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PHAN TICH MOT SO KET QUA CUA THLJC NGHIEM CHUONG TRINH CAN THIEP SOM TS Nguyen Birc Son Trudng khoa Khoa Tdm ly - Gido due, Trttdng Dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Npi I* TOM TAT Tiep ndi bdi bdo Thifc nghiem chuang Irinh can thiep sdm cho trt; chdm phdt Irien tri lue (phdn lieh kei qua thdng ddu thuc nghiem) [3], bdi bdo ndy phdn tich kei qud thdng cudi cita cda chucmg ttinh can thiep sdm dua tten cdc ddnh gid tgi thdi diem thdng 6, 9, 12 Hai van dil ca bdn duge ldm id: Hien qud cita chuang trinh tren nhdm ddi chimg, linh on dinh ciia kei qud d nhdm Ihifc nghiem sau difng ca thiep Phdn tich cho thdy, kei qud cita nhdm thuc nghtem liep tuc difgc ltd sau kh ngimg can thiep Bien phdp can thiep cd hieu qud trin nhdm dd'i chimg (dugc liep nhdn Idc ddng can lliiep a thdng cudi thifc nghiem) vd cd su luang ddng vdt kei qu Ihdng ddu llitfc nghiem Dieu ndy khdng dinh hieu qud cita can thiep Iren Ire chdm phdi Irien iham gia vdo thtre nghiem lix khoa: Thtte nghiem: Can thiep: Tre chgm phdt trim Iri lite; Hdnh vi ihich iln Ngdy nhdn bdi- 31/8/2012; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/1/2013 Dat van de KSt qua CO ban cita thuc nghifim chuang trinh can thiep S(5m cho tre cham phat tri^n tri tu6 da ductc trinh bily a bai bao trucfc dang tren Tap chi Tam ly hoc so 1/2013, bai bao tap trung phan tich ke't quit thang cuoi cia thuc nghiem Voi thang dSu, nhom ddi chting dugc coi la nhom co so (base line) ii so sanh, ddi chieu ke't qua cia nhdm thiic nghiem Giai doan thang cudi, nhom dd'i chting dugc nhSn can thi6p trd nhdm thuc nghidm, cdn nhdm thiic nghiem khdng dugc nhan tac ddng can thiep nhung khdng the coi la nhdm co sd d^ so sanh vl ban thto nd da bie'n ddi tac ddng cua can thiep ban dau Tuy vay, cd th^ so sanh ke't qua cua nhdm dd'i ching (dang dugc nhan tac ddng can thiep) vdi nhdm thtrc nghiem ban dSu (tie'p tuc dugc ilanh gia tai cac thang 9, 12) de xac nhta th6m chiSu hudng bie'n ddi cua nhdm dd'i ching, ne'u TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd (167), - 51 ke't qua cua nhdm thitc nghiem cd su 6n dinh sau nhin can thiep thang dSu Do vay, cac va'n di CO ban cSn phan tfch d day la: - Hieu qua cua chuong trinh can thiep cd dugc tri theo thdi gian vh dn djnh hay khdng? Tra ldi cau hdi niy cSn so s4nh ke't qud danh gia tie'p theo (thang 6, 9, 12) cia nhdm thuc nghiem ban d^u Hieu qua cia chuong trinh dugc thuc hien lap lai dd'i vdi nhdm ddi ching - dugc nhan tac ddng can thiep thang cud'i - nhu the nao? Cd gid'ng vdi nhdm thuc nghiem thang dSu? Cd th^ so sanh vdi nhdm thtte nghiem ne'u ke't qua cia nhdm thifc nghidm tie'p tuc dn djnh De phan tich cac kht'a canh dd chu yS'u tie'n hanh danh gia ndi nhdm (Within subject) vdi cac phep lien tttc tai cac thdi diim khac qua trinh thtrc nghiem 6i xac dinh xu hudng bie'n ddi cua timg nhdm Gidi thieu ve thtic nghiem 2.1 Muc dich cua thuc nghiem Danh gia hieu quit cua chuong trinh can thiep st5fm cho tre cham phat trien trt tue, cu the: - Chucfng trtnh can thiep cd dem lai hieu qua hay khdng dieu kien Viet Nam? Dau la nhQng diem cin lint y? - Hieu qua cua chuong trinh can thiep cd dugc tri theo thdi gian va dn dinh hay khdng? 2.2 Md hinh thuc nghiem Thuc nghiem dugc thie't ke vdi md hinh thuc nghiem td hcfp giiia mfl hinh mdt nhan td nhieu mic dd (single factor design - with more than level) vdi md hinh danh gia gitta cac nhdm dd'i tugng (Between subject design) va ndi nhdm (Within subject design) Thuc nghiem dugc tie'n hanh tren nhdm tre: nhdm thuc nghiem va nhdm dd'i ching Nhdm thuc nghiem se nhan dugc chuong trinh can thiep sdm thang dau Nhdm dd'i ching nhan dugc su hd trg can thiep sdm thang sau Danh gia ke't qua phat triin tam ly dugc thtrc hien ISn, tai thdi diim qua trtnh thuc nghiem vdi ca hai nhdm Viec danh gia hieu qua cia thuc nghiem dugc tie'n hanh bang cac kiim djnh gitta cac nhdm dd'i tugng (Between subjects) tai cac thdi diim danh gia: kiim dinh su khac biet giua cac chi sd hanh vi cua hai nhdm thuc nghiem va dd'i ching Danh gia su khac biet toan bd thdi gian thitc nghidm 52 TAP CHI TAM If HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Ket qua thuc nghiem 3.1 Kit qud ve linh vuc giao tie'p giira nhdm thuc nghiem vd ddi chuang LTnh vuc giao ti6'p bao g6m tie'u ITnh vuc: Tiep nhan, bieu dat va chir vie't Tie'n hanh phan tich lan luot kS'l qua cua tirng tieu ITnh vuc - Tieu ITnh vifc liep nhan Bdng 1: Ke't cpid ddnh gid lieu Itnh vi/c tie'p nhdn "^-.^^ Thtti diem ^^^^^ Nhom Thang Thang 12 Thang (Diem TB) (Diem TB) (Diem TB) Kiem dinh ANOVA (P) 0,83 Thuc nghiem 14.59 15,12 14,42 Do'i ching 13,77 15,3 15,36 0,13 T-test (p) 0,39 0,87 0,35 Khong Ghi chu: Kiem dinh One way - Anova kei qitd cila tdng nhdm tgi tliiri diem Kiem dinh T-lesI eho nhdm thuc nghiem vd ddi chimg Igi tifng ihifi diem Chi sd tai thang 12 cua nhdm thuc nghiem cd tha'p hon ddi chut so vdi cac thdi diim trudc dd Tuy nhien, danh gia su bie'n ddi cia nhdm thuc nghiem bang kiim dinh ANOVA tai thdi diim: thang t h i 6, 9, 12 cho ke't qua p = 0,83 (> 0,05) Nhu vay khdng cd su khac biet vi kit qua duac tai cac thang cud'i d nhdm thitc nghiem Ndi each khac, kit qua cia can thiep thang dau tiip tuc dugc tri hay nhttng tie'n bo cia tre cd tinh dn dinh Day la diiu quan trong chuang trinh can thidp, ching to can thidp hun i'ch ddi vdi cudc sd'ng cia tre Quan sat kit qua ciia nhdm dd'i ching cd the thay xu hudng tang ldn, dac bidt la thang dSu can thidp Kiim dinh T-test tai cac thdi diim vdi nhdm thuc nghidm cho thay khdng co sit khac biet Dieu co thi khang dinh, nhdm dd'i ching dugc ciii thidn d mic nha't dinh ndn gitt dugc khoang each ddi vdi nhdm thuc nghiem Tuy nhien, mic dp cai thien chua co y nghia thdng kd vdi p = 0,13 (> 0,05) kit qua d thdi diim Kit qua tuang ddng vdi kit qua cia thang dau thuc nghiem: chi sd tiip nhan cd tang nhung chua tao su khac biet cd y nghia Nhu vay, d day can chu y hon ve hieu qua can thiep dd'i vdi tiiu ITnh vuc tie'p nhan cac chuong trtnh can thiep sau Xu hudng vugt ldn cia nhdm ddt ching, vay kiim dmh thdng ke chua khang dinh xu hudng Di khdng dinh xu hudng can nghidn ciu lau hgn vi thoi gian - Tieu linh vifc bieu dgt: Kit qua dugc thi hien d bang sau: TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd (167), - 2013 53 Bdng 2: Kit qud ddnh gid tii'u ITnh vuc biiu dgt Kiem dinh ANOVA (P) 0,83 Th^ng (Diim TB) Th&ng (Diim TB) Th^ng 12 (Diim TB) Thuc nghidm 11,7 11,4 11,28 Ddi ching 10,33 10,5 11,32 0,31 T-test (p) 0,01* 0,22 0,96 Khftng ^Thfti diem Nhom ^""""" ^^^^ Ghi chit: Kiem dinh One way - Anova kei qud ctia titng nhdm Igi thdi diem Kiem dinh T-test cho nhiim thllc nghiem vd ddi chitng tgi timg thdi diem •^ Vdi mite y nghia 0,05 Kit qua tieu lmh viic biiu dat cua nhdm thtte nghtem v5n gitt mic 6n dinh Cac chi sd it thay ddi Kiim dinh ANOVA cho kit qua p = 0,83 (> 0,05) khdng cd su khac biet Ching td hidu qua tac ddng cua linh vitc bieu dat dugc tri Vi nhdm ddi ching, vdi diim bat ddu can thiep la thang t h i 6, so sanh vdi nhdm thuc nghiem cho tha'y, nhdm thuc nghiem cd diim cao hon cd y nghta T-test cho ke't qua p = 0,01 (< 0,05) Tai cac thdi diem sau cua can thiep, nhdm dd'i ching da "dudi kip" nhdm thuc nghidm, vdi cac kit qua kiim dinh T-test khdng cdn khac biet Nhu vay, tac ddng can thiep cung cd hieu qua ddi vdi nhdm dd'i ching Mat khac, kiim dinh ndi nhdm tai cac thdi diem bang ANOVA cho kit qua chua cd sit khac biet cd y nghTa p = 0,31 (> 0,05) Kit qua cung tuong ddng vdi kit qua thuc nghiem thang dau - Linh vuc chit viii: Kit qua dugc thi hien bang sau: Bdng 3: Ke't qud ddnh gid ueu ITnh vuc chit vii't ^^"^-.-^^^^^ Thai diem Thang Nhdm ^''""-^^-,^ (Diem TB) Thang (Diim TB) Thang12 (Diem TB) Kiem dinh ANOVA (P) 0,00* Thuc nghidm 11,13 11,2 11,80 Ddi ching 10,18 10,8 11,16 0,39 T-test (p) 0,08 0,63 0,39 Khong Ghi cini: Kie'm dinh One way • Anova kei qua ctia lirng nhdm Igi thdi die'm Kiem dinh T-lesl cho nhdm thuc nghiem vd ddi chimg tgi tdng thdi diem * Vdi mile y nghia 0,05 54 TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Chi so ciia nhom thuc nghiem ti6'p tuc tang sau can thiep KS't qua ki^m dinh ANOVA cho tha'y co su khac biet p = 0,00 (< 0,05) Ke't qua co the duoc giai thich bang su tang trucmg tu nhien cua tre hon la sir tri ket qua cua can thiep da co B6i Ie k6't qua thuc nghiem thang d^u cho tha'y, day la ITnh vuc It CO sir tie'n bO dudi anii hu6ng cua can thiep, d6ng thdi sau can thiep chi sG' tie'p tuc ducfc cai thien Gia thuye't co the dat la cung v6i dO tu6i cang ldn hon tre cang duoc tie'p xue va duoc chu y lam quen nhi^u hon v6i chiJ vie't, vay, dii khdng tac dgng ciia can thiep chi so van duoc cai thien cf miic (|6 nh^t dinh - Tdng hap ve ITnh vuc giao tiip: Ke't qua danh gia ITnh vuc giao tie'p ciia tre duac the hien bang sau: Bdng 4: Kit qud ddnh gid ITnh vuc giao tiip Kiem dinh ANOVA (P) 0,98 Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thang 12 (Diim TB) Thuc nghiem 83,83 84,29 84,57 Ddi ching 74,46 82,57 85,32 0,12 T-test (p) 0,03 0,70 0,86 Khong ^~~~~~^,,Th6i diem Nhdm — ^ Ghi chit: Kie'm dinh One way - Anova kei qua ciia tifng nhdm tgi thdi diem Kiem dinh T-lesl cho nhdm thifc nghiem vd ddi chdng tgi ldng thdi diem Kit qua danh gia cua nhdm thuc nghiem it thay ddi sau can thiep Kit qua ANOVA cho p = 0,98 (> 0,05) Tugng tu cac linh vuc neu tren, kd't qua cua linh vuc giao tie'p cung dugc tri Kit qua cia nhdm dd'i ching cho tha'y cd su cai thidn nhanh chdng t i thang dd'n thang 9, tic la sau thang can thidp Tai thang thi 6, kit qua gitta nhdm thuc nghidm va dd'i ching cd sir khac bidt (T-test vdi p = 0,03) nhung din thang 9, khoang each cua nhdm da khdng cdn (p = 0,7) Nhu vay, kit qua hoan loan tring khdp vdi kd't qua thuc nghiem thang diu: hieu qua ro rdt ITnh vuc giao tie'p sau thang can thidp (xem thdm tai lieu tham khao sd 3) Kit qua niy khang dinh su dap ing nhanh cia tre vdi cac boat ddng va ndi dung chuang trinh Portage thiit k i cho ITnh virc giao tiip 3.2 Ket qud ve linh vifc ky ndng sinh hogt thudng ngdy giiia nhdm thifc nghiim vd doi chiing Ky nang sinh hoat thudng cia nhdm thuc nghiem cd sir 6n dinh sau can thidp Khdng cd sir khac biet gitta kit qua b thdi diem TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 55 Bdng 5: Kit qud ky ndng sinh hogt thudng ngdy Kiim dinh ANOVA (P) 0,803 Thang (Diem TB) Thang (BIcm TB) Thang12 (Diem TB) Thuc nghiem 85,21 85,25 87,42 Ddi chihig 81,14 82,92 86,6 0,119 T-tesl (p) 0,13 0,523 0,809 Khdng ^^^Thdi diem Nhom "" ^^^^^ Ghi dui: Kie'm dinh One way - Anova kei qua cita titng nhim Igi Ihiri die'm Kie'm dinh T-lesl cha nhdm thuc nghiem vd ddi chimg tgi lirng thai die'm Nhdm dd'i ching cho tha'y cd sit cai thiiJn qua trinh can thiep Nhdm ddi ching cd xu hudng bat kip nhdm thuc nghiem, dua kit qua cia hai nhdm tiin gSn hon, thi hidn ro net chiiu hudng biin ddi xich lai gan cia hai nhdm Kiim dinh T-test cho tha'y khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghTa thd'ng ke gitta hai nhdm Tuy vay, kiim dinh ANOVA cho tha'y nhdm ddi ching chua cho tha'y su khac bidt cd y nghTa cua kit qua tai cac thdi diim 6, 9, 12 Kit qua cd su tuong ddng vdi kit qua thang ddu thitc nghiem 3.3 Kit qud ve Rnh vuc xd hpi hda giua nhdm thuc nghiem vd ddi chitng Kit qua the hidn d bang Bdng 6: Ket qud ddnh gid ITnh viie \d hpi hda Kiem dinh ANOVA (P) 0,72 Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thang12 (Diem TB) Thuc nghiem 81,35 79,9 79,28 Doi ching 74,63 77,8 78,72 0,14 T-test (p) 0,003* 0,42 0,83 Khdng ^ ^ - ^ ^ h d i diem Nhdm ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ghi chu: Kiem dinh One way - Anova kei qua ctia tiaig nhdm Igi thdi diem Kiem dinh T-tesl cho nhdm thifc nghiem vd ddi chitng tgi timg thdi diem * Vdi mice y nghia 0,05 Kit qua kiim djnh nhdm thitc nghiem khdng cd su khac bidt vdi P = 0,72 (> 0,05) Tuy nhidn, cac chi sd cd xu hudng giam nhe Day la diiu rdt dang chi y va cdn duoc nghien ciu vdi thdi gian dai hon Va'n de dugc dat la: thiiu hiit giao tiip cd lam chi sd xa hdi hda cua tre giam di hay khdng, bdi 56 TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd (167), - 2013 le kha nang xa hgi hda quan he chat che vdi viec td chic va khich le su giao tie'p thudng xuyen cua tre, thiiu hut diiu kien di tao nguy co thut lui giao tie'p cua tre •yi nhdm dd'i ching: cd xu hudng ciii thien theo thdi gian can thiep Tai thdi diim bat ddu can thiep cd sii khac bidt gitta nhdm dd'i ching va thuc nghidm (T-test, p = 0,003), nhung sau can thidp thang su khac biet khdng Kit qua tuong ddng vdi kit quii thang ddu thuc nghiem: chi sd )la hot hda tang nhanh va manh sau thang ddu thuc nghiem Tuy vay, kiim dinh ndi nhdm vdn chua cd su khac bidt Ndi each khac, hidu qua can thidp chua thuc sir rd net 3.4 Kit qud ve Hnh vuc van ddng giiia nhdm thuc nghiem vd ddi chiing Kit qua the hien d bang Bdng 7: Chi sd ITnh vtfc van dpng eua nhdm thue nghiem vd ddi chdng Thang (Diem TB) Thang (Diem TB) Thang 12 (Diem TB) Kiim dinh ANOVA (P) Thuc nghiem 91,30 93,4 92,57 0,89 Ddi ching 84,78 90,5 89,72 0,14 T-test (p) 0,57 0,45 0,63 khong —^^Thdi diem Nhtim ^ ^ Ghi chu: Kiem dinh One way - Anova kei qua cita lifng nhdm lai Ihdi die'm Kiem dinh T-lesl cho nhdm Ihuc nghiem vd ddi chiing tgi tifng thdi die'm Ve nhdm thuc nghiem, sau thuc nghiem, kit qua dugc tri va dn dinh vdi kd't qua kiim dinh ANOVA p = 0,89 (< 0,05) Nhdm dd'i ching cd su cai thien dugc nhan tac ddng can thidp Cac chi sd van ddng cd xu hudng tang va khdng cd su khac biet vdi nhdm thuc nghidm Kiim dinh ANOVA vdi nhdm ddi ching cung chua cho tha'y su khac bidt cd y nghTa giua kd't qua danh gia tat thdi diim 3.5 Kit qud ve chi sd hdnh vi thieh itng tdng hgp giua nhdm thifc nghiem vd ddi chdng Day la chi sd tdng hgp quan nha't vide danh gia sii phat triin cua tre Chi sd cho biit su phat triin tdng quat cua tre su so sanh ddi chiiu vdi nhttng tre khac Hi6u qua co ban cua chuang tnnh the hien d chi sd Kit qua ddnh gia chi sd hanh vi thi'ch ing ciia nhdm tai thdi diim danh gia dugc thi hien d bang TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 57 Bdng 8: Chisdhdnh vi Ihich itng tdng hgp eua nhdm thue nghiem vd ddi chdngThdng (Diim TB) ThSng (Biim TB) Thuc nghidm 82,89 83,58 84,7 Kiim dinh ANOVA (P) 0,898 Dd'i chung 76,48 80,7 83,04 0,027* T-test (p) 0,006 0,46 0,632 Khdng ^"""• - T'hdi diem Thdng12 (Diem TB) Ghi chu: Kiem dinh One way - Anova kei qud eita tiing nhdm tgi thdi diem Kiem dinh T-lesl cho nhdm Ihifc nghiem vd ddi chimg tgi titng thdi diem * Vdi mile y nghTa 0,05 Cac chi sd hanh vi thich ing tdng hgp dugc trinh bay d bang tren cho cau tra Idi rdt rd vdn di dugc dat di phan ti'ch ciia nghidn ciu Thi nhdt: Hieu qua cia can thiep ddi vdi nhdm thuc nghidm thang ddu tiip tuc dugc trt va dn djnh ca tre khdng cdn nhan tac ddng nua Chi sd hanh vi thi'ch ing tdng hgp tiip tuc dugc tri, it biin ddi Kiim djnh ANOVA cho kit qua p = 0,89 (> 0,05) cho phep nhan dinh khdng cd su khac biet gitta chi sd hanh vt thi'ch ing tdng hgp tai thai diim Thi hai: Can thidp cd hieu qua dd'i vdi ca nhdm dd'i ching Cac chi sd hanh vi thi'ch ing tdng hop cd chieu hudng tang mgt each cd y nghTa sau nhan tdc ddng can thidp Kiem dinh ANOVA cho kd't qua p = 0,027 (< 0,05) khac bidt cd y nghTa So sdnh vdi nhdm thuc nghidm, tai thdi diim thdng 6, nhdm dd'i ching chua dugc nhan tac ddng can thidp, cd su khac bidt gitta nhom th^c nghiem va dd'i ching (T-test vdi p = 0,006), sau dugc nhan can thidp, chi sd cua nhdm dd'i ching tang ldn va khdng cdn sir khdc bidt vdi nhdm thuc nghiem Phan ti'ch ANOVA sau (kiim dinh Dunnet) de tim kiem su khdc bidt gitta cac cap chi sd cho thdy cd sir khac bidt gitta kit qua cua thang thi va thdng thi 12 (p = 0,016), khdng cd su khac biet gitta thdng va 12 Nhu vay, hieu qua cua can thiep thi hidn rd sau thang tidn hdnh can thiep Kit qua cung tuong ddng vdi kit qua thang ddu thuc nghiem Diim khdi ddu cia ea nhdm tai thang thi (nhdm thuc nghiem da dugc can thiep thang vd nhdm ddi ching chua dugc nhan can thiep) la each xa nhau, nhdm thuc nghiem cd chi sd tdt hon nhdm dd'i chung Kit qud cua nhdm thuc nghiem it biin ddng Khi dugc nhan can thiep, nhdm dd'i chung cd su tie'n bd nhanh chdng va cd xu hudng "dudi kip" nhdm thuc nghiem Ket luan Thue nghiem can thiep cho tre cham phdt trien tri tue dugc triin khai 58 TAP CHITAM L^ HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 trfin CO sd chuong trinh Portage da co hieu qua Cac bien phap can thiep cho nhom thuc nghiem thang dSu duoc lap lai cho nhom doi chitng thang sau deu cho tha'y co su cai thien ro ret chi s6' hanh vi thfch iing ciia tre Ke't qua can thiep l^n cho nhom d6i chiing c6 sir tuong d6ng ve ITnh vuc phat trien, th6i gian va ti'nh chat dap ung LTnh virc c6 sir cai thien ro net la xa hoi hoa va hanh vi thich iing tong hcrp Hieu qua can thiep co tinh 6n dinh va duoc tri sau ke't thiic can thiep Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Van Dong Tdm ly hpc phdt trien, NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, 2004 Nguyen Diic Scfn, Mifc dp phdt trien ldm ly cita tre a mpt sd irudng mdm non Hd Npi, Tap chi Tam ly hpc s6' 3/2012 Nguyen Diic Scm, Kei qud thuc nghiem chuang trinh can thiep cho ire cham phdt trien, Tap chi TSm ly hpc so 9/2012 Nguyen Anh Tuye't, Tdm ly hpc tie em, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, 1997 Vineland II Adaptive Behavior Scale, Manual, 2005, Pearson, Inc TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, S6 (167), 2-2013 59 ... sir tie'n bO dudi anii hu6ng cua can thiep, d6ng thdi sau can thiep chi sG' tie'p tuc ducfc cai thien Gia thuye't co the dat la cung v6i dO tu6i cang ldn hon tre cang duoc tie'p xue va duoc chu... nhung chua tao su khac biet cd y nghia Nhu vay, d day can chu y hon ve hieu qua can thiep dd'i vdi tiiu ITnh vuc tie'p nhan cac chuong trtnh can thiep sau Xu hudng vugt ldn cia nhdm ddt ching,... Ndi each khac, kit qua cia can thiep thang dau tiip tuc dugc tri hay nhttng tie'n bo cia tre cd tinh dn dinh Day la diiu quan trong chuang trinh can thidp, ching to can thidp hun i'ch ddi vdi
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