CAC sa KIEN GAY C A N G THANG CUA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG Th.SBd Thj L6 Hang Vien Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Kei qud nghien cdu cho thdy, su kien gdy cdng Ihdng cho hge sinh phd Ihdng trung hgc (FTTH) hien khd da dgng, Irong dd stf kien lien quan de'n hgc tap dug cdc em nhdc den nhieu nhdl Tuy nhiin stf kien lien quan de'n bgn be Id stf kien mang de'n mdc dp cdng ihdng cao han so vdi cdc stf kien khdc Tir khoa: Hgc sinh THPT; Cdng Ihang; Sif kien gdy cdng thdng Ngdy nhdn bdi: 21/11/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/1/2013 Dat van de Trong nhip sd'ng eia xa hpi hien dai, cang thang Id diiu khdng thi tranh khdi Cang thdng khdng loai tri bat ky dp tudi ndo, mdi ngudi trai nghiem eang thing theo nhttng cdch khdc Mdi dp tudi dac thi boat ddng chinh chi phdi md cdc ngudn gay cang thdng khac nhau, d nhttng mic dp cang thing khac nhau, each ung phd khdc nhau, cac ngudn hd trp cho viec ung phd cung khac Vay dau Id nhttng ngudn chi yiu gay cang thing cho hoc sinh? Bai vii't ndy di cap de'n cac su kien gay cang thing cua bpc sinh PTTH Khach the va phuong phap nghien ciu Nghien ciu tiin hdnh khao sat tren 639 hpc sinh thupc trudng FTTH tai Ha Ndi: Trudng PTTH Nhan Chinh, FTTH Pham Hdng Thai, PTTH Viet Die, PTTH Trdn Nhan Tdng, PTTH Nguyin Trai Tidu chi chon mdu Id mdi khd'i lira chpn Idp, khdng phai Id cdc Idp chuydn, Idp diim cia trudng Tren CO sd dd mdi trudng ching tdi Idy ngdn nhiin Idp thudc khd'i 10, 11, 12 Tdng sd cd 15 Idp thude trudng tham gia nghien ciu, mdi khdi cd Idp Bdn canh dd, chiing tdt edn su dung phuong phap phdng vdn sau dd'i vdi hpc smh, phu huynh vd gido vien nhim bd sung nhttng thdng tm cdn thieu ma khao sat dinh lupng khdng thi cung cap TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Kit qua nghien curu 3.1 Khdi niem cdng thdng vd cdc tdc nhdn gdy cdng thdng Til "cang thing" ldn ddu tiin dupc s i dung d thi ky XIV d i chi nhihig khd khan, nghich canh hoac phiin nao (Lumsden, 1981) Theo tiing Latinh, cang thing duoc bdt ngudn t i "strictus" vd mdt phdn cua t i "stringere" cd nghia Id cSng thing, nghich canh, bdt hanh, de nin Trong tiing Anh, cang thing cd nghTa la nhdn manh Thuat ngO dupc dung vat ly hpc di chi sic nin ma vat liiu phai chiu Sau dd, nam 1914, W.B Cannon s i dung sinh hpc vdi ^ nghia la cang thing cam xic (ddn theo 12, tr 21) Nam 1935 mdt cdng trinh nghiin ciu vi cin bang mdi trudng bin d cac ddng vat cd vi cdc tinh hud'ng gd bd, nhdt la diiu kien thay ddi nhiit dd, dng da md ta cdc nhSn td cam xic qua trinh phdt triin mdt sd binh vd xac djnh vai trd cua hi thdng thdn kinh thuc vat cac tinh hud'ng khdn cdp Ban ddu, cang thing duoc dung de chi phan ing binh thudng cia co the vd midu ta cac trang thdi cia cd nhan ddi V(5i cdc diiu kien ben ngodi d cdc mic dd sinh 1^, tam 1^ va hanh vi Trong nhiiu nam, thuat ngu cang thing da dupe su dung theo nhiiu each khde thudc vdo cdc trudng phai ly thuyit Mdt sd nhd nghiin ciu xem cang thing nhu mdt su kiin ki'ch thich trude nhiing yeu cdu/doi hoi khd khan (vi dti nhu ly hdn), dd mdt sd ngudi khae lai coi cang thing nhu mdt su phan ing cia tinh thdn t i nhttng stt kiin khd khan (Whitehead, 1994) Sir ddng nha't giua cac nha nghiin ciu vi cang thing khdng phai Id tdc nhan kich thich cung khdng phai la su phan ing md Id su tuong tdc dac biit gitta kich thich - phan ing ma dd cd nhan cam thdy bi de dpa vd vuctt qua kha nang ung phd cia hp Su de doa cd thi lam anh hudng true tii'p di'n su an todn vi mat tinh thdn, tu tin hoac su an binh tam trt cua ngudi (MacEwn, 2000) Hien nay, thuat ngtt cang thing dupc hiiu theo nhiiu nghta khdc Dudi day Id mdt so khai niim ve cang thing: - Cohen vd Herbert (1996) vd Lazarus (1993) da dua dinh nghTa vi cang thing (eang thing): "Ld mpt trgng thdi cam xde tiiu cue xudt hiin nhdm phdn ung Igi cdc su kiin dugc xem Id ddi hdi sif cd gdng hogc vuat qud cdc ngudn life hay khd ndng dng phd eua mpt ngudi" (idc tac gia da nhdn manh vai trd quan trpng cua nhan thic vd kha nang ddnh gia cua mdt ngudi vi cdc su kien gay cang thing (Hockenbury, 1994) Mdt su kiin cd thi lam cho mdt sd ngudi bi cang thing nhung ngudi khde thi khdng - Mdi lien he cia ngudi vdi mdi trudng xung quanh, via la tac nhan kich thi'ch, via la phdn ing cia eo thi trudc tdc nhan dd (M Ferri ddn theo Nguyin Dinh Hda, 1997) TAP CH(TAM LV HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Mpt qua trinh tuong giao gitta ngudi vd mdi trudng sd'ng (A Lazarus, 1966) - Su nd luc cua co thi di thi'ch nghi vdi nhflng ddi thay CSng thing cdn la thuat ngtt chi su qua tai vi mat thi chdt vd tinh thdn (Bac sT Erie Albert) - Nhttng nit khdng dac bieu cia nhttng biiu hiin sinh If va tam ly cia CO thi, sinh mpi phan ing cia co thi (dinh nghta cua L.A Kitaepxmux din theo Judith Lazaraus, 2001) Theo dng, ti'nh khdng dac hiiu cua cdc qua trinh thich nghi tam Iy vd sinh ly thi hien - cd tieu cue ldn tich cite - gap cdc tdc ddng khdc vi cudng dd, trudng dd vd tdm quan trpng cia nd dd'i vdi chi thi - Phan ing thi'ch nghi cia co thi ching ta vdi nhttng rang budc ben ngoai Nd cho phep tdi lap su can bing ndi tai hoac dam bao su sinh tdn (Philippe Loron, nhd thdn kinh hpc ngudi Phdp) Cdc sit kien hay tinh huiSng cang thing dupc gpi la cac tac nhan gay cang thing (stressors) Cang thing xay t i nhiiu nguydn nhan khdc Tam ly hpc da xdc dinh mdt sd nguyen nhan quan trpng ching ban nhu cac su kien cudc sd'ng hang ngay, xung dot vd cac yiu td xa hdi va van hda (Hockenbury, 1994) Ngodi cang thing cdn cd thi xudt hien nhiiu nguyin nhan khdc Ke' tbia dinh nghia cia cac nhd nghien ciu di trudc, nghien ciu nay, chung tdi coi: Cdng thdng Id trgng thdi khdng thodi mdi ve mat tdm ly xudt hiin cd nhdn tri gidc sif kiin, hodn cdnh ben ngodi nhu nhiing tdc nhdn cd tinh chdt de dga ve mat the chdt hogc tinh thdn Hiin vdn ehua cd mdt khai niem cu thi nao vi cang thing cua hpc sinh THPT Dua vao khai niim, dac diim cia cang thing vd dac diim lia tudi cia hpc sinh THPT ching tdi dua khai niem: Cdng thdng eua hgc sinh THFT la irgng thdi khdng thodi mdi vi mat tdm ly hge sinh trt gidc nhiing sif kien liin quan din bdn thdn nhu: dp life hgc tap, mdi quan he vdi cha me, bgn be, thay ed gido vd nhiing tinh hudng khd khdn, bdt thudng cupe sdng hdng ngdy, doi hdi hgc sinh su ed gdng hoae nhiing bie'n cd ndy vugtt qud cdc ngudn life vd gdy hgi cho minh Hpc sinh PTTH d Viet Nam, phdn Idn cdc em dp tudi t i 16 di'n 18 tudi giai doan tudi ndy cd nhiiu each gpi khdc nhu tre vi niin, cudi tudi vj niin, dau tudi nien Id giai doan chuyin tiep t i tre sang ngudi ldn Theo cac nhd tam ly hpc thi day Id thdi ky dat dupc su trudng thdnh vi mat co thi, khac vdi giai doan tudi thiiu nidn va cung Id thdi ky phat triin tuong tidi em d ve mat sinh ly Viec xdc djnh dupc cdc tdc nhan gay cang TAPCHITAM L?HOC, Sd2 (167), - 2013 91 thing vdi hpc sinh PTTH se giip cho cac nhd tam ly hpc, cac nhd quan ly gido due xay dung cdc ky nang ing phd tich cue vdi cang thing cho hpc sinh d cdp hpc 3.2 Nhang tinh hud'ng gdy cdng Ihdng cho hoc sinh THPT De tim hiiu nhttng tac nhan gay cang thing cho hpc sinh PTTH, chung tdi dua can hdi md di nghi cdc em Hit ki nhung su kiin cudc sd'ng hang lam cho cac em cam thdy cang thing Vdi cdu hdi ndy cac em dupc ttt Hit ke nhung su kiin da titng gay eang thing cho tide em T i viec tdng bap ket qua thu dupc cho thdy, sit kien gay cang thing cho hoc sinh THPT la kha da dang Di thuan tiin cho viec phan ti'ch, ching tdi nhdm cdc su kiin gay cang thing nhdm: (1) Sir kiin liin quan din hpc tap (SK_HT); (2) Su kien liin quan din ban be (SK_BB); (3) Su kiin liin quan din gia dinh (SK_GD); (4) Su kiin liin quan din ban than (SK_BT); (5) Su kien lien quan den vi pham ndt quy cia nhd trudng, vi pham phap luat (Sk_VP); (6) Su kiin khac (SK_Khac) (xem biiu dd 1) 1»,« 50 ^ 45 -B" 40 fl~ 35 Jj 30 W 25 -8" 19.9 20 W 14 15 -S" 10 sr ^ '1 -P-' t y^K*^ —1 —P—J n1 10.6 2.9 -i^^L J ^ K^ ^ -mu sj!( W -d Nh6mSK_HT Nh6mSK_G0 NhomSK.BT NhdmSK_BB Nh6mSK_VP NhomSKIlhac Cllli thich: Sdlieii bdt viei dugc Irich td bp sd lieu ldm ludn dn nghien cdu smh ctia Idc gid nam 2012 Biiu dd 1: Nhdm ede sif kiin gdy edng thing cho hge sinh THPT 92 TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Bieu dd trdn sip xip cac nhdm su kiin gay cang thing cho hoc sinh THPT t i nhiiu nhdt di'n it nhdt Cd thi tha'y nhdm su kiin dupc nhiiu hpc sinh lua chpn nha't la nhttng nguyin nhan liin quan din hpc tap, gdn 50% hoc sinh dupc hdi ndi ve nguydn nhan ndy Nhdm su kiin gay ft cSng thing ban ca la nhdm nhttng su kiin lien quan de'n vi pham ndi quy trudng bpc, vi pham luat giao thdng chiim khoang 2,9% Khi xem xit cac nhdm su kiin gay cang thing eho hpc sinh theo gidi tinh cho thdy, d ca hpc sinh nam vd hpc sinh ntt, nhdm sir kiin lien quan din hpc tap gay eang thing chiim ti le cao hon so vdi cac nhdm su kien khdc Tuy nhien, so sdnh ti li cdc nhdm su kiin gay cang thing cia hpc sinh nam vd hoc sinh nu, ching tdi nhan thdy cd sir chinh lech vi ti le gitta cae nhdm su kien ndy eia hpc sinh nam vd bpc sinh ntt Bdng 1: Ti li sif kiin gdy edng thdng giita hgc sinh nam vd hgc sinh nd Cac nhom sir kien gay cang thing Nhdm su kien hoc tap Nam Nil 53,6 45,3 Nhdm su kien ban be 8,6 12,0 Nhom sir kien gia dinh 14,1 24,0 Nhom su kien ban than 16,8 12,2 Nhom su kiSn vi pham 4,6 1,8 Nhom su kien khac 2,4 4,7 Trong nhdm su kien gay cang thang, nhdm sir kien hpc tap cia hpc sinh nam chiim ti le la 53,6% dd ti le d hpc sinh nu la 45,3% Nhu vSy ti le nam hpc sinh ddnh gia su kien hpc tap gay cang thing cho cdc em cao hon ti le hpc sinh ntt cung ddnh gid ve su kien Nhttng vdn di lien quan din gia dinh gay cang thing cho hpc sinh ntt cd ti le cao dung thi sau sir kien hpc tap vd ding thi danh gia cia nam gidi Ti le hpc sinh ntt danh gid vi su kiin la 24,0% cao hem 10% so vdi ti le nam hpc sinh danh gid vi su kiin gay cang thing Dd'i vdi nam hpc sinh ti le danh gia cao thi la nhttng su kien lien quan din ban than chiim 16,8% Diim khdc cdn ndi din cae su kiin la ti le bpc sinh nam liin quan din vi pham ndi quy nhd trudng, vi pham luat giao thdng cao hon so ldn vdi ti li hpc sinh ntt ldn lupt la 4,6% so vdi 1,8% Vdi nguyen nhan TAPCHITAM LY HOC, Sd2 (167), - 2013 93 cang thing xudt phdt t i ban than cdc em gay c h i khdng phai t i bin ngodi mang di'n Trin day Id cde nhdm su kiin dupc cac em liit k i nhu nhiing ngudn gay eang thing Di tim hiiu sau hOn sd cdc sit kiin gay cang thing thi sit ki^n ndo ddi vdi hpc sinh Id gSy cSng thing nhdt? Chung tdi dua cau hdi yiu cdu cdc em ki lai mdt su kiin da Idm cho cdc em roi vao trang thdi cang thing ma cdc em nhd nhdt Cdch tinh sd lieu cua phdn chi dua tren nhttng sil.kiin ma gay cang thing nhdt, dn tupng nhdt vdi cdc em Ki't qua thu dupc cho thiy, vdi cdc em su kien lien quan din cang thing nhiiu nhdt va eung Id su kien lam cho cdc em cam thdy met mdi nhdt tap trung nhiiu di'n stI kien hpc tap (64,3%), tie'p din Id sir kiin liin quan din gia dinh (13,7%), ding t h i Id nhdm cdc stt kien lien quan din ban than (9,1%) Day Id 3_ nhdm nguyin nhan ding ddu sd cdc nhdm nguyin nhan gay cang thing di lai dn tupng cho cdc em hpc sinh (biiu dd 1) Trudc tiin hdnh khao sat tren diin rdng, tdc gia nghiin ciht da tiin bdnh la'y y kiin vi ngudn gay cang thing trin 120 hpc sinh thudc khd'i Idp PTTH dan lap Dinh Tiin Hoang (Dd Thi Li Hdng, 2012) Khi so sdnh ki't qua nghiin cin t i hoc sinh PTTH dan lap Dinh Tiin Hoang vdi kit qua nghiin ciu trin dien rpng, chung tdi nhan thdy khdng cd su khac viic dua cdc ngudn gay cang thing cua cdc em hpc sinh cdp Su khac cd thi nhan thdy duoc la ti le ddnh gid dd'i vdi ting ngudn gay cing thing khdc Niu theo ddnh gid cua cdc em hpc sinh THPT dan lap Dinh Tidn Hoang thi ngudn gay cang thing cua cac em ldn luot la nhdm su kien hpc tap (76,4%), nhdm su kien hdn quan din ban than (56,4%), tiip din la nhdm cac su kien thudc vi gia dinh (44%), ding sau nhdm su kien gia dinh la nhdm su kien ban be (ban be vd ban khac gi(5i) 40%, nhdm su kien vi pham (22%) va sau cung la su kien khdc (14,3%) Nhu vay diing thi hai sau nhdm su kien hpc tap la su kien lien quan de'n ban than dupc hpc sinh THPT dan lap Dinh Tien Hoang danh gia khd cao, cao hon so vdi su kien gia dinh Diem khdc nua dupc neu la ti 16 hpc sinh Trudng Dinh Tien Hoang bi cang thing bdi nhiing hanh vi vi pham ndi quy nha trudng cung nhu vi pham quy tic xa hdi nhiiu hon so vdi cdc em trudng cdng lap nghiin ciu Ti Id chenh lech kha Idn giia ddnh gia 22% cua hpc sinh THPT dan lap Dinh Tien Hoang so vdi 2,9% bpc sinh thudc trudng nghien ciu 3.3 Ddnh gid cda hgc sinh ve mdc dp cdng thdng tit cdc tdc nhdn gdy cdng thdng tren ddy Cd the tha'y ngudn gay cang thing cua hpc sinh trung hpc phd thdng rdt da dang Mic dp eang thing cdc ngudn gay cung khdc Di tim hiiu mic dd cang thing eia cdc em hpc sinh d mic ndo ching tdi d i nghi cdc 94 TAP CHfTAM Lt HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 em cho diem mic dd eang thing dd'i vdi su kiin ma cdc em md ta vdi diim Id khdng thdy bi cang thing va 10 diim cam thdy rdt cang thing Biiu dd dudi day cho thdy mic dp cang thing cia hpc sinh mdu nghiin ciu cung nhu mic cang thing dd'i vdi timg nhdm tdc nhan gay cing thing Ke't qua thu dupc cho thdy, mic dp cang thing theo danh gia cua hpc sinh DTB = 7,11 diim Trong dd gdn 1/4 em dupc hdi danh gia mic dp cang thing d diim (21,9%) Niu ti'nh tren chudi diim t i di'n 10, diim Id khdng cd cang thing hoac khdng cam thdy cang thing vd 10 diim la mic cang thing cao thi diim d mic dp cang thing kha cao Cd thi thay, theo cam nhan cia cac em thi cdc su kiin gay cang thing tii lai dn tupng cho cdc em la khd cao Biiu dd cho tha'y rd hon tdc nhan nao gay mic dp cang thing cao d cac em SK_Khac SK_GS Bieu dd 2: Miie dp cdng thdng ctia timg nhdm tdc nhdn gdy edng thdng cho hge sinh THPT Niu nhu tren day sd lieu eho ching ta thdy ngudn gay cang thing chmh cho hoc sinh la nhing su kien lien quan din hpc tap, sau dd de'n cdc su kien gia dinh va ding thi ba Id cdc su kien cia ban than Trong ddnh gid ve mic dp gay cang thing cia cdc su kien phdn ldn cdc em hpc sinh cho rang su kien lien quan de'n ban be mang lai mic dp cang thing cho cac em nhiiu hon Qiia day cd the tha'y, ban be ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng ddi sd'ng xa hdi cia cac TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 95 em hoc sinh PTTH Kit qua hoan loan phi hop vdi ly thuyit phat trien lia tudi cho ring bin canh boat ddng chi dao Id hpc tap thi hoat dpng liin quan din ban be d dd tudi ndy ddng mdt vai trd rdt quan trpng Tii'p di'n Id nhdm su kiin khdc, nhdm su kiin bao gdm nhttng tinh hud'ng bdt thudng cd thi xay vdi hpc sinh Day dupc xem la ngudn gay cang thing khd Idn vdi hpc sinh bdi su bdt ngd, bdt thudng cua cdc sir kiin Dac biit vdi hpc sinh PTTH dang d dd tudi t i 16 - 18 tudi kinh nghidm sd'ng chua nhiiu It va cham, bdn canh dd, cdc em chua cd nhiiu ky nang di ing phd vdi nhttng tinh hud'ng Kit qua nghiin ciu ndy hoan todn gid'ng vdi nghiin ciu trudc day dupc cdng bd bai vii't Cdng Ihdng vd sdc khde tdm thdn cua hgc sinh (Ky yiu Hdi thao qud'c t i tam ly hpc dudng, 2009) Trong bai tdc gia nghien ciu cung da chi tinh hud'ng bdt ngd mang den cang thing khd cao hpc sinh THCS va hpc sinh THPT Trong dd hpc sinh THCS vdi kinh nghiem it hon nen ehju cang thing t i nhing tinh hud'ng cao ban hpc sinh PTTH Mac du nhiing su kien lien quan din hpc tap vd su kien cia ban than danh gia tren day cia hpc sinh thudng gay cang thing, nhtmg mic dp cang thing nhttng su kiin gay thdp hon so vdi mic So cang thing nhing su kien lien quan den ban be, vdi diim trung binh va dd lech chudn Idn lupt la DTB = 7,04, DLC = 1,995 so vdi DTB = 7,7; DLC = 2,665 Ddnh gid mic dp cang thing theo tiiu chi nam vd ntt chung tdi nhan tha'y hpc sinh ntt ddnh gia mic dp cang thing cua ban than cao hon so vdi bpc sinh nam Theo ddnh gid cua hpc sinh ntt mic dp cang thing cua cac em cd DTB = 7,45, DLC = 2,026 cao ban hpc sinh nam la 0,71 diim Stt khac vi mic dp cing thing gitta nhdm hpc sinh theo gidi tinh cd y nghia vi mat thd'ng ke(p = 0,00001) Bdng 2: Diem trung binh mdc dp cdng thdng theo ddnh gid cua hgc sinh Cac nhom su kien gay cang thing DLC DTB DLC Micy nghia SK_ Hoc tap 6.64 1,980 7,44 1,832 0,00001 SK Ban be 6,82 2,580 8,35 1,849 0,04 SK Gia dinh 7,21 2,472 7,71 1,860 SK Ban than 6,96 2,646 7,00 1,860 SK_Vi pham 7,33 2,062 6,20 2,280 7,89 1,537 7,63 1,506 6,74 2,267 7,45 2,026 SK Khac Chung 96 Nat Nam DTB 0,00001 TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Xem xet cu thi ban vi diim trung binh ting nhdm su kiin gay cang thing, hdu hi't cac ddnh gid cua hpc sinh ntt vi mic dd cang thing diu cao hem so vdi hpc sinh nam Tuy nhiin sd lieu chi cho tha'y cd su khdc biet mang y nghT thd'ng ke gitta ddnh gia cua nhdm hpc sinh theo tiiu chf gidi d ngudn su kiin hpc tap va su kiin ban be Nhin chung, tdc nhan gay cang thing cho bpc sinh PTTH kha da dang, din t i nhiiu ngudn khac nhu hpc tap, gia dinh, ban be, ban than Trong dd, cdc su kien lien quan din hpc tap dupc ddnh gid Id su kien gay cang thing chu yiu ddi vdi hpc sinh Cdc em ddnh gid vi mic dd cang thing cua ban than d mic khd cao trin diem Su kien liin quan di'n ban be mang di'n cho cdc em mic dp cang thing cao hern so vdi cac su kien khac Hpc sinh nu danh gia vi mic dp cang thing cia ban than cao hon so vdi cac em hpc sinh nam Tai lieu tham khao D6 Thi Le Hdng, Sit kien gdy edng thdng cho hgc sinh THPT ddn lap Dinh Tien Hodng Ky ye'u Hpi thao Khoa hpc Qudc te'Tam ly hoc dudng lan thii 3: Phat trien mo hinh va ky nang boat dpng tam ly hpc dudng, NXB Dai hpc Su pham phd Ho CJli Minh, 2012 Phan Thi Mai Huong (chii bien), Cdch img phd cua tre' vi thdnh nien vdi hodn cdnh khd khdn NXB Khoa hoc Xa hpi, 2007 Le Thi Thu Thuy, Cdng ihdng hgc dudng dnh huihtg de'n Idm ly hgc sinh cudi cap THPT De tai Trucmg Dai hpc Qudc gia, ma sd Q.TTPN.08.03, 2008 Billings A.G., Moos R.H., Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar deprression Journal of personality and social psychology, V 46, tr 877 891, 1984 Carver C.S., Scheier M.F., Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach Journal of personality and social psychology, V 56, tr 267 - 283, 1989 Ensel W.M., Lin N., The life stress paradigm and psychological distress Journal of health and social behaviour, V 32, tr 321-341, 1991 Haan N., Coping and defending, NY, 1977 Koplik E.K., The relationship of Mother Child coping styles and mothers' presence of children's response to dental stress Psychological joumal, V 126 (1), tr 79 - 92,1992 Lazarus R.S., Folkman S., Stress, appraisal, and coping, NY, 1984 10 Matthews G., Deary I.J., Personality trails 11 Parkes K.R., Locus of control, cogmlive appraisal, and coping in stressful situations, Joumal of personality and Social psychology, V 46, tr 655 - 668, 1984 TAP CHi TAM Lf HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 97 12 Vitaliano P.P., Coping profdes associated with psychiatric, physical health, work, and family problams Health psychology, V (3), tr 348 - 376 1990 13 Zeidner M., Hammer A., Life events and coping resources as predictors of stress symlome in adolescents Personality indiviual differences V 11 (7), tr 693 - 703, 1990 TAP CHf TAM l y HOC S6 (167), - ... cia hpc sinh nam vd hoc sinh nu, ching tdi nhan thdy cd sir chinh lech vi ti le gitta cae nhdm su kien ndy eia hpc sinh nam vd bpc sinh ntt Bdng 1: Ti li sif kiin gdy edng thdng giita hgc sinh nam... hpc tap cia hpc sinh nam chiim ti le la 53,6% dd ti le d hpc sinh nu la 45,3% Nhu vSy ti le nam hpc sinh ddnh gia su kien hpc tap gay cang thing cho cdc em cao hon ti le hpc sinh ntt cung ddnh... hgc sinh (Ky yiu Hdi thao qud'c t i tam ly hpc dudng, 2009) Trong bai tdc gia nghien ciu cung da chi tinh hud'ng bdt ngd mang den cang thing khd cao hpc sinh THCS va hpc sinh THPT Trong dd hpc sinh