Dai hoc Harvard (1) 54 TAPCHfTAMLyHOC.Sd8(185), 20)4 Theo miu nay, viec tu danh gia ciia khach the ve miic d6 dat duoc cua tiing ky nang theo tieu chi sau: - Miic thao ciia tirng ky nang: chia lam muc d6 tii tha'p den cao: miic - miic d6 tha'p; miic - mdc trung binh; muc - miic kha; miic miic dd tdt - Su can thiet mudn phat trien ky nang dd cho ban than: chia lam kha nang la cd va khdng Ke't hop ke't qua khao sat theo hai phuong an tren se cho phep di den nhiing nhan xet khach quan ve thuc trang ky nang giao tie'p cua doi ngu can bd * De tim hidu thuc trang hieu qua giao tie'p cua can bd lanh dao, quan ly chil chdt he thd'ng chfnh tri d nudc ta chiing toi ngoai viec quan sat thuc tien sir dung trac nghiem ciia Peter Miler (2) Cach danh gia: Mdi cau trac nghiem cd phuong an tra ldi diing va sai Ne'u tdng sd d khach thd nao cd cau (item) tii danh gia la diing thi ngudi dd cd hieu qua giao tie'p; dudi cau tu danh gia la diing thi ky nang giao tie'p d miic d6 tha'p eSn phai dugc cai thien Ket qua nghien ciiu 2.1 Thuc trgng cdc ky ndng giao tiep cua cdn bg ldnh dgo, qudn ly chii chdt theo trdc nghiem cua V.D Dakharov Trac nghiem cua V.P Dakharov giiip chiing ta danh gia thuc trang ciia 10 ky nang giao tie'p co ban cd lien quan true tie'p de'n hieu qua giao tie'p va hoat ddng ciia ngudi ndi chung va ciia can bO lanh dao, quan ly ndi rieng Ke't qua di^u tra 10 ky nang giao tie'p dugc phan anh d bang sau: Tu" ke't qua dieu tra d bang cho thay: - Phan ldn cac ky nang giao tie'p ciia can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt he thdng chfnh tri ca'p huyen, xa va mOt ph^n cap tinh d nudc ta mdi dat d miic trung binh va trung binh yeu Trong sd 10 ky nang tren, ky nang tu chu cam xtic va hanh vi giao tiep dat d miic trung binh va thap tdi 91,6%; lie'p theo la ky nang mdm deo, linh boat (90,5%), ky nang thiet lap cac md'i quan he vdi ngudi khac (90,4%), sir nhay cam giao tiep (87,2%) Ddi vdi ngudi lanh dao, quan ly su han che' vi cac ky nang se anh hudng true tie'p den qua trinh tac ddng, gay anh hudng den ddi tugng giao tiep Trong 10 ky nang dugc didu tra, mot sd ky nang nhu ky nang didn dat cu thd, dl hieu cd ty le dat loai td't va kha cao nhat (35,6%), tie'p tbeo la ky nang tu kiem che' (28,02%) va ky nang nhay cam giao tiep la (25,4%) Tham khao y kie'n cua mdt sd khach the dang hgc cac ldp cao ca'p ly luan chfnh tri - hanh chfnh tai chtic d mOt sd tinh chiing tdi dugc biet nhung cdn be lanh dao, quan l^ dat dugc miic cao ve ky nang giao tiep chii yeu 1^ nhiing ngudi d vi trf cap trudng, cd trinh va tham nien cOng tac cao Mat khac cung theo y kie'n ciia cac hoc vien, dd la nhimg can bp lanh dao, quan ly ra't am hidu dd'i tugng giao tie'p, nhay ben, linh boat va dac biet la ludn cd y thUc hgc hoi, nit kinh nghiem cho ban than TAP CH[ TAM LV HOC, Sd (185) 8-2014 55 Bdng 1: ThUc trgng 10 ky ndng giao tie'p cdn bd ldnh dao, qudn ly chu chdt Tot Cac ky nang Ky nang thi6t lap cac m6i quan he vcii ngutri khac Ky nang can bang nhu cau ca nhan va ddi tirgng giao tiep Ky nang lang nghe d6'i tucmg giao ti€p Ky nang tu chil cam xuc, hanh vi giao ti6p Ky nang tu ki^m ch6', ki^m tra ngu&i khac Ky nang dien dat dl hieu, cu the Ky nang mSm dec, linh hoat giao tife'p Ky nang thuydt phuc ddi tuong giao tig'p Ky nang chij ddng di6u khien qua trinh giao tife'p Su nhay cam giao tie'p Mure cac ky nang Kha Trung binh Ty Sd Sd Ty If lirong le % luong Sfi luong Ty le 28 2,3 91 7,6 737 32 2,7 136 11,3 32 2,7 107 33 2,8 32 Yeu Sd luong Ty lc 61,4 344 28,7 851 70,9 181 15,1 8,9 734 61,2 327 27,3 68 5,7 651 54,3 448 37,3 2,7 309 25,8 781 65,1 78 6,5 38 3,2 389 32,4 704 58,7 69 5.8 32 2,7 83 6,9 717 59,8 368 30,7 29 2.4 124 10,3 862 71,8 185 15,4 24 2,0 169 14,1 834 69,5 173 14,4 21 1,8 283 23,6 790 65,8 106 8,8 % % % Dd CO CO sd danh gia them vd thuc trang cac ky nang giao tiep cua can bo lanh dao, quan ly chii chd't he thdng chfnh tri d nudc ta, chung tdi da xir ly sd lieu dd danh gia chung, danh gia theo cac lat cat nhu: gidi tfnh, tham nien cdng tac, cac loai td chiic he thdng chfnh tri (Dang, Nha nudc, cac doan thd chfnh tri - xa hdi) va cap quan ly - ) ^ ly sd lieu dieu tra iheo cdch ddnh gid chung ve cac ky nang giao tie'p cho thay: 1.200 khach thd dugc dieu tra, sd can bg lanh dao, quan Iy chu chdt he thd'ng chfnh tri cap xa, huyen va mdt phan cap tinh dat miic dd tdt va kha chi co 220 ngudi chiem 18,3% So can b6 lanh dao, quan ly cd ky nang giao tie'p dat miic trung binh la 833 ngudi chiem 69,4%, mdc ky nang giao tie'p tha'p la 147 ngudi chie'm 12,3% Ke't qua danh gia chung cung phu hgp vdi kdt qua khao sat d timg ky nang giao tiep d bang - De lim hieu ve md'i quan he giUa mdc ky ndng giao tie'p vdi cdp qudn ly he thdng chi'nh tri, chiing toi da xem xet theo ca'p: can bg ianh dao, quan ly 56 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (185) 2014 chu chdt he thd'ng chfnh tri c^p xa, ca'p huyen va mdt phdn c^p tinh Ket qua xu ly sd lieu didu tra theo ca'p quan 1^ cho tha'y 465 can bd lanh dao, quan !y chu chd't thuOc he thdng chfnh tri ca'p xa (bao gdm ca phudng) cd 69 can b6 chi^m 20,7% cd ky nang giao tie'p d mirc dd tdt va kha, 369 can bd chiem 79,4% cd ky nang giao tie'p d miic trung binh va ye'u Can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt be thdng chfnh tri cSp huyen thudc tinb didu tra la 685 ngudi, sd can bd dat miic ky nang giao tiep loai tdt va kha la 105 ngudi chie'm 16,8%; miic trung binh va ye'u la 570 ngudi chie'm 82,2% Trong sd 50 can bd thudc he thdng chfnh tri ca'p tinh, (chii ye'u la cac can bO cd chiic danh la trudng, phd phong cap sd, ban) cd 18,0% can bo cd ky nang giao tiep dat miic tdt va kha, cdn Iai 82,0% can bO dat mdc trung binh va ye'u Tii ket qua dieu tra cho thay khdng cd miic chenh lech dang ke vd ky nang giao tie'p ciia can b6 lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt giila he thdng chfnh tri cap xa, huyen (ty le can bd cap xa dat mirc dO tdt va kha la 20,7%, cap huyen la 16,8% Ty le can bg ca'p xa dat miic trung binh va ye'u la 79,4%, ca'p huyen la 82,2%) Neu tham khao ket qua didu tra d 50 can bd cap tinh, cho thay sd can bd ca'p tinh cd miic d6 ky nang giao tiep loai tdt va kha la 18,0%, miic trung binh va yeu la 82,0% thi cQng kh6ng thay su khac biet dang ke giua cap he thdng chfnh tri; tham chf ty le can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt he thdng chfnh tri ca'p xa cd mdc d6 ky nang giao tie'p d miic trung binh va thap cdn ft hon d ca'p huyen va tinh (cap xa: 79,4%, ca'p huyen: 82,2%, cap tinh la 82%) Khi lim hidu thuc trang chiing tdi nhan tha'y: - Thii nha't, gidi ban pham vi khach thd va ddi tugng nghien ciru chi tap Irung va he thd'ng chinh trj ca'p huyen va xa vi the viec didu tra 50 khach thd d cap tinh chl mang tfnh tham khao Hon nUa nhiing khach the didu tra d ca'p tinh chii yeu la cac chiic danh trudng, cac sd, ban ciia tinh Nhirng chiic danh bf thu, phd bf thu, chil tjch va phd chu tjch H6i ddng nhan dan, iiy ban nhan dan cap tinh, trudng, phd cac Sd, Ban va cac td chirc ehfnh trj - xa h6i he thd'ng chfnh trj ca'p tinh chua cd dieu kien dieu tra Chfnh vi the ket qua didu tra ky nang giao tiep cua 50 can bd cap tinh khong cd su khac biet nhieu vdi can bo lanh dao, quan ly chil chd't he thd'ng chi'nh tri cap huyen - Thii hai, ty le can bo lanh dao, quan Iy chii chdt he thdng chfnh tri ca'p xa dat mirc dd tdt va kha (20,7%) cao hon mot chiit so vdi cap huyen va tinh (16,8% va 18,0%) bdi mgt sd ly sau: + Cac khach thd dugc didu tra he thdng chi'nh tri cap xa chii ye'u la bi thu, phd bf thu kiem chii tich Hoi ddng nhan dan hay iiy ban nhan dan va mgt sd cac chiic danh chii tich uy ban nhan dan, chii tich Mat tran To qudc Day la nhung can bd chii chdt ca'p xa; phan ldn ho cd trinh dd dai hgc cac chuyen nganh, cd tham nien cdng tac va dugc ren luyen qua thuc tidn nhidu Mat khac cap xa la ca'p cd nhiem vu chinh la td chiic thuc hien; can bd chu chdt cap xa hien thuc hoa chiic nang, nhiem vu ciia cua minh phai giao tiep vdi nhieu dd'i tugng, nhat la dd'i vdi dan TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd (185), 8-2014 57 + TTidng qua hinh thiic thao luan, giai quye't tmh hud'ng qua trinh hgc tap he cao ca'p ly luan chfnh tri - hanh chfnh d cac Idp tap trung va tai cbiic cd mot sd can bd chu chdt cap xa cd chiic danh bf thu, chu tieh uy ban nhan dan, chiing tdi ciing nhan tha'y cac can bd chu chdt cap xa cd kha nang trinh bay, kha nang tir chil, thuydt phuc va Iinh boat hon mdt so trudng, phd phdng, ban ca'p huySn vi yeu cau ciia nhiem vu, chtic nang hg phai thudng xuyen giao tie'p vdi nhidu ddi tugng khac - Ne'u xem xet mdi quan he giira cac mtic dd ky nang giao tie'p cua eac can bo lanh dao, quan ly chu chdt he thdng chfnh tri vdi ITnh vuc cdng tac, ke't qua xir ly sd lieu dieu tra cho thay sd 285 can bd lanh dao, quan ly dang lam cdng tac Dang, ty le can bg cd miic ky nang giao tie'p td't va kha la 25,9% (tdt: 7,2%, kha: 18,7%); mdc ky nang trung binh va ye'u la 74,1% (trung binh: 65,1%, yeu: 9,0%) Trong so 567 can bd lam cdng tac chtnh quydn (Hdi ddng nhan dan va iiy ban nhan dan) ty le can bd cd mdc dd ky nang giao ddp td't va kha la 17% (td't: 2,8%, kha: 14,2%); miic ky nang giao tie'p trung binh va ydu la 82,9% (trung binh: 69,4%, ye'u: 13,5%) Trong so 348 can bd lam edng tae doan thd, chfnh tri - xa hdi (Mat tran Td qudc, Doan nien, Phu nU, Hdi Cuu chidn binh, Hdi Ndng dan) cd 25,5% c^n bd CO ky nang giao tiep tdt va kha (td't: 4,1%, kha: 21,4%); 75,5% cd ky nang giao tie'p trung binh va yeu (trung binh: 63,5%, ydu: 12,0%) Tir ke't qua dieu tra tren cd thd tha'y khdng cd sir chenh lech dang kd vd miic ky nang giao tie'p giua nhUng can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chd't ITnh vuc td chiic Dang, chfnh quydn vdi cac td chdc chi'nh tri - xa hdi he thd'ng chfnh tri Tuy nhien ITnh vuc cdng tac tren, can bd lanh dao, quan Iy chii chdt cac td chiic nha nudc (chfnh quydn) cd miic dd ky nang giao tie'p d miic trung binh va ye'u cao nha't 82,9% (cdng tac Dang la 74,1%, doan thd la 75,5%) Qua quan sat va trao ddi chiing tdi nhan tha'y cd mdt so ly sau day: Mdt la, tinh chat hoat ddng va chdc nang, nhiem vu duge giao, can bd Hdi ddng nhan dan va uy ban nhan dan cac ca'p boat ddng tren co sd phap luat; dd'i tugng, pham vi giao tiep cd tfnh khep kin (theo quy dinh) nhieu hon; ho giao tie'p vdi ben ngoai cQng ft hon Cdn can bd lam cdng tac Dang, doan thd co dd'i tugng, pham vi giao tiep rgng hon, hg xud'ng co sd nhieu hon Ngoai giao tidp chfnh thiic, can bd lam cdng tac Dang nh^t la cdng tac doan the cd giao tiep phi chfnh thiic cung nhieu hon can bd co quan nha nudc Thuc tidn boat ddng da giiip ho cd dieu kien nang cao ky nang giao tie'p hon can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt co quan nha nudc Hai la, can bd Iam cdng tac Dang va doan thd thudng dugc luan ehuyen, dieu ddng nhidu hon can bd lam cdng tac chfnh quydn Qua thir thach, ren luyen d nhidu vi trf, ITnh vuc cdng tac da giup hg phat tridn vd ky nang giao tiep va kinh nghiem giao tie'p 58 TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd (185), - 2014 - Xem xet mO'i quan he giffa mirc ky nang giao ti6p cua can ho lanh dao, quan ly chu chot he thong chi'nh trj v6i gioi ti'nh cho thay: Tdng s6 931 can bd nam, stf can b6 co ky nang giao tiep tot va kha la 19,6% (tot: 2,8%, kha: 16,8%); miic trung binh va ye'u la 81% (trung binh: 69,2%, ye'u: 11,8%) Doi vol 269 can bft nu, ty le dat miJc tot va kha 16,6% (tfit: 1,5%, kha: 15,1%); miic trung binh va yeu la 84,1% (trung binh: 71,4%, y«u: 12,7%) Ne'u danh gia chung ve cac ky nang giao tiep thi can b6 lanh dao, quan ly chil chd't 14 nil co mile trung binh va ye'u cao hon can bo nam mat chiit (nO: 84,1 %, nam: 81%) Tuy nhien ne'u xem xet timg ky nang giao tidp thi can bo ntt co mot s6' ky nang giao tie'p nhu ky nang nhay cam giao tie'p, ky nang Itag nghe dd'i tuong giao tiSp, ky nang tir chu cam xiic, hanh vi lai dat miic tot va kha cao hon so voii can b6 nam - Mo'i quan he giua thim nien c6ng tac vdi mile d6 ky nang giao tie'p a can b6 lanh dao, quan ly chO chft't he thtfng chi'nh tri De tim hie'u mo'i quan he tren chiing tfli da chia 1.200 khach the theo nhom tham nien cong tac Ke't qua khao sat duoc bieu hien qua bang sau: Nhin vao ke't qua diiu tra bang co the nit mot so nhan xet ve moi quan he tren nhir sau: Bdng 2: Thuc trgng cdc ky ndng giao tie'p ciia cdn bd ldnh dgo, qudn ly clui chd't he thd'ng chinh tri theo thdm nien cdng tdc Sd TT •i Nhdm thdm nien cdng tac Ducri nam Ttr deh 10 nam Tir 11 ddn 15 nam TCr 16 ddn 20 nam Trdn 20 niim Tdt 1,7 3,0 1,5 3,1 8,8 Mirc dd ky nang giao liep (%) Trung Kha Yeu binh 12,7 13,8 15,2 17,5 22,1 76,3 72,7 69,2 66,5 62,0 9,3 13,1 14,1 12,9 74 + Mirc dd ky nang giao tiep cua can bd lanh dao, quan ly he thdng chfnh tri d nudc ta cd tuong quan thuan vdi tham nien cong tac Sd nam cdng tac cang nhidu, thdng qua hoat ddng thuc tidn va rut kinh nghiem can bd lanh dao, quan ly cang co didu kien de hoan thien va nang cao cac ky nang giao tiep Vf du: can bd cd tham nien cdng tac dudi nam cd miic dd ky nang giao tiep kha va td't la 14,4% (kha: 12,7%, td't: 1,7%) va can bg cd tham nien cong tac tren 20 nam cd mi^c dd ky nang giao tiep kha va td't la 30,9% (kha: 22,1%, tdt: 8,8%) Su chenh lech vd miic ky nang giag tiep kha va tdt giUa cac nhdm tham nien cdng tac ke tiep hay hay nhom tham nien it nhat (dudi nam) va nhieu nha't (tren 20 nam) la khdng nhidu (thf du: giiia nhdm can bo dudi nam cong tac vdi TAP CHf TAM LV HOC Sd (185), 8-2014 59 nhdm cd tii den 10 nam cdng tac la 3,4%) Qua day cho tha'y qua trinh phat trien va hoan thien cac ky nang giao tie'p cua can bd lanh dao, quan ly la qua trinh liSn tiep, lau dai Qua trao doi vdi mdt sd khach the tieu bidu cho th^y cd nhidu nguyen nhan ban che, song mdt nhitng nguyen nhan co ban la can bd lanh dao, quan ly he thd'ng chfnh tri d nudc ta hSu nhu khdng dugc dao tao, bdi dudng vd giao tie'p ma chii ye'u la hgc tap Iln hay tu nit kinh nghiem ban than sau cac cudc giao tie'p Khi hdi cac khach thd dang hgc tap mdn tam ly hgc quan ly d cac ldp cao cap ly luan chinh trj - hanh chfnh he tai chdc: Cac ddng chf cd tham nien cdng tac lanh dao, quan ly 15 nam hay 20 nam, song da tiing dugc hgc mdt each chfnh thu'c qua trudng, ldp vd quy tac bat tay ngoai giao chua? thi blu nhu 100% tra ldi la chua TTiuc te' cho thay chuong trinh dao tao, bdi dudng can bd lanh dao, quan ly d nudc ta chua thuc su quan tam de'n viec phat trien va hoan thien cac ky nang quan he, giao tiep 2.2 Thuc trgng tu ddnh gid ve cdc ky ndng giao tie'p cua cdn bg lanh dgo, qudn ly chu chot he thd'ng chinh tri Mau khao sat ky nang giao tidp cua cac nha nghien ctiu thudc dai hoc Harvard tap trung vao tieu chf co ban la: Miic thuc ciia cac ky nang va nhan bie't vd miic can thie't ciia titng ky nang ddi vdi ngudi danh gia - Ve miic can thiet cua titng ky nang dd'i vdi ban than dugc chia miic: rat c^n thiet, can thie't va ft can thiet Ke't qua danh gia d 1.200 can bd lanh dao, quan Iy chu chd't he thd'ng chfnh tri cap huyen, xa va mdt phan ca'p tinh thudc tinh phfa Bac thd hien d bang sau: Bdng 3: Nhdn thdc ve mi^c cdn thie't cua cdc ky ndng giao tiep STT Cac ky nang giao tiep Ky nang thuong luong, dam phan Ky nang thuyet trinh Mure can thiet (%) Rat can Can thiet it can thie't thiet Ky nang ISng nghe Ky nang lam chu cam xuc 47,4 60,7 55,1 45,1 47,3 35,1 36,6 42,2 5,3 4,2 8,3 12,8 Ky nang soan thiio cac loai van ban Ky nang sir dung ngdn ngu co th^ Ky nang thuyet phuc 65,9 36,1 51,6 28,1 6,6 11,0 6,3 Ky nang chu tri cudc hop, hdi nghi Ky nang ling xii 68,9 62,8 52,9 42,1 28,4 31,5 2,7 5,7 Ket qua khao sat bang cho thay can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chd't he thd'ng chfnh trj d nudc ta cd nhan thiic d miic cao vd su c^n thie't ciia cac ky TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd (185) 2014 nang, giao tie'p viec thuc hien"nhiem vu, cbiic nang ciia ban than Trong sd ky nang giao tiep tren, cac ky nang dugc xac djnh la can thie't va ra't can thie't cd ty le thap nb^t cung la 87,2% Ky nang chu tri cugc hgp hpi nghj dugc xac djnh co miic dd c^n thiet va r^t can thiet cao nh^t la 97,3%, tie'p theo la ky nang thuyet trinh (95,8%), ky nang dam phan, thuong lugng (94,7%), ky nang thuyet phuc (93,7%), ky nang ung xir (94,3%) Ke't qua cho tha'y nhiing ky nang giao tie'p tren la nhiing ky nang khdng the thie'u dugc ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly Sau trao ddi vdi mdt so khach thd ket qua nhan thiic vd mdc can thiet cua cac ky nang giao tie'p, chiing tdi dugc bie't them thdng tin la cac khach thd mot mat danh gia cao tSm quan trgng cua cac ky nang giao tiep tren, song mat khae ke^t qua tren cdn phan anh nhu ciu cSn phai ren luyen cac ky nang tren eiia cac khach the Ke't qua quan sat ky nang lam chii cam xiic, ky nang thuydt trinh, ky nang sii dung ngdn ngii co the qua trinh xemina, giai quye't tinh hudng hpc tap cung cho chung tdi them mdt sd co sd de di de'n nhan xet tren Thf du cd khach thd qua trinh trinh bay va'n dd, vi qua trap trung vao viec trinh bay nen net mat qua cang thang, dang dung bj ciing nhac Cd khach thd trinh bay thi tdt song canh tay phai ludn ludn viy vay hoac co nhidu tir thiJa nhu: "dong thdi" Nhu vay chiing td ky nang sir dung ngdn ngU co thd eung chua tdt dan de'n han che hieu qua ky nang thuydt trinb Phai chang nhan thiic vd miic dd can thidt va ra't can thie't ddi vdi ban than ve mdt ky nang giao tie'p nao cdn thd hien su ban che ciia ban than ve ky nang - Vd miic thuc cua cac ky nang giao tie'p Sir thuc ciia cac ky nang giao tiep se dugc xem xet d miic tir tha'p, trung binh de'n kha va cao Kdt qua khao sat thd hien d bang 4: Cd mdt tam ly chung ma ddn van tdn tai va dugc moi ngudi ngam cha'p nhan he thd'ng quan ly xa hdi la ca nhan hay td chiic ca'p dudi bao cao ien ca'p tren, ndi vd im didm, tfch thucmg cao hon thuc te mdt chiit; cdn ndi ve ban che, khuyet didm thudng lai bdt di mdt chiit Rat co thd tam ly cung anh hudng deh khach thd didu tra ho tu danh gia vd miic thuc ciia cac ky nang giao tiep ciia ban than Tuy vay ket qua the hien d bang cho thay can bo lanh dao, quan ly chii chdl qua tu danh gia phan ldn ddu tu xep d mUc thuc Irung binh va tha'p ve cac ky nang giao tiep Trong ky nang dua ra, mdc dp thuc ciia ky nang scan thao cac loai van ban cd miic trung binh va thap d miic tha'p nha't cung la 71,6% (trung binh: 65,1%, thap: 6,5%) Cac ky nang giao tiep co miic dd thuc d miic trung binh va thap cd ty le cao nhat la ky nang lam chii cam xdc (trung binh: 54,3%, thap: 37,7%); ky nang sir dung ngdn ngu co thd la 90,5% (trung binh: 59,8%, thap: 30,7%) Day cung la hai ky nang ma can bd lanh dao, quan If cho rang ho cd muc thuc thap nhat (37,3% va 30,75%) Cac ky nang cdn lai ddu dugc khach thd tu danh gia d miic trung binh va thap (ttr 82,1 % cho de'n 88,5%) TAPCHfTAMLV HOC.SdS (185), - 2014 Bdng 4: Mdc thdnh thuc cda cdc ky ndng giao tidp Mure dd thuc STT Cac ky nSng giao tiep Cao Trung binh So luong Ty le Sd Iuong Ty le 91 7,6 % Thaip Kha Ty le Sd luong 747 61,4 344 So luong % Tji le % Ky nang thircfng luong, dam phan 28 2,3 Ky nang thuyet trinh 32 2,7 136 11.3 851 70,9 181 15,1 Ky nang lang nghe 32 2,7 107 8,9 734 60,2 327 26,3 Ky nang ciim xiic 33 2,8 68 5,7 651 54,3 448 37,3 Ky nang scan thao cac loai van ban 32 2,7 309 25,8 781 65,1 78 6.5 Ky nang sir dung ngon ngiJ co the 32 2,7 83 6,9 717 59,8 368 30,7 Ky nang thuy^l phuc 29 2,4 125 10,3 861 70,8 185 15,9 Ky nang chu tri cuoc hop, hoi nghi 24 2,0 169 14,1 834 69,5 173 14,4 Ky nang iJng xut 21 2,1 283 23,6 790 65,8 106 8,8 lam chii 28,7 Ke't qua tu danh gia tren tuong ddi phii hgp vdi ke't qua didu tra vd cac ky nang giao tie'p theo trac nghiem ciia V.P Dakhavzov Dac biet, ke't qua trac nghiem va tu danh gia cua khach thd ve mdt sd ky nang giao tidp triing (co ca d trac nghiem va tu danh gia nhu: ky nang lang nghe, ky nang Iam chii cam xuc, ky nang thuyet phuc cd su khac biet khdng dang kd Thf du ky nang lang nghe ke't qua didu tra qua trac nghiem va tu danh gia la 88,5% va 86,5%; ky nang thuydt phuc tuong tu la 87,2% va 86,7%; ky nang lam chu cam xiic la 93,6% va 92,1 %) Su phil hgp ve ket qua didu tra tren cho phep chiing tdi cd co sd khangi^jnh tinh khach quan cua phuong phap nghien ciiu va di de'n mdt sd ke't luan sau: + Cac ky nang giao tie'p nhu: ky nang soan thao cac ioai van ban; ky nang thuye't trinh; ky nang lang nghe; ky nang thuong lugng, dam phan; ky nang thuydt phuc; ky nang chu tri cugc hgp, hoi nghi; ky nang lam chu cam xtic; ky nang iing x&; ky nang su dung ngdn ngii co the la nhiing ky nang giao tidp co ban, cSn cd d ngudi lanh dao, quan ly qua trinh thuc hien hda cac nhiem vu, chiic nang quan ly -I- Cac ky nang giao tiep cua dpi ngu can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chd't he thd'ng chfnh tri d nudc ta (qua khao sat d c^p huyen, xa va mdt phSn clfp tinh) cho tha'y p h ^ Idn d miic trung binh va tha'p; dd cac ky nang Ikm chii cam xiic, ky nang sir dung ngdn ngu co thd, ky nang lang nghe, ky nang thuydt phuc la nhung ky nang d miic tha'p hon ea TTiuc trang da anh hudng khdng nhd de'n hieu qua giao tidp va hieu qua lanh dao, quan ly TAPCHfTAMLtHOC, S6 8(1851 2014 + Qua trao ddi, quan sat cho tha'y phan Idn (neu khdng mud'n ndi la tat ca) can bd lanh dao, quan Iy chii ehd't he thd'ng chfnh tri d nudc ta chua cd su hieu bie't day dii, chinh xac vd mdt sd quy dinh, quy tac giao tiep nhu quy tdc 12 inch giao tiep mat dd'i mat, quy dinh vd su dung cham, quy dinh vd khoang each, trang phuc giao tidp Dae biet ca quy dinh vd bat tay giao tiep chfnh thiic, giao tiep ngoai giao cung d tinb trang tren Mdt nhung nguyen nhan co ban ma chinh cac khach the dugc hoi, dugc trao ddi cho biet la hg chua dugc hgc + Cd CO sd nhan dinh vd mdi tuong quan thuan giua tham nien cdng tac cua cac can bd lanh dao chu chd't vdi miic dat dugc cua cac ky nang giao tidp Tuong quan giua gidi tfnh, Imh vuc cdng tac, cap quan ly vdi mUc cua cac ky nang giao tiep chua dugc rd rang + Trong cac ky nang giao tie'p, ky nang soan thao van ban, ky nang iing xir, ky nang chii tri cugc hgp, hdi nghi cua can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chdt co ty le dat miic kha va cao bon cac ky nang giao tiep khac la: 28,5%, 25,4%, 16,1% 2.3 Thuc trgng ve hieu qud giao tie'p Nghien ciiu ve hieu qua giao tie'p ciia can bd lanh dao, quan ly la va'n dd khd va phiic tap Tuy nhien da cd khdng ft nha nghien cuu d nudc ngoai quan tam va di de'n nhan djnh: Cd md'i quan he true tiep giua ky nang giao tidp vdi hieu qua giao tie'p va hieu qua lanh dao, quan ly (Bernard M Bass, 1990; James M Kouzes va Barry Z.Posner,1987; Peter Miller, 2006) (3) Theo cac nha nghien ciiu tren, giao tiep cd hieu qua dugc bidu hien qua cac dac didm nhu: Su tin cay cao ciia ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc; tfnh nang ddng va thuyet phuc cao; da dang viec tao cam hiing cho cit toa; nhiet huyet va chan thanh; sir dung cdng nghe thdng tin hieu qua; tao su khdi va nhu cau trao ddi d cir tga v.v Trac nghiem danh gia hieu qua giao tidp bao gom 10 item (tinh hudng), mdi tinh hud'ng cd phuong an tra ldi diing hoac sai Trudc lua chpn mdt hai phuong an tra ldi, khach thd phai suy nghT ky, can nhac can than, tham chf cd thd hdi nhung ngudi gSn gQi nhan xet vd minh de tham khao trudc lua chon Khach thd nao lUa chpn phuong an diing tir cau hoi trd len la ngudi co nhidu kha nang giao tidp hieu qua cao Neu chi cd hoac ft hon lua chpn la dung thi ngudi dd c^n phai cai thien ky nang giao tiep vi hieu qua thap Cd tU de'n lua chpn dling la ngudi cd hieu qua giao tiep trung binh Ke't qua didu tra dugc phan anh theo bang sau: Tir ke't qua didu tra tren cd the riit mgt sd nhan xet sau+ Hieu qua giao tiep cua can bd lanh dao, quan ly chii chdt he thdng chfnh trj ndi chung va d ca'p huyen, xa ndi rieng d mirc trung binh thap Trong sd 1.200 can bd dugc dieu tra chi cd 14,16% co hieu qua giao tie'p d mirc cao; phan ldn d mdc trung binh va tha'p (trung binh: 64,84%, thap: 21%) Ket qua TAP CHf TAM LY HOC S6 (185), 8-2014 63 cung cho tha'y ky nang giao tiep ciia ddi ngu can bd cdn han che, can thie't phai dugc cai thien Bdng 5: Thuc trgng hieu qud giao tie'p cua cdn bg ldnh dgo, qudn ly chu chdl STT Ke't qua lua chon phuong an dung TU phucfng an dung trd ldn Tir den phuong an diing TCr den phuong an diing Cao Sd luong 18 15 Mure hieu qua giao tiep Tha'p Trung binh Sd Sd luong luong 0 , 14,16 0 907 64,84 175 0 21,0 % % % + Thuc trang hieu qua giao tiep d miic trung binh va thap tren cung dugc phan anh d ket qua lua chgn phuong an diing hoac sai d tiing item (tinh hudng) Trong 10 tmh hud'ng dua cd ra't nhidu khach the lua chgn phuong an sai Cd thd dan sd lieu cu thd sau: - Tinb hud'ng 5: Tdi viia xuat ban mot vai thii, bao gdm thu giri cho bien tap tap chl, tham luan hdi thao va mdt phan bien cho ca'p tren cd 978 ngudi chon phuong an sai (chidm 81,50%) - Tinh hudng 6: Tdi cd trang v^tb rieng da cd 713 ngudi chgn phuong an sai (chie'm 59,40%) - Tinh hud'ng 8: Mgi ngudi ndi chung ddu cudi tdi ndi dd'i hoac dua mot Idi nhan xet df ddm, cd 594 ngudi chgn phuong an sai (chie'm 49,5%) Trong cac tinh hud'ng cdn lai, ty le can bd lanh dao, quan ly chgn phttong an sai tir 17,9% den 27,8% Kdt qua lua chgn phuong an sai d cac tinh hud'ng 5, 6, cd ty le cao cho tha'y can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chd't he thdng chfnh tri cap huyen va xa d nudc ta hien cdn rat ban chd trao doi thdng tin, nghien ciiu khoa hoc, ung dung cdng nghe thdng tin, ky thuat hien dai giao tie'p Ngoai ra, tir kdt qua lua chpn phuong an sai d tinh hudng cung cho thay phong each giao tie'p ciia can bd lanh dao quan ly hien cdn ciing nhdc, chua mdm deo, thie'u tfnh df dom, hai hudc Han che da anh hudng khdng nhd ddn hieu qua giao tie'p Tdm Iai qua khao sat 1.200 can bd lanh dao, quan ly chu chd't he thdng chfnh trj d nudc ta cho tha'y cac ky nang giao tie'p can cd d ddi ngu cung nhu hieu qua giao tiep ciia bg chii yeu d miic Irung binh va tha'p, nha't la cac ky nang lien quan de'n iing dung cdng nghe thdng tin, ky thuat dien tu va nhiing phuong tien trinh, chieu hien dai Cd mdi tuong quan thuan giiia tham nien cdng tac vdi ky nang giao tidp giira ky nang giao tiep vdi hieu qua giao tie'p Tuong quan giiia ky nang giao tie'p vdi gidi tfnh, ITnh vuc cdng tac va ca'p quan ly chua chat, chua ro rang TAPCHITAMLyHOC, Sd8(I85) 2014 Qua khao sat cho tha'y c^n thidt phai sdm trang bj tri thiic, nang cao y tbiic ren luyen, cai thien cac ky nang giao tie'p cho ddi ngu can bd lanh dao, quan ly d nudc ta hien nay, dac biet la e^c ky nang lam chu cam xuc, hanh vi; ky nang su dung ngdn ngu c o thd; ky nang Iang nghe; ky nang thuye't phuc; ky nang dam phan, thuong lugng va nhiing quy tac, quy djnh cua giao tidp chfnh thiie va giao tie'p ngoai giao Chu thich Xem: Cdm nang kinh doanh Harvard Cdc ky ndng qudn ly hieu qud, NXB Tdng hgp phd H6 Chf Minh, tr 353 - 356, 2006 Xem: Andrew J Dubrin, Corel Dalgish, Peter Miler, Leadership, Milton, Qld: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd: Houghton Mifflin, USA, tr 372 - 373, 2006 Xem Peter Miller, sach da din, tr 371, 372 Tai lieu tham khao Cdc ky ndng lanh dgo, qudn ly, NXB Chfnh trj - Hanh chinh Ha N6i, 2013 Mary Munter, Chiin luac vd ky ndng giao tiep kinh doanh, NXB Ddng Nai, 1995 Nguydn HBu Lam, MBA, Nghe thudt Idnh dgo, NXB Giao due, 1997 Cdc ky ndng qudn ly hieu qud, Cdm nang kinh doanh Harvard, NXB Tdng hgp phd H6 Chf Minh, 2006 Andrew J Dubrin, Corel Dalgish, Peter Miler, Leadership, Milton, Qld: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd: Houghton Mifflin, USA, tr 372 - 373, 2006 TAPCHfTAMLVHpC,Sd8(185),8-20I4 65 ... cdng tac vdi ky nang giao tidp giira ky nang giao tiep vdi hieu qua giao tie'p Tuong quan giiia ky nang giao tie'p vdi gidi tfnh, ITnh vuc cdng tac va ca'p quan ly chua chat, chua ro rang TAPCHITAMLyHOC,... d nudc ta hSu nhu khdng dugc dao tao, bdi dudng vd giao tie'p ma chii ye'u la hgc tap Iln hay tu nit kinh nghiem ban than sau cac cudc giao tie'p Khi hdi cac khach thd dang hgc tap mdn tam ly... bd lam cdng tac Dang, doan thd co dd'i tugng, pham vi giao tiep rgng hon, hg xud'ng co sd nhieu hon Ngoai giao tidp chfnh thiic, can bd lam cdng tac Dang nh^t la cdng tac doan the cd giao tiep