Thực hiện chương trình can thiệp sớm cho trẻ chậm phát triển trí tuệ

THUC NGHIEM CHUONG TRINH CAN THIEP SOM CHO TRE C H A M P H A T TRIEN TRI TUE TS NguySn OCfc San Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly - Gido diic, Trudng Dgi hgc Sifpham Hd Nr'ii I TOM TAT Bdi bdo tap trung phdn rich cdc ket qua cua nghien cdu thuc nghiem ve chuang trinh can thiep sdm cho tre chdm phdl tnen tri tue - Chuang Irinh Portage (ket qud cua thdng ddu thifc nghiem) ti'f ddnh gid vd dUa cdc kien nghi cho viec thie't ke vd trien khai tiep theo cdc chuang irinh can thiep sdm cho ire Ke'l qud nghien cifii cho thdy: nhom thuc nghiem co sU tie'n bd cd y nghTa ve chi sd hdnh vi thich I'nig tdng hap, mpt sd ITnh vi/c phdl trien co su cdi thien ro ret (co sukhdc biet): giao tiep xd hpi hoa mol sd ITnh vUc khdc il co sif cdi thien: ky ndng sinh hoat thudng ngdy, van dgng Chuang trinh can thiep co hieu qud Tit khoa: Thuc nghiem; Can thiep; Tie'chgm phdt trien tri tue; Hdnh vi thich Ttng Ngdy nhdn bdi: 8/6/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/12/2012 D a t v a n d e Hien cd nhilu chuong trinh can thiep sdm cho tre cham phat tnen tri tue duoc thuc hien d nudc ngoai va nudc Cac nha nghien ciiu tam ly hpc phat triln lien tue thiet ke' cac chuong trinh can thiep va tien hanh thuc nghiem d l danh gia miic dp hieu qua cua cac chuong trinh khac tir dd cd dupc cac CO sd d l dilu chinh, thie't ke mdi hoac dua cac khuye'n cao lira chpn cho cac nha thuc hanh Viec tie'n hanh thuc nghiem - danh gia chuong trinh cung dupc tie'n hanh cho cac chuong trinh cac mdi trudng van hda khac Viet Nam da cd nhilu chuong trinh dupc nhap khau va thuc hien tai cac trung tam giao due dac biet Ket qua ciia cac chuong trinh chu yeu dupc danh gia bang each tdng ke't kinh nghiem, viec tie'n hanh cac thuc nghiem de danh gia hieu qua cua chuong trinh can thiep cdn rat it Nghien cuu tien hanh thuc nghiem danh gia hieu qua chuong tiinh Portage - chuong trinh hudng dan hd tip su phat trien ciia tie nhd ( - tudi) - TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd (166), - 47 viec can thiep cho tre chdm phat trifo trf tue tai Ha Ndi Thuc nghi^i^ dupc tidn hanh vdng 12 thdng Bai bdo ndy tdp trung phdn tfch kdt qua thdng ddu cia thuc nghidm Gidi thieu ve thtrc nghiem 2.1 Muc dich cua thuc nghiem Ddnh gid hidu qua cia chuong trinh can thiep sdm cho tre chdm phdt trien tri tud, th^ hidn d chi sd hanh vi thfch ing tdng hap cia tre (Adaptive behavior composite), cti th^; - Chuong trinh can thidp cd dem lai hidu qua hay khdng didu kidn Viet Nam? Ddu la nhing did'm cdn Iuu y? - Hieu qua cia chuang trinh can thidp cd duoc tri theo thdi gian va dn dinh hay khdng? 2.2 Md hinh thuc nghiem + Thuc nghidm dupc thie't ke vdi rad hinh thuc nghiem td hap: ddnh gid giua cac nhdm dd'i tUdng (Between subject design) va ndi nhdm (Within subject design) vdi cdc phep lidn tue tai cdc thdi diem khdc trpng qua trinh thuc nghiem Thuc nghiem dupc tid'n hdnh tren nhdm tre: nhdm thuc nghiem va nhdm dd'i ching Nhdm thuc nghiem se nhan dupc chucmg trinh can thiep thdng ddu Nhdm dd'i ching nhdn dupc su can thidp thang sau Ddnh gid ke't qua cdc ITnh vuc phdt tridn duoc thuc hien Idn, tai thdi diem qua trinh thuc nghiem vdi ca hai nhdm (thang - trudc thuc nghiem, dung de xac djnh tre cd ddp ing ydu cau d^ tham gia vao thtrc nghiem hay khdng vd san mdu thuc nghidm, thdng thi 3, thang t h i 6, va thang 12) - Viec danh gid hieu qud cua thuc nghiem dupc tien hanh bang cac kiem djnh gitta cdc nhdm dd'i tupng (Between subjects) tai cdc thdi di^m ddnh gia: ki^m djnh su khdc biet giia cdc chi sd hanh vi cua hai nhdm thuc nghidm va dd'i ching Ddnh gid su khdc biet todn bd thdi gian thuc nghidm - Danh gia ndi nhdm ddi tui^ng (Within subject) cung dupc tie'n hanh dua trdn cac chi sd danh gid dupc tai thdi didm khdc vdi mtic dfch: Chi xu hudng bie'n ddi cua ting nhdm vd kiem tra hieu qua cua chuang trinh Xdc djnh tfnh dn djnh cua cdc ket qua da dat duprc sau duac can thiep (ndi dung se duac trinh bay a mpt cdng bd khac) + Cac bie'n sd dupc xdc dinh nhu sau: TAP CHITAM L^f HOC, So (166), - 2013 - Bie'n ddc lap: Chuong trinh Portage - hudng ddn hd trp phat tridn tre nhd - tudi - Bid'n phu thudc: Ket qua cia cdc ITnh vuc phdt trie'n tam ly (dupc the hien bdng cac chi so) bao gdm: giao tie'p, ky nang sinh hoat thudng ngay, tuong tac xa hdi, vin ddng va hanh vi thich ing tdng hdp - Cac bie'n kidm soat: Hieu qua cudi cung cua chuong trinh chu yd'u dupc ddnh gid tren chi sd hdnh vi thich ing tdng hpp (Adaptive behavior composite - xem thdm (2) - day la didm chung cua cdc thuc nghiem ddnh gid chuong trinh Cac chuang trinh dang hd trp phdt tnen khdng duac coi la chuang trinh trj lieu ndn khdng tap trung vdo chi mdt hoac hai ITnh vuc phat trien (vf du: trj lidu ngdn ngu hay trj lieu tang ddng giam chu y - ADHD), Cac bie'n ddi cia cdc ITnh vyc va tieu ITnh vuc dupc xem xet chi nhdm lam ro chi sd hdnh vi thich ing tdng hop dupc cdi thien sy tie'n bd cua ITnh vuc nao va chuang trinh cd tac ddng td't de'n ITnh vyc nao Do vay, chi sd cua ITnh vuc cu the hoac cac tieu ITnh vyc khdng coi la bie'n kie'm sodt Bie'n kiem soat cua thuc nghiem la: cdc chuong trinh can thiep khdc ma tre ddng thdi tham gia, mic dp cham phdt trien cua tre thudc hai nhdm thyc nghiem - dd'i ching, gidi tinh, dp tudi - Cdng cu nghiem: Ke't qua dupc bdng cdng cii Vineland II thd'ng nha't cho cd hai nhdm Vineland 11 dupc thid't ke bdi: Sara S Sparrow, Domenic V Cicchetti, David A Balla, dupc chuan hda tren mdu 3.000 khdch the, duoc xudt ban bdi nhd xudt ban Peasron (My), lit phidn ban tai bdn ldn da cd chinh sua Day la thang dupc s i dung khd phd bien tai cdc co sd thyc hanh va nghien ciu tat My Thang cd the dupc s i dung vdi cdc muc dfch sau: I) Chan dodn: chdm phat trien trf tue, cdc rdi nhidu gien, khuyet tdt, cham phat trien, rdi nhidu hdnh vi; 2) Ddnh gid phdt trien: ddnh gid mic dp phdt trien cia tre, xac djnh su cdn thie't can thiep; 3) Dieu chinh qud trinh: ddnh gia sy tie'n bd viec hpc cac hanh vi, ky nang mdi; 4) Lap ke' hoach can thiep; va 5) Nghidn ciu (5) - Thang dupc thie't ke vdi ITnh vyc ddnh gid chfnh (domain): giao tie'p, ky nang sinh boat thudng ngay, xa hdi hda, ky nang van ddng va cdc hdnh vi kem thfch ing Mdi ITnh vuc ddnh gid chfnh bao gdm nhieu tieu ITnh vyc (subdomain), mdi tieu ITnh vyc dupc danh gid bdng mdt thang Ke't qua cua cdc thang dd'i vdi tieu ITnh vyc duoc gpi la diem cua ting thang (v-Scale score), ke't qua cua mdt ITnh vyc (domain) dupc gpi la diem chuan (standard score) (5) 2.3 Mdu thuc nghiem - Cac nghiem the nghien ciu dupc Id'y t i cdc danh sach tre cham phat trien trf tud tai cac trudng mam non tren dja ban cac qudn ndi thdnh thdnh phd TAP CHiTAM L? HOC, Sd (166), - 2013 49 Ha Ndi Ngudi nghidn ciu lidn he vdi phu huynh tre, gidi thidu va dd nghj tham gia chuang trinh Phu huynh ddng y se ky vao thu ddng y Tre dupc danh gia Idn ddu bang trie nghidm Vineland II di xac djnh mic dd dap ing cac tieu chf cham phdt tridn trf tud Kd't qua ddnh gid cung duoc coi la ca sd dd san nhdm thyc nghiem va ddi ching Nhttng tre duoe coi la cham phat tridn trf tud cdn ddp ing tidu chf sau: Mdt sd cdc ITnh vuc cd chi sd < 70 (tic la nhd hem dp lech chudn) hoac cng Bieu 1: Cht sd tie'p nhdn giiia nhom Ihuc nghiem vd ddi chi'fng - Tieu ITnh vtxc bieu dpi: Ke't qua dupc the hidn d bang sau: Bdng 3: Kei qud ddnh gid lieu ITnh vuc bieu dpi ~~——~ Th&i diem Nhom ~~~~-— _ Thuc nghiem Ddi ching T-test (p) Thang (Diem TB) 10,51 9,81 0,29 Thang (Diem TB) 11,72 10,4 0,04 Thang (fliem TB) 11,7 10.33 0,01 Ghi chli (Diem TB): diem TB ciia lieu ITnh vuc (V - scale score, xem muc 2.2) TAPCHi TAM L? HOC, Sd (166), - 2013 53 Ket qua tidu ITnh vuc bidu dat thd hidn xu hudmg cai thidn ro rdt Dieu khdc bidt vdi kd't qua tidu ITnh vyc tid'p nhdn dupc phdn tfch phdn trdn Cdc chi sd cho thd'y, cing didm xud't phdt khdng khac bidt (p = 0,29), nhom thuc nghidm cd chi sd tang cao ban so vdi nhdm dd'i ching vd co sy khac bidt giia nhdm tai thdi didm thdng thi vd thdng thi Bidu dd dudi day md ta su bidn ddi cia nhdm CHlS(:>BieUDAT 12 115 ' 11 —•— Thirc nghi$m 10 —•— D6I churng 10 9,5 g 85 IhSng IhSng Ihang Bieu 2: Chi sd bie'u dpi giSa nhom ihuc nghiem vd ddi chdng Nhu vay, can thidp cd hieu qua dd'i vdi vide nang cao chi sd tie'p nhdn tre Ddng luu y la hidu qud tdc ddng d thdng ddu thd hidn ro net hon thang tie'p theo - LTnh vuc chil viel: Kdt qud duoc thd hien bang sau: Bdng 4: Ke'l qud ddnh gid lieu ITnh vuc chi'f vie't Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thuc nghiem 10.27 11.13 11,13 Doi ching 10.22 10,4 10,18 T-test(p) 0,93 0,21 0,08 ~~~~-— ^Thdi diem Nhom "—-—- Ghi chli (Diem TB): diem TB ciia lieu ITnh vuc (V - scale score, xem muc 2.2) 54 TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, Sd (166), - 2013 Chi sd cua nhdm thuc nghiem cd sy tang ddn va cao hon nhdm dd'i ching Nhdm dd'i ching ft bid'n ddi Tuy nhien, kiem djnh khdng cho thd'y sy khdc biet gitta nhdm ca thdi didm ddnh gid (p = 0,93, p = 0,21, p = 0,08) Nhu vay, hieu qua cua can thiep ddi vdi ITnh vyc chtt vidt la khdng rd ret Nguydn nhdn cua tinh trang la giao vidn ft chi ^ tdi viec day trd nhan bid't vd chtt vidt vi coi dd Id vdn dd chi cdn quan tdm tie 5, tudi va cia trudng tidu hoc sau ndy Giap vien quan tam nhidu tdi cac vdn de tdm ly cia tre nhu khd khan giap tidp hay khd nang chi y, kha nang tuang tac vdi ngudi Idn Ddy cung chinh la vdn dd ma phu huynh va giao vien trudng mdu gido ban khoan nhidu, chi chua phai Id va'n dd nhan bie't chi vidt He qua la tidu ITnh vyc ndy cd chi sd tha'p va khdng cd sy cdi thien rd ret ITnh vyc ndy CHi S6 CHO'VIET 114 112 11 10 10 10 10.2 10 9.8 9.6 / * —•— TtlifC nghiem —•— Doi chiing thang thang thang Bieu 3: Chi so chij: vie't giifa nhom thuc nghiem vd ddi chdng - Tong hap ve linh vuc giao tiep: Ket qua danh gia ITnh vuc giao tiep cua tre dupc the hien d bang sau: Bdng 5: Ke'l qud ddnh gid ITnh vuc giao tie'p """""""-— Tiidi diem Nhom -.-.^ Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thuc nghiem 73,67 81,72 83,83 Ddi ching 73,27 74,81 74,46 T- test (p) 0,871 0,03 0,03 Ghi chu: Diem TB Id TB diem chudn ctia ITnh vifc (Standard score, xem 2.2.) TAP CHI'TAM Lf HOC, Sd (166), 1-2013 55 Tai thdi didm 0, chi sd giua hai nhdm la tuang ddng, kidm djnh khdng cho thd'y sy khac bidt cd y nghia (p = 0,871) Tuy nhidn, co sy thay ddi rd ret theo chidu hudng giao tie'p cia nhdm thuc nghidm cd cai thidn td't vdi sU khdc biet cd y nghTa Ngay t i thang thi da cd sy khdc bidt didm sd thuc nghidm va dd'i ching (p = 0,03) Didu ching td dap ing vd giao tid'p cua tre vdi chuong trinh la khd nhanh Cdc quan sat cho thd'y; giao vien cd the nhanh chdng thidt lap quan hd td't vdi tre, ddng thdi vdi mdt sd ndi dung cua chuang trinh (day nhan bid't dd vat bdng hinh anh, chai trd choi va got tdn dd vdt ) dd gay hing thi cho tre, t i dd tre khdng chi cd kha nang giao tid'p vdi giao vidn ma cdn tang cudng duoc ngdn ngtt (chu yd'u Id bidu dat) Chidu hudng cai thien cua tre thudc nhdm thyc nghiem tie'p tyc dupc tri de'n thdi didm thang thi 6, nhdm dd'i ching ft thay ddi Kidm djnh cho kdt qua cd sy khdc bidt gitta nhdm tai thdi diem thdng thi (p = 0,03) Nhu vay, chuang trinh can thiep cd tac dung td't dd'i vdi tre linh vyc giao tiep Hidu qua cua can thiep ddi vdi linh vyc xay kha sdm CHi s6GrA0 Tiep 90 86 82 78 —•— Tlii^c nghi$m 74 —•— o i l Chung 70 66 62 Ihdng IhSng thing - - Bieu 4: Chi sd giao tie'p ciia nhflm thirc nghiem va do'i chTcng 3.2 Ke't qud ve Hnh vuc ky ndng sinh hoat thudng ngdy giiia nhom thuc nghiem vd ddi chimg Ket qud cua ITnh vyc the hiSn d bang Ky nang sinh hoat thudng cua nhdm thuc nghidm cd su cai thien on dmh, ky nang d nhdm dd'i ching cd su gidm sit d thdng thi 15 Bieu the hien ro net chidu hudng bien ddi cdch xa Tuy vdy, chua cd sy khac biet cd y nghTa thd'ng kd gitta hai nhdm Didu dd ching td, tac ddng can thidp dd'i vdt Imh vyc ky nang sinh hoat thu&ng ngdy chua cd hidu qua cao 56 TAPCHl'TAMLf H p C S d l (166), ^ 2013 Nguyen nhan cua Hien tupng la d chd: Da phSn cac tre tham gia vao thuc nghiem cd miic dd chSm phat trien thudc loai nhe, cac ky nang sinh hoat thudng cd kha nang hlnh dupc cudc sdng thudng va khdng qua khac biet vdi cac Ire khac Do vay, cac muc tieu can thiep ciia giao vien khdng hudng den ITnh vuc Bdng 6: Ket qud ky ndng sinh hoat thudng ngdy ~~ Nhiim ^ T ' h i i diem _^ Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Die'm TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thuc nghiem 83,16 84,91 8.').21 Doi ching 82,70 83,62 81,14, T-test (p) 0,88 0,72 0,13 Ghi chli (Diem TB): TB diem chud'n cila ITnh vifc (Standard score, xem 2.2 ) CHi SO KY NANG Sf NH HOAT THU-aNG NGAY - Thi/c nghiem -D6ichi>ng Bieu 5: Chi soky ndng sinh hoat thu&ng ngdy cua nhdm thuc nghiem vd doi chung 3.3 Ket qud ve linh vuc xd hpi hda giiia nhdm thttc nghiem vd doi chimg Ke't qua the hien d bahg Kiem dinh tai thdi 0,10) Ket qua cua ca hai nhdm thuc nghiem cd chi nhdm thuc nghiem va dd'i diem 0, khdng cd su khac biet giija hai nhdm (p = nhdm d^u cd xu hudng tang len kha rd Trong dd, sd tang nhanh hon Tai thdi diem thang thii 3, gifla chiing da cd sir khac biet (p = 0,001) Tuong tu, tai TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (166), 1-2013 57 thdng thi 6, vdh cd sy khdc bidt gitta hai nhdm Ddy la kd't qua cd thd dU bao duac Chuang trinh can thiep cd kha nhidu ndi dung lidn quan de'n vide thic ddy kha nang tuang tdc, xa hdi hda cua trd Hoat ddng can thiep cua gido vien vdi tre chu ydu dupc tidn hdnh dudi cdc hinh thic cing chai, cung trd chuydn Do vay, kha nang tuang tdc cua Ire dupc rdn luydn nhidu vd cd sy cai thi^n nhanli chdng Hon ntta, vdi nhing trd viec thidu hut giao tidp tryc tidp thudng xUydn mdi trudng ldp hpc ddng Ire Id kha phd bid'n, vi vay sy dap ing cua trd ITnh vyc ndy hpp I)* Bdng 7: Ke'l qud ddnh gid ITnh vuc xd hfli hfla ~~ •— ^^^^TThdi diem Nhiim ^^ —-— _ Thang0 (Diem TB) Thdng (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thuc nghiem 74,70 79.86 81,35 Dd'i ching 69,04 71,93 74.63 T-test 0,10 0.001 0.003 Gin chil (Diem TB): TB diem chudn ciia ITnh virc (Standard score, xem 2 ) CHl S6 XA HOl HOA So 86 82 78 —•— Thi/c nghiem 74 —•— 06i chi/ng 70 ^ 62 Ihang Ihang Ihang Bieu dd 6: Chi so xd hfli hfla ciia nhflm thuc nghiem vd dfl'i chiing 3.4 Ke't qud veRnh vtic van dpnggiOa nhdm thifc nghiem vd ddi chdng Kdt qua thd hien d bang 58 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (166), 1-2013 Bdng 8: Chi sd'ITnh vuc van ddng ciia nhom thuc nghiem vd doi chitng — _Th6i diem Nhom —-^^.^ Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Didm TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thirc nghiem 83,92 84,51 91,30 Ddi chihig 84,74 88,0 84,78 T-test (p) 0,79 0,21 0,57 Ghi chli (Diem TB): TB diem chudn cua ITnh vifc (Standard score, xem 2.2.) LTnh vuc van ddng ciia tre cung cd sir thay ddi nhung chua lao su khac biet cd y nghTa gifla hai nhdm Mot dieu dang luu y la chi sd' cua nhdm ddi chiing tai thdi didm thang cao hPn so vdi nhdm thuc nghiem, mac dii khdng cd su khac biet Tai thang thii 3, nhdm ddi chiing thay ddi manh, nhdm thuc nghiem thay ddi khdng nhieu Tai thang thii nhdm ddi chiing giam so vdi thang ihii va tuong duong vdi thdi diem Dieu chua cd co sd de giai thfch CHl S6 VAN DONG - Thyc nghidm - 06i chi>ng Bieu 7: Chi sdvdn dpng cua nhom thuc nghiem vd ddi chdng 3.5 Kit qud ve chi sd hdnh vi thich ifng tong hap giiia nhdm thitc nghiem vd dd'i chiing Day la chi sd tong hpp quan trpng nha't viec danh gia si; phat trien cua tre Chi sd cho bie't su phat trien tong quat ciia tre su so sanh ddi chieu vdi nhflng ire khac Hieu qua co ban ciia chudng tnnh the hiert d chi sd TAP CHI'TAM Ly HOC, Sd (166), - 2013 59 Kdt qud ddnh gid chi sd hanh vi thich ing cua nhdm tai thdi didm ddnh gia dupc the hien P bang Bdng 9: Chi so hdnh vi thich Ttng long hap tfiiu nhflm thuc nghiem vd dfl'i chdng ~- ^^^Thdi diem Nhom "^—•—. Thuc nghiem Ddi china T-lesI (P) Thdng (Diem TB) 80,22 76,82 0.241 Thang (Diem TB) 75,73 74,59 0,685 Thang (Diem TB) 82,89 76,48 0,006 Ghi chil (Diem TB): TB dtcm chud'n ciia Itnh vuc (Standard score, xem 2.2.) Kidm dinh T-test vdi cdc mdu ddc lap tai thoi diem cho ket qud p = 0,685, khdng cd sy khac biet Nhu vay, giia nhdm thyc nghiem vd dd'i ching cd su tuong ddng vd chi sd hanh vi thi'ch ung lai thdi didm trudc thyc nghidm Trong qua trinh tidn hdnh can thiep, chi sd cua nhdm thuc nghidm cd xu hudng tang ddn Tuy nhien, tai thdi didm thdng thi vdn chua cd sy khac biet cd y nghTa giia nhdm, vdi p = 0,241 Nhu vay, thdi gian can thiep thang da bdt dau tao nhirng tien bd hanh vi cua tre, thd hien o sy tang len cua chi sd hdnh Vi thfch img Tuy vay, vdi thdi lupng gid/Idn/tudn - thdi lupng khdng nhidu thi viec chua tao sy tidn bd rd ret cd y nghTa d tre la didu khdng ndm ngodi dy doan (Hi St5 HANH VlTWiCH UNG TtbNG HOP 84 ^ -^ 82 y*^ 80 78 y^ j^ ^ —•—Thuc nghl &n 76 _^^ —•—B6i chimg 74 72 70 0thang 3thang 6thang Bieu dd 8: Chi sd hdnh vi thich Ttng long lutp cua nhflm ihuc nghiem vd dfl'i chimg 60 TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd (166), 1-2013 Ddnh gid Idn thi 3, sau thdng can thidp, kdt qud kidm dinh cho thdy, cd su khac biet cd y nghTa gitta nhdm vdi p = 0,006 Cd sy khdc biet cd y nghTa gitta chi sd hdnh vi thich ing gitta nhdm thyc nghidm va nhdm ddi chting Nhu vdy, cd thd ke't Iuan: chuong trinh can thidp cd hieu qud Didn bidn cua cdc chi sd dupc thd hien tai bidu dd Nhin vao bidu dd cd the thdy, didm khdi ddu cua cd nhdm la khd gdn nhau, nhdm dd'i ching hdu nhu it bidn ddng, chi sd cua nhdm thyc nghiem cang tang, thd hidn sy tidn bd rd net Dac bidt, chieu hudng tidn bd dupc khdc hpa thdi gian can thidp cua nhdm thyc nghiem cang ddi thi sy khdc biet ket qud cdng ldn Didu ndy khdng dinh rdng chuong trinh can thiep cd hidu qua td't Ke't luin Thyc nghidm can thiep cho tre cham phdt tridn tri tue duoc tridn khai tren CO sd chuong trinh Portage da cd hidu qud, thd hidn d sy cai thien rd net cbi sd hanh vi thich ing tdng hpp va cdc chi sd thudc ITnh vyc giao tie'p vd xa hdi hda Cdc ITnh vuc: ky nang sinh hoat thudng ngdy va ITnh vuc van ddng cd tidn bd nhtmg chua cd sy khdc biet cd y nghTa Tac dpng cia can thiep de'n cac tidu ITnh vuc cd hieu qud khdng gidng Nhu vay, cd thd s i dung chuang trinh can thiep sdm Portage cho tre cham phat trien tri tue d mic nhe (low) vdi mdt sd luu y sau: - Cd the huan luyen ddi ngu gido vien cd nen tang vd tam ly gido due s i dung chuong trinh Portage de can thiep cho tre - De Xac ddng cd hieu qua gido vidn can xac dinh chi'nh xac ITnh vyc cham phat trien cua trd, t i dd thidt kd hoat ddng phi hop - Cdn kdt hap chat che vdi gia dinh, su tham gia cua gia dinh rat quan trpng dd cd dupc sy tidn bd cua tre - De can thiep cd hieu qua can duoc tie'n hanh khoang thdi gian dai, lien tue vd thudng xuydn Ke't qua thyc nghiem cung dat mdt sd vdn dd cdn dupc phan tich va nghidn ciu tid'p theo: thdi gian can thiep cua mdt Idn hay sd ldn can thidp mdt tuan cd anh hudng de'n hieu qua can thiep hay khdng? Mic dp dap ing ddi vdi cdc tdc ddng can thiep d trd phu thudc vdo cdc yeu to nao? Cd thd can c i vdo cac chi bdo nao dd dy dodn hieu qua cua can thiep? D6 tra ldi cac cau hdi ndy, viec phdn tich sdu ke't qua thyc nghidm ndy va thidt ke, tidn hanh cac thyc nghiem khdc vdi cdc myc dich tuong tu Id rd't cdn thidt TAPCHITAMLtHOCSdl (166), 1-2013 Tai lieu tham khao NguySn Van Ddng, Tdm ly hoc phdl irien NXB Chtnh tri Qud'c gia, 2004 Nguyen Die Son, Mile dfi phdt trie'n Idm ly cita Ire d mdi sd trudng mdm non Hd Ndi Tap chf TSm ly hoc, trang 14-24, sd - 2012 Nguydn Anh Tuyet, Tdm ly hpc Ire em NXB Dai hpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi, 1997 Julia Herwig and Portage Project Staff, Portage Guide Binh lo user's guide and Portage aclivities & routine Cooperative Education Service Agency Portage Project, Wiscosin, USA, 2003 Vineland II Adaptive Behavior Scale, Manual, 2005, Pearson, Inc 62 TAP CHiTAM Lt HOC, Sd (166), - 2013 ... ngu can thiep tie'n hanh viec nhan cac tre dl can thidp Mdi can thiep vien chju trdch nhiem can thiep cho tre - Thdi gian can thiep: Mdi tu^n mdt l^n Mdi lan gid Keo dai thang - Ndi dung can. .. thic cung choi vdi trd vi du: dung the chu dd giup tre nhdn phdt am, ding dd choi dd giip tre thyc hien viec ddng vai (4) Tidn hanh can thidp: Nguyen tdc chung nha't cia Pprtage Id can thidp... mdt Idn hay sd ldn can thidp mdt tuan cd anh hudng de'n hieu qua can thiep hay khdng? Mic dp dap ing ddi vdi cdc tdc ddng can thiep d trd phu thudc vdo cdc yeu to nao? Cd thd can c i vdo cac chi