DONG CO HANH VI UNG HO XA HOI O THANH NIEN VIET NAM Nghien curu di/gc tai trg bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) de tai: Hanh vi ung ho xa hoi d nien Viet Nam; Ma so vn.1-2012.09; PGS.TS Le Van Hao lam chQ nhiem PGS.TS Do Ngpc Khanh Trudng phdng Phong Tdm ly hpc ldm sdng, Vien Tdm ly hpc Nghien cuu ndy co muc tieu tim hieu cdc dpng ca cda nhicng hdnh vi ung hd xd hoi (hdnh vi giiip da, hdnh vi vi tha/nhdn di) a men Ket qud nghien cuu cho thdy, noi troi nhdt Id dong ca ldm theo yeu cdu cua nguai khde, sau din dong ca vi long vi tha/vo tu, dpng ca ldm gidm cdm xdc tieu cuc/khd chiu, dpng ca hi tdc dpng bai muc dp thdm khoc cua tinh huong, dpng ca dn danh vd thdp nhdt Id dong ca dinh huang bdn thdn Hdnh vi ung ho xd hpi cua nien - a mot mdc dp ndo - phu thupc vdo giai tinh, lira ludi vd nai cu trU Tir khoa: Hdnh vi ung hp xd hoi; Hdnh vi giup da: Ddng ca; Thanh nien Ngdy nhdn bdi: 8/10/2015; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2015 Dat van de Trong boi canh nen van hoa theo xu hudng cpng ddng nhu Viet Nam dang trai qua nhieu thay doi, cac hanh vi cd van de d nien dang co xu hudng tang thi viec nghien ciiu hanh vi ung hp xa hpi va dac biet la dgng co cua hanh vi ung hp xa hpi d nhdm dan cu lai cang can thiet Tdng quan ve cac nghien ciiu cho thay, mang nghien ciiu ve van de d Viet Nam hau nhu van cdn bd Tim hieu ddng co hanh vi iing hp xa hpi giiip ly giai tai ngudi lai lam nhu vay vdi ham y tim each nuoi dudng, thiic day cac hanh vi d the he tre, chdng lai va day liii cac hanh vi tieu cue, vo cam hay chdng doi xa hpi d hp Mau nghien ciru va phiro^ng phap nghien ciru Khach the nghien ciiu gom 1.200 nien dai dien cho cac vung dd thi va ndng thon, ddng bang va mien mii, dan tgc da so va dan tdc thieu so tir miin: Bac, Trung va Nam TAPCHITAMLyHOC,Sd'12(201), 12-2015 15 Z\ Phuang phap nghien ciiu: thang hanh vi ung hp xa hpi Carlo & Randal (2002) thiSt ki va dang dupc su dung rong rai a nhieu qu6c gia cung da dupc su dung nghien cuu Thang gom 23 items dupc danh gia theo muc diim = "hoan toan khong giong voi toi" cho den = "hoan toan giSng voi toi" Thang bao gom tiiu thang di danh gia cac hanh vi ung hp xa hpi sau: Hanh vi ung hp xa hpi vi long vi tha, hanh vi ting hp xa hpi vi chiju theo y nguai khac, hanh vi ilng hp xa hpi co dpng ca mang tinh xiic cam, hanh vi ung hp xa hpi xay truac cong chiing, hanh vi ung ho xa hpi an danh, hanh vi ung hp xa hpi tinh huong tham khoc Ket qua nghien ciru 3.1 Dpng Cff cda hdnh vi ung hp xd hpi Bdng 1: Cdc dpng co ndm sau hdnh vi ung hpi xd hoi, hdnh vi giiip ngudi khac DTB Cac dong cff Thii- hang Dong ca lam theo yeu cau cua nguai khac 3,04 Dong ca vi long vi tha 2,79 Dong CO lam giam cam xiic tieu cue 2,18 Dpng ca giiip da vi miic tham khoc ciia tinh huong 2,11 Dpng ca an danh 2,00 Dpng ca gianh su tan cua nguai khac (dinh huong ban than) 1,28 T6ng 2,18 Ket qua nghien cuu cho thay, xu hudng ndi trdi nhat la nien dugc khao sat thuc hien hanh vi iing hp xa hpi xuat phat tu ddng ca lam theo ySu cau ciia ngudi khac (DTB = 3,04), sau dd den ddng ca vi ldng vi tha (DTB = 2,79), tiep theo la dpng ca Iam giam cam xiic tieu cuc/khd chiu (DTB = 2,18) va th4p nhat la ddng co dinh hudng ban than, gianh dugc sir tan ciia ngudi khac (DTB = 1,28) Ve dong ca lam theo yeu cau ciia ngudi khac: Thanh nien cd xu hudng giiip dd ngudi khac neu cd yeu cau, neu dugc de nghi cd le xuat phat tir mdng muon dugc la ngudi hiiu ich cho xa hpi va ngudi khac, vi vay, dugc de nghi giiip dd thi hg khdng ngan ngai Thanh nien la nhom ngudi cd siic manh the chat va ly tri nen thudng san sang neu can giiip dd 16 TAP CHiTAM ly HOC, S6 12 (201) 12 - 2015 Ve dpng CO vi long vi tha: Thanh nien mSu chpn co xu huang the hien hanh vi giup nguoi khac vi dpng ca vi tha rdt ro Vj tha la mpt phan ling cam xilc xuat phat tir trang thai cam xiic cua nguoi khac va dong dang vai trang thai (Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998) Ve dpng ca lam giam cam xiic tieu cue: Nhieu nien thuc hien hanh vi giiip nguai khac vi dpng ca lam giam cam xiic tieu cue cho thSy, hp quan tam den cam xiic cua nguoi khac va ciia ban than Mo hinh thau cam - vj tha ggi y rang, duang tii cam xiic den hanh dflng vi tha khong dan gian vi no CO the diin theo dang Khi thiy mpt dang gjp dau kho, chiing ta cung CO the cam thay phien mufln nhu lo au, so hai hoac quan tam, thau cam, bao gom ca cam thflng, dpng long teSc in, dl xiic dpng Ngupc lai, niu theo huang thii hai thi trang thai thau cam se din den hanh vi vi tha, nhan (muc dich cua hanh vi giiip la giam nhe nfli dau ciia nan nhan) Ve dpng CO an danh: Giiip dfl nguai khac an danh the hien dpng co vfl tu, giiip vi nan nhan can giiip chil khflng quan tam den phan thudng xa hfli Tuy nhien, dflng ca o nien khflng cao, diing gan cufli bang xep hang (DTB = 2,00) Noi each khac, co mpt ty le nhit dinh so ngufli mlu chpn giiip nguflri khac va mong dpi dupc den dap theo each hay each khac An danh , Miic dp tham khoc cua tinh huflng Lam theo yeu cau cua nguoi khac **Tuang quan cd y nghia & muc 0.01 (2-tailed) Sff dd 1; Tuong quan giita cdc dpng ca cda hdnh vi ung hp xd hpi vk dpng ca gianh su tan tir nguoi khac: Thanh nien miu chpn duooig nhu khflng giiip do' nguai khac de dupc tan thanh, de nang cao gia tri ciia ban than, gianh dupc su iing hp ciia nguoi khac (1,28 - gan vol miic "chi TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 12 (201), 12 - 2015 giflng tfli mpt chiit") Nfli each khac, hanh vi iing hp xa hpi cila nien xuit phat tir mong mufln giiip ditpc di nghi, vi long ttac an, vi tha hon la vi di mpi nguai biit din, di dupc phan thudng vi mat xa hpi Mflt sfl dflng ca thuc hien hanh vi ung hp xa hpi cua nien c6 tuong quan thuan vori nhau, mpt sfl khac lai hoan toan khong co mfli lien he nao Cu thi, dpng co giiip di dupc tan hay tfln trpng (dinh huong ban than) co tuang quan thuan vol dflng co giai quyet cam xiic, dpng ca vi miic dp tham khflc cila tinh huflng nhung khflng cfl tuang quan vfli dpng co khflng vu lpi (in danh) hay lam theo yeu cau cOa nguai khac Dflng CO vi miic dfl tham khflc ciia tinh huflng va dpng ca lam giam cam xic tieu cue co tuong quan thuan voi tit ca cac dflng ca khac Thuc ti, hai dflng CO tuang quan chat che nhat (R = 0,35) 3.2 Sir khac Met dpng ca cua hinh vi ung hpxa hpi theo gi&i tinh So sanh kiem dinh T-test ve su khae giita dflng co cua nam va nii (bang 2) hanh vi ung hfl xa hpi cho thay, nam co xu huoBg giilp da nguai khac vol dpng co dinh huong ban than, mufln thu hilt su tan va chap nhan ciia ngufli khac, giiip da vi tinh huflng tham khflc eao hon nii mpt each co y nghTa ve mat thflng ke Ngupc lai, phu nil lai vupt trfli cac hanh dflng tSn tSm va cham sflc nguoi khac Nam gioi cfl siic manh the chat lan hon nG gifli nhung nir gifli lai dupc giao due va khuyen khich co cac hanh vi cham soc cao hon so vfli nam giai Chinh yeu to da tao su Idiac biet gifli tinh lien quan dtn cac hanh vi vi tha va iing hfl xa'hfli tat ca cac nen van hoa Bdng 2: Dong ca cua hdnh vi ung ho xd hpi Iheo giai linh (DTB) C^c loai dong cff Nu- Nam T-test Muc dO S Dpng co gianh su tan cua ngucri khac (dinh huang ban than) 1,16 1,42 -5,93 0,00 Dpng co an danh 2,02 1,99 0,32 0,74 Dpng CO yeu to cam xiic 2,24 2,11 2,62 0,01 Dpng CO vi long vi tha 2,84 2,74 2,40 0,01 Dpng ca muc tham khoc ciia tmh huflng 2,07 2,17 -1,98 0,05 Dpng co lam theo yeu cau cua nguai khac 3,08 2,99 1,67 0,09 nghla TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 12 (201), 12 - 2015 3.3 Su- khac biet dpng ca cua hanh vi iing hp xa hpi Iheo lira tudi Khi phan chia hai nhflm theo Ilia tufli - tren 18 tufli va tit 18 tufli trfl xuong, kit qua so sanh T-test cho thiy, miic dp dpng co vi long vj tha khflng cfl sir khac biet giiia hai nhflm tufli hanh vi ilng hp xa hfli Tuy nhien, nhom nien tten 18 tufli giiip ngufli khac vi dpng co dinh huong ban than, mufln gianh dupc su tan ciia ngufli khac, mang tinh in danh, phu thupc vao miic dp tham khflc cila vin di va lam theo yeu ciu cua nguoi khac nhiiu han nhom nien tir 18 tufli trfl xuflng Bang 3: Dong ca cita hdnh vi iing hp xd hpi theo nhom tudi (DTB) >18 tuoi