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TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 11(l35)-2009 42 DICH v y XA Hpi d NONG THON VIET NAM HIEN NAY THL/C TRANG VA GIAI PHAP NGUYEN CHi DUNG" TiNH C A P T H I E T CUA PHAT TRIEN VA Q U A N L Y P H A T TRIEN D|CH VU XA HQl O NONG THON VIET NAM HIEN NAY 1.1 Djch vy va djch vy xa hpi Theo Tw diin bach khoa Viet Nam, "Djch vu la nhirng hoat dpng phue vu nhim thda man nhd-ng nhu e l u san xult, kinh doanh va sinh boat" Day la mpt loai hinh boat dpng eua ngudi khdng tryc tilp tao san phim vat chit hoac tinh t h i n song tao nhCrng y i u t l , nhd-ng dilu kien, nhd-ng mdi trudng thuan Igi eho eae boat dpng san xult, kinh doanh va eho ddi sing eda moi ngudi edng nhu eho xa hpi Djch vu thudng cd nhCrng d i i tugng phyc vy khae nen ngudi ta thudng chia djch vu nhiiu loai, song ehd y i u chia cae loai sau: Djch vy kinh te, djch vy xa hdi Djch vu kinh t l , phyc vy cho eae heat dpng san xult, kinh doanh nhu djch vu ngan hang, tin dyng; djch vy nha dit, djch vy dao tao nghi, gidi thieu viee lam, djch vu thuang mai, thdng tin NghTa la, t i t ea nhirng boat dpng h i trg, tao moi trudng giup san xult, kinh doanh t i t ban, hieu qua ban Djch vy xa hdi la nhCrng loai hinh djch vu *' Pho Giao su, tiin sT, Vien Xa hpi hpc, Hpc vien Chinh tri-Hanh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh, gidp eho moi ngudi, mdi nhdm ngudi, m i l t i n g Idp xa hpi va ea epng ding sing t i t han, doan k i t ban, gan bd han, nhan van ban va phat triln b i n vCrng ban O day, phai k l trude tien d i n djch vy eung elp mdt s l nhu c l u thilt yeu eho ddi sing cen ngudi nhu: djch vy dien, nudc, giao due, cham sdc sire khoe, thdng tin lien lae Sau nd'a la he thong cac djch vy eung c l p sy trg gidp eho ddi sing ngudi nhu: Djch vu hilu, by, djch vu trg gidp xa hpi eho mpt s l nhdm y i u t h i , djch vu nghf ngai, vui chai, giai tri, t h i thao Ngoai ra, djch vy xa hpi edn la nhCrng boat ddng xa hpi khac gidp ngudi lao dpng dwgc dao tao nghi, cd viee lam va thye hien nhd'ng nhu e l u an sinh xa hdi nhu: bao hiim xa hpi, ke hoach hda gia dinh Nhu vay, ed t h i coi djch vy xa hdi la mpt nganh, mdt ITnh vyc boat dpng xa hpi dap irng nhu e l u eda ddi sing mdi eon ngudi eung nhu ea epng ddng Djch vu xa hdi eung e l p nhCrng d i l u kien, nhd-ng y i u t l gidp ngudi sing tot ban, nhan van han, van minh, hien dai ban 1.2 Phat triln djch vy xa hdi d ndng thdn v l n d l c l p bach hien Ndng thdn d b i t ky nudc dang phat triln nao tren t h i gidi eung la dja ban sinh sing eda phin ldn cu dan lam ndng nghiep Mat dp dan eu thip, sing g i n bd vdi mdi trudng t y nhien, eu dan ndng thdn tilp can NGUYEN CHi DUNG - DjCH VU XA HOI d NdNG THdN vdi thdng tin it, t i l p can va sd- dung cac djch vu xa hpi thip Phong tyc tap quan cd mat lae hau, quan he d-ng xu- cua eae vien epng dong nang v l tuc le, truyin thing ban la phap ly dugc quy djnh bdi nha nude Chinh vi vay, epng d i n g dan cu nong thdn mang tinh thuin nhit han, di dpng xa hpi it ban, c l k i t epng ding eao han, chat che ban so vdi epng ding cu dan p h i Nong thdn Viet Nam, ngoai nhd-ng dae trung tren cdn nhCpng dilu khac biet Thw nhit, dan cu ndng thdn Viet Nam ehu y i u la ndng dan trdng Ida nudc Binh quan rudng d i t thip San xult dilu kien thien nhien khle nghiet Ndng dan va dan cu ndng thdn ludn phai d i u tranh khle phue nhd'ng hau qua thien tai nhu gid bao, lyt lpi, ban ban, sau benh, m i t mua Hoan canh hun dde cho ngudi nong dan Viet Nam dd-e tinh ein ed, ehju khd, b i n bi, dee dai Thw hai, Viet Nam la met nudc phai duang d i u vdi nhiiu cudc ehiln tranh xam lugc keo dai, tan khle Chinh xa hpi nong thdn vdi cpng d i n g lang, xa da tao nhu-ng phao dai khang ehiln bit kha xam pham, bao t i n gia tri van hda truyin thong eua xa hdi Viet Nam Anh hdng, dung cam la truyen thong quy bau cua ca dan tde Viet Nam, trudc h i t la eua cdng ding dan eu ndng then Viet Nam Thw ba, epng ding dan tde Viet Nam bao g i m ca cpng d i n g dan eu ndng thdn la cpng ding da s l e tpc va da tdn giao Song day la cdng ddng dan eu ed truyin thong doan kit, tuang trg, gidp dd l l n SCPC song trudng t i n eua dan tpc Viet Nam mpt phin Idn phu thupc SCPC sing trudng ton 43 eda cae lang, xa Viet Nam da t i n tai qua hang ngan nam ljch SLP O day, tinh yeu thuang, dum bpc, gan bd "tit Id'a toi den ed nhau" da trd truyin thing quy bau cua epng d i n g dan tpc Viet Nam, nhit la cpng d i n g dan eu cae lang, xa Viet Nam Thw tw, xa hpi ndng thdn Viet Nam la xa hdi cua nhd'ng ngudi tieu ndng, san xult nhd, rudng d i t it, t u lieu san xult thu eong, lac hau, nang suit thip Do vay, t u tudng it nhiiu bao thd, t l m nhin han c h l L i i sing eua ngudi t i i u ndng vdi khdng it phong tue tap quan lae hau, bao thu edn t i n tai va tae dpng khdng nhd tdi sy phat triln epng ding Td' sau Caeh mang thang Tam, nhit la td' sau ehuyin sang kinh t l thj trudng, md CLPa, d i i mdi, ndng thdn Viet Nam da biin ddi nhiiu Tuy nhien, trinh dp phat trien eda xa hpi ndng thdn Viet Nam ehua cao; muc sing cda epng d i n g edn thip; tan d u nhd'ng tap tyc lae hau cdn nang; tinh trang c i n dae biet ehd y d nhd'ng vung cao, vdng sau, vung xa, vung khd khan Thw nam, xa hpi ndng thdn Viet Nam dang dugc phan chia nhd'ng khu vyc ed dac diim phat triln kinh t l xa hpi kha khac (Ble, Trung, Nam; miin ndi, trung du, d i n g bing, ven bien; dong bing B l e Bd, d i n g bang Nam Bd ) O m i i vung nay, trinh dp phat triln v l kinh t l , van hda, xa hpi dang kha khac nhau, vay, quan ly sy phat triln xa hpi phai chd y nhCpng dae diim Muc tieu eda Viet Nam d i n nam 2020 la trd mpt nudc edng nghiep Ndng thdn phai duge edng nghiep hda-hien dai hda Xa hpi ndng thdn phai duge cai biin NGUYEN CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA HOI d NONG 44 THGN Nhd'ng yeu kem, lac hau phai duge khle phuc Nong thdn duge dd thj hda d i n hoae dugc hien dai hda Cac djch vu xa hpi e i n phat triln dap irng t i t eho nhCrng nhu c l u Do vay, cham lo cho sy md rpng va tang cudng ca Iugng va chit cda eae loai hinh djch vu kinh t l xa hpi la yeu e l u t i t yeu ndng thdn ndi rieng D i n nam 2006, ty le hd dan dung dien tren pham vi ca nudc da dat 87,77%, tang g i n 10% so vdi nam 2001 N l u tinh theo s l thdn dung dien, eon s l tang la 25,62% Dd la mpt tyu Idn va chae c h i n tao d i l u kien thuan lgi eho san xult kinh doanh va cai thien dilu kien s i n g cho eu dan ndng thdn THU'C TRANG M Q T S DjCH VU XA HOI O NONG THON VIET NAM HIEN NAY Han c h l cua xay dyng va quan ly he thong djch vy cung Crng dien la he thing dien v l n ehua dap Crng dugc yeu eau v l nguin dien, ludi dien va ty le ton thit dien nang cdn eao Mpt s l cdng trinh dien khdng hoan ddng ke beach, gay thiiu dien thdi gian eao d i i m va ed ban ban hoae Id lyt nghiem trpng 2.1 Djch vu cung c l p dien Hien trang eda he thong eung e l p dien ndng thdn duge the hien qua bang dudi day (Xem Bang 1) Nhd'ng nam qua Nha nude da quan tam nhiiu va ed hieu qua d i n viee cung c l p dien cho nhan dan ndi chung va ngudi dan Chinh saeh xay dyng va quan ly k i t c l u t i n g ehua hoan ehinh Nha nude trung Bang Hien trang cung clp va su dung dien nong thon Ty le xa co Ty le thon co Ty le thon co dien dien % lu-oi quoc gia % dien % Chung Dong bang song H6ng Dong Bae Tay B§c B I C Trung Bp Nam Trung Bp Tay Nguyen Dong N a m Bp D6ng bang song Cicu Long Ty le ho dung dien % 2001 89,66 77,24 70,75 79,04 2006 98,90 92,39 87,77 87,77 2001 99,90 99,77 98,08 98,08 2006 100,00 98,59 98,58 99,94 2001 81,56 65,06 52,24 52,24 2006 99,94 97,93 79,10 92,18 51,02 2001 62,62 42,34 27,74 2006 93,42 73,94 58,32 76,78 2001 90,98 87,30 83,58 88,42 2006 99,09 96,48 93,50 97,28 2001 86,75 80,55 77,81 85,45 2006 99,00 95,99 92,90 96,99 2001 75,45 55,19 52,88 51,56 2006 99,47 89,36 88,15 87,26 2001 98,65 87,30 86,53 75,48 2006 100,00 97,04 96,49 78,41 2001 99,02 83,47 78,61 61,91 99,92 97,92 97,36 90,15 2006 NGUYEN CHi DONG - DjCH VU XA HQI d NONG THON uang va ehinh quyin dja phuang edn Idng tdng viee phan e l p d i u tu va quan ly k i t e l u t i n g dien nen hien tugng dudng dien keo v l d i n tram trung t h i , t h i nhung dien khdng d i n duge vdi thdn ban eda d i n g bao D i n g thdi ea c h l xay dyng thdy dien nhd tai thdn ban chua dugc quan tam ddng mCre nen cd tinh trang tu nhan hoac cae to chCre phi ehinh phd d i n xay dyng va e l p dien tai dja ban, dd n l u ed ea ehe phd hgp chinh quyin, nhan dan cd the lam dugc sdm ban, ddi s i n g dan eu cd ea hpi cai thien t i t ban 2.2 He thing djch vy eung e l p nude saeh Nam 1991, tai Dai hpi Dang toan q u i c l l n thu VII, Viet Nam da nhan t i n tai eua minh viee dam bao ddi song sinh boat cda nhan dan, dd ed v l n de nude saeh Dai hdi da nhan djnh, eung e l p nude saeh, giai quyit chit thai edng nghiep, bao ve mdi trudng sing la nhCrng t i n tai Idn Sau dd hang nam va nam, v l n d l eung e l p nude sach eho nhan dan ndi chung, cho eu dan ndng thdn ndi rieng, d i u dugc dua ban thao tai eae hpi nghi quan trpng eua Dang, eae chuang trinh phat trien kinh t l xa hpi cda d i t nude Cung c l p nudc saeh la met nhCrng djch vu xa hpi ma eae ea quan chiPC nang giai quyit chua dwgc nhiiu D i n nam 2001, kiim diim lai, "Ty le s l dan d ndng thdn dugc cung c l p nudc saeh mdi dat 40%, t h i p xa so vdi mye tieu" Do vay, chuang trinh q u i c gia xac djnh d i n nam 2005, cung e l p nude saeh cbe 60% dan so ndng thdn Nhu vay, cung e l p nude saeh cho ndng thdn cdn khdng it khd khan Nguyen nhan 45 ehinh dja ban ndng thdn rdng, k i t c l u t i n g thiiu d i n g bp, nhan thd-c ve dung nudc saeh cua cpng d i n g chua eao, chua thiy h i t y nghTa, t l m quan trpng cda viee eung c l p , SLP dyng nudc sach vdi SLPC khde eda eon ngudi Thu nhap cda ngudi dan ndng thdn cdn thip, thiiu kinh phi de trang trai eho viee SLP dyng djch vu cung c l p nudc saeh 2.3 Djch vy van hda, giao dye Dich vu van hda Mpt chd truang r i t dung d i n va tich eye eda Dang va Chinh phu Viet Nam la xay dyng va phat triln cac d i i m buu dien van hda xa Day la ca sd djch vy van hda eho phep t i l p can van minh hien dai d ndng thdn SCr dung hieu qua cae diim djch vy van hda xa ed y nghTa tich eye viee tan dyng ea hpi cda t i i n bd khoa hpe edng nghe d l phat trien san xult, kinh doanh, thy hudng nhCrng qua eua cdng nghe thdng tin hien dai Ben canh dd, cdng dang phat huy vai trd cda nd eung e l p djch vy van hda cho cdng dong dan cu Day la nai hpi hpp, sinh heat van hda, van nghe, to ehCre dam cudi hay eae sinh boat edng ddng khae O mpt s l xa, cdn lap cac thu vien edng cdng Dd la nai de eae t i n g Idp eu dan ndng thdn khai thae, trao ddi thdng tin, nang eao kiln thd-c He thing thu vien edng cpng nudc ta cdn ehua phat triln, nhung nhCrng gi ma eae vung ndng thdn dat dugc edng viee la met e l g i n g ldn d l thye hien phat triln van hda va phat triln kinh t l Cae s l lieu dudi day cho thiy hien trang cda ba loai hinh djch vy van hda (Xem Bang 2) 46 Nhu vay la, he thdng djch vy van hda, thdng tin da hinh va phat triln d eae xa, thdn H l u h i t cae thdn ban d i u ed nha van hda Day la k i t qua eua nhCrng n l lyc tap t h i cda chinb quyin, nhan dan nhd'ng c l ging thay ddi bp mat ndng thdn Day edng la nai sinh boat tap t h i dudi nhd'ng hinh thuc mdi, phu hgp, nhu sinh heat cda cac hpi, doan t h i , phd biin kiln thd'C khoa hpc, dpe saeh bao Thilt che van hda ca sd gdp phin tao n i n n i p sinh boat mdi d ndng thdn Tuy nhien, day la loai hinh djch vu van hda v l n c i n quan tam phat trien ban nua thdi gian tdi NGUYEN CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA Hdi d NdNG THON Bang Ty le xa cd diim buu dien van hda, nha van hoa va thu vien(%) Chung D6ng b i n g song H6ng Dong Bae Tay Bae BSc Trung Bp Nam Trung Bp Tay Nguyen Dong Nam Bp D6ng bang song Cu'u Long He thing djch vu buu dien van hda va he thing djch vu eong nghe thdng tin d ndng thdn dang dugc tang eudng nhanh va cd tae dpng manh me tdi ddi song van hda, tinh t h i n va san xult eua cu dan ndng thdn Hien tugng giao luu, giao t i l p vugt khoi pham vi eua dja phuang, dja ban khdng chi vdi Idp tre ma ea vdi nhieu Idp dan eu khae Dac biet, nhieu ndng dan da tiep thu kinh nghiem san xult, kiln thire khoa hpe va kiln thuc thj trudng ed lien quan d i n san xult eda minh nhd he thing cdng nghe Nhiiu ngudi dan ndng thdn b i t d i u cd thdi quen thu thap thdng tin va kiim tra thdng tin qua phuang tien edng nghe thdng tin d l hpc tap va djnh hudng san Thu vien Oi§m buu dien van hoa Nha van hoa 2001 55,60 14,94 7,74 2006 85,50 30,61 9,70 2001 71,20 30,06 11,19 2006 89,25 49,27 12,68 2001 48,98 7,74 3,71 2006 87,01 21,30 7,93 2001 35,67 10,63 3,61 2006 86,65 37,48 1,83 2001 62,43 19,28 7,37 2006 88,96 34,57 8,72 2001 54,73 4,51 6,70 2006 83,71 17,00 6,43 2001 45,54 9,70 2,57 2006 85,96 20,53 5,09 2001 43,34 13,66 11,47 2006 71,11 36,51 14,92 2001 53,51 6,97 9,67 2006 80,78 17,90 13,77 xult Day la he thing djch vy dang cd xu hudng phat trien nhanh, manh ban nCra thdi gian tdi Han c h l eda ITnh vyc la sy thiiu ding bp d i u t u va phat triln k i t elu t i n g buu ehinh v i i n thdng a eae vdng ndng thdn O vdng sau, vdng xa, vdng khd khan sdng vien thdng ehua dugc phd khip va sd' dung chua hieu qua Nhin ehung, d i u t u ea sd vat chit, edng nghe va tuyen truyin, hudng d i n cho nhd'ng ngudi e i n SU' dung cdng nghe thdng tin d nhiiu vung ndng thdn chua theo kjp nhu e l u Nhiiu ea sd vat chit, cdng nghe thdng tin chua duac khai thae hieu qua 47 NGUYEN CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA HQI d NONG THON Trong djch vy giao dye, be thing trudng Idp m l u giao edng la yeu t l quan trpng danh gia mipc hoan thien va dap ung nhu e l u giao due cda he thong giao due q u i c gia Bang eho thiy, mac dd cd nhiiu co g i n g nhung sy chenh lech v l ty le ldp hpc m l u giao giira cae vdng ndng thdn r i t ldn 6/8 vung ed ty le nha tre, m l u giao t h i p ban ty le trung binh ea nude Cd hai vdng cd ty le cao ban, dae biet vdng d i n g bing sdng Hing cao g i p ddi ty le trung binh eua ea nude Dich vu giao due Giae dye thdi dai kinh t l tri thCrc cd vai trd quan trpng Day la mpt nhd-ng ehi bao ea ban danh gia tiin bd xa hpi O Viet Nam, giao dye da duge Dang va Nha nude quan tam phat triln Cy t h i , hien tai, d h l u h i t cac xa da cd trudng t i i u hpe (99,26%) Nhiiu xa da ed trudng trung hpe ea sd Huyen da ed td- d i n trudng trung hpe p h i thdng Ngoai cac trudng trung elp, eao ding va dai hpe trung uang quan ly, d h l u h i t eae tfnh da cd trudng dai hpe va nhiiu trudng cao d i n g hoac trung e l p nghi Day la he thong djch vy kha phong phd dap d-ng nhu c l u hpc tap cda nhan dan s l Idp m l u giao t h i p nhu vay ed t h i hai nguyen nhan Mdt la, sy quan tam eda dja phuang va eua cha me cac em chua dd Hai Id, ehua ed sy phd hgp ve chinh saeh doi vdi giao vien, ehua thye hien tra luang td' ngan sach nha nudc vi nhiiu dja phuang ehua can ddi duge ngan Bang eho thiy mCre dp kien c l hda eda he thing trudng t i i u hpe d cae xa, phudng so sanh nam 2001 va 2006 Bang Mire dp kien c l hoa trudng tiiu hpc nam 2001 va 2006 (%) Co truang tieu hpc Chung Dong bang song Hong Dong Bae Tay Bae Bae Trung Bp Nam Trung bp Tay Nguyen Dong Nam bp Dong bang song CLPU Long Tru-ong kien CO Trudng ban kien CO Truang tam 30,83 63,68 5,49 99,26 52,20 46,26 1,54 99,90 60,47 37,94 1,59 2006 100,00 89,22 10,50 0,28 2001 99,89 17,07 69,74 13,17 2006 98,70 53,38 43,67 2,95 2001 100,00 16,51 61,21 22,28 2006 99,63 57,60 36,61 5,79 2001 99,91 2006 2001 2001 100,00 33,33 60,63 6,04 2006 99,98 62,21 36,13 1,66 2001 99,42 27,43 70,52 2,05 2006 99,57 40,86 58,63 0,51 2001 100,00 16,29 82,11 1,60 2006 95,44 34,11 64,55 1,34 2001 100,00 25,41 73,93 0,66 2006 99,52 28,96 70,64 0,04 2001 100,00 27,57 69,98 2,55 2006 99,46 34,12 64,72 1,16 48 N G U Y E N CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA HOI d NdNG THGN sach va yeu c l u quy md Idp m l u giao la 20 em/1 ldp, dieu khdng phd hgp vdi r i t nhiiu dja ban ndng thdn, dan cu sing thua thdt, d i l u kien di lai khd khan Ben canh dd, nhCpng hd trg eho djch vy giao dye d mpt s l vdng ndng thdn, nhit la ndng thdn vdng eao, vdng sau, vdng xa, vung khd khan ehua d i y du Nhdm xa hdi ndng thdn v l n la nhdm y i u t h i t i l p can he thing giao dye Ngay ea da t i l p can dugc thi sau dao tao, nhit la dao tao nghi, dao tao eao dang, dai hpe, so sinh vien trudng kiim dugc viec lam la r i t khd khan 2.4 Djch vu cham sdc va bao ve SCPC khde nhan dan Bang Ty le xa co Idp m l u giao va nha tre nam 2001 va 2006 (%) Lap mau giao Chung D6ong bling song Hong Dong Bae Tay Bae Bae Trung Bp Nam Trung bp Tay Nguyen Dpng Nam bp Nha tre 2001 85,07 35,17 2006 98,68 47,65 2001 99,42 85,73 2006 99 89 90.11 2001 73,33 15.65 2006 99,24 38 26 2001 61,29 20,49 2006 99,09 37.66 2001 97,36 45,18 2006 99,76 62,80 2001 85,74 6,84 2006 98.57 21.43 2001 74,85 17,43 2006 98,42 27,54 2001 77,40 22,26 35,08 Djch vy cham sdc, bao ve SCPC khde 8,20 81,89 2001 nhan dan gdm he thing eae ea sd Dong bang song Cu-u Long 13.85 94,63 2006 kham, ehCpa benh, phdng benh va t u vln He thing gdm eae benh vien chinb saeh phd hgp d l thdc d i y eae djch eae tuyin tir Trung uang xuing ea sd va vu xa hdi d ndng thdn phat triln Cu t h i , mang ludi cac tram y t l ea sd, y t l thdn Nha nude da ed ehd truang c l p miin phi ban O Viet Nam, he thing dugc nha bao bilm y t l cho cac d i i tugng xa hpi nude quan tam, phat triln kha bean chmh, ea ban thda man nhu c l u kham ehu-a benh nhu cha me Net sT, gia dinh chinh sach, va phdng benh cho nhan dan cac hd ngheo, ngudi dan d cac xa dae biet khd khan va dan eu cac dan tde thiiu s l d O eae vdng ndng thdn, tram y t l xa va Tay Ble, Tay Nguyen D i n nam 2006, da mang ludi y t l thdn ban ed vai trd r i t quan cd 12,17 trieu ngudi, chilm % va 1.294 trpng N l u phat huy t i t , nd se gidp phdng ngan hd (chilm ty le 9,4%) dugc c l p miin va giai quyit tdi 80% d i n 90% nhu e l u phi the bao b i l m y t l cham sdc sire khde cho nhan dan Mang ludi va s l bae sT tren d i u dan s l duge t h i hien Bang Nhu vay la, trung binh mpt xa ed mdt tram y t l Tinh v l so lugng, cd the thiy, d ndng thdn da cd mdt mang ludi y t l phd khip Trong dd Nha nude da dua mpt s l 2006 98,89 Xet mang ludi phyc vy y t l edn phai tinh d i n so lugng bae sT tren d i u dan Hien tai d cae vdng ndng thdn Viet Nam, trung binh bae sT phye vy eho 10.000 dan Duy n h i t ed dja ban, ddng b i n g sdng Hing va B l e Trung Bd, ed binh quan s l NGUYEN CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA HOI d NONG THdN bae sT cao han trung binh ca nudc la 1,1 bae sT D i l u dang phai quan tam la, hien tai d Viet Nam, s l ea sd kham ehd'a benh va bae sT dang edn thiiu song lai phan b l khdng d i u O ndng thdn vdng eao, vung sau, vdng xa, ngudi dan phai di 5-6km, tham chi 10-15km mdi tdi met trung tam kham, ehCra benh va tu v l n v l sire khoe Trong dd, d p h i , ngudi dan chi di 0,2km d i n 0,3km la cd t h i d i n mdt ea sd djch vy nhu vay Ngoai ra, djch vy kham ehd'a benh d p h i tap trung nhiiu thiy thule gidi ban d nong thdn D i l u cang lam cho djch vy cham sdc sire khde d cac vdng nong thdn y i u kem han d p h i tren nhiiu mat T i l p can vdi djch vu cham sdc sire khoe giu-a ndng thdn va thj dang cd nhiiu b i t binh d i n g ein phai ehd y giai quyit 49 Bang Ty le xa co tram y t l va s l lugng bae sT tren 10.000 dan Xa CO tram y t l (%) Chung Song H6ng Dong B3e Tay Bae B§e Trung Bp Nam Trung Bp Tay Nguyen Dong Nam Bp D6ng bang song Ciru Long Bae sT/ 10.000 dan 2001 99,45 2006 99,34 1,0 2001 100 1,0 2006 99,34 1,1 2001 99,30 0,8 2006 99,95 1,3 0,8 2001 100 0,2 2006 99,45 0,5 2001 99,69 0,8 2006 99,94 1,1 2001 99,27 0,6 2006 99,43 0,8 2001 99,82 0,8 2006 99,32 0,9 2001 99,33 0,7 2006 98,68 0,8 2001 99,1 0,7 2006 98,68 0,8 Nguin: Tdng cue thing ke Kit qua ting dilu tra ndng then, ndng nghiep va thuy san nam 2006; Nxb Thing ke, 2007 Phin kit qua chung, tr 146-148 2.5 He thing djch vy thuang mai d ndng thdn Hien tai, d ndng thdn Viet Nam, he thing djch vy thuang mai phuc vu ddi sing nhan dan da kha phong phd He thing bao g i m chg, eae cu-a hang ban le tu nhan va mpt s l sieu thj Rieng sieu thj, chi cd mpt s l mdi dwgc xay dyng d vdng ven Ndng dan va eu dan ndng thdn chua tilp can nhiiu Do vay, he thing djch vu xa hdi eho ddi sing eu dan ndng thdn, hien tai, chd y i u v l n la he thing chg va cu-a hang ban le tu nhan Vdi chg, day la dja diim giao luu kinh t l tCr ngan xua eua eu dan ndng thdn Khdng mdt vung ndng thon nao khdng cd chg, mac dd kinh t l hang boa lde dd ehua phat triln Trong qua trinh doi mdi va phat triln kinh t l xa hpi hien nay, chg ndng thdn v l n dwgc eoi la mdt djch vy thuang mai thilt y i u phyc vy nhu c l u phat triln kinh tl-xa hdi d ndng thdn Hien tai, mdi cd ban nCra s l xa ed chg (2 xa cd chg) O nhd'ng vdng khd khan nhu Tay Nguyen, Tay Ble, Ddng Ble, ty le xa cd chg eon t h i p ban nd'a, ehi khoang 30% O nhd'ng vdng nay, giao luu kinh t l hang hda khd ed d i l u kien phat triln nhanh Cung c l , phat triln chg ndng thdn, rd rang, dang la v l n d l e i n quan tam ehiln lugc phat triln kinh tl-xa hdi d ndng thdn Viet Nam hien 50 NGUYEN CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA HOI NONG THdN MOT S K H U Y £ N NGHI N H A M TANG CLfONG HIEU QUA CAC DjCH VU XA HQl O NONG THON VIET NAM HIEN NAY Viet Nam dang qua trinh edng nghiep hda-hien dai hda Ndng thdn dang tCrng bude thay d i i De dap Crng t i t qua trinh thay ddi nay, e i n tang cudng he thong cac djch vu xa hpi tren nhCrng ITnh vyc sau day 3.1 Cdng e l , hoan thien va tang eudng he thing djch vy c l p dien, e l p nude sach eho cac vung ndng thdn Dam bao d i n nam 2015, 100% s l hd ed dien sd' dung Giam t i i da viee e l t dien tdy tien d l dam bao dien eho san xult va eho ddi sing Nha nudc thing nhit quan ly mang ludi dien va ho trg gia dien eho epng dong dan eu ndng thdn Nang eao ty le hp ndng dan SLP dyng nude saeh, dam bao d i n nam 2015, 80% dan c u ndng thdn dwgc SLP dung nude saeh D l lam dwgc dilu nay, c i n phai cai tao tCpng budc he thing c l p nude saeh cho cae vdng ndng thdn, d i n g thdi ching d nhiim mdi trudng nude, bao g i m ca nude mat, nude nglm va nude biin O ndng thdn, d l bao ve cac nguin nudc, ching d nhiim, c i n chd y SLP dung phan, thule bao ve thye vat hgp ly, d i n g thdi kien quyit ching lai viee d l chit thai dpe hai td- cac khu edng nghiep vao khu vyc ndng thdn, d i n g thdi thye hien t i t viee thu gom, xd- ly rac thai sinh hoat td' epng dong dan eu Tuyen truyen, nang cao y thd'C ngudi dan d l bao ve mdi trudng, dae biet la mdi trudng nudc va tham dpng thye vat 3.2 Giao dye thdi dai kinh t l tri thCpc dang la mpt ITnh vyc phai dugc quan tam dae biet Giao due d ndng thdn hien dang edn khdng it khd khan Trudc m i t e i n bean thien va kien co hda he thing trudng, ldp hpe d ndng thdn, k l ca ndng thdn vung sau, vung xa, vdng khd khan Dam bao giao due cap t i i u hpc Xda Idp hpe tam, Idp hpe lam b i n g tranh tre nCpa la Tang cudng, uu tien xay dyng cac trudng m l u giao, nha tre, d i n g thdi ed chinh sach khuyin khich giao vien len cac vdng cao, vung sau, vdng xa cdng tae, Trg gidp hpe sinh ngheo; phat triln he giao due ban edng, t u thye, Tao mdi trudng xa hpi hda giao dye lanh manh; phat triln he thing djch vy cung c l p saeh giao khoa, d l dung giang day ed chit lugng, dam bao tieu ehuin, dap Cpng yeu c l u eua ca he thing giao dye, 3.3 Hoan thien va nang eao chit lugng dich vu cham sdc va bao ve SCPC khoe nhan dan He thong djch vy cham sdc SLPC khde nhan dan d cae vdng ndng thdn ca ban dap ipng yeu c l u Tuy vay, c i n phai hoan thien ban nd'a mang ludi y t l thdn ban Tang eudng chit lugng djch vy eda tram y t l xa Dam bao moi xa ed it nhit mpt bae sT va mdt can bd y t l chuyen khoa sau D i n g thdi dam bao dd trang thilt bj c i n thilt eho mdi tram y t l ; nang eao chit lugng kham ehd'a nhCpng benh thdng thudng d ea sd; chuyin kjp thdi cho nhd'ng benh nhan ma tuyin dudi khdng dd dilu kien giai quyit Cham sdc sire khde sinh san, nang cao chit lugng dan s l , dua djch vu k l hoach hda gia dinh v l g i n dan cdng la giai phap quan trpng d l tang eudng he thong djch vy y t l , nang eao chit lugng sdng cda epng ding 3.4 Ph?* triln mang ludi thdng tin, nang eao chit lugng djch vu thdng tin che cpng N G U Y E N CHi DUNG - DICH VU XA HOI NONG THON dong dan cu ndng thdn Trude hit phai hoan thien he thing truyin thdng, gom ca truyin thdng dai chung va truyin thdng tryc tilp nhim thda man nhu c l u thong tin van hda, van nghe, giai tri cua eae nhdm xa hpi O ndng thdn, dac biet chd y he thing truyin d xa, thdn, lam eho he thing dap irng yeu c l u thdng tin ea phat triln san xult va ddi sing Treng thdi dai cdng nghe thdng tin phai edng e l va tang eudng chit lugng mang thong tin nhit la chit lugng boat dpng cae diim buu dien-van hda Khuyin khieh eae vdng ndng thdn phat trien djch vy Internet phuc vy eho nhu c l u san xult, tieu thy hang hda va cho ddi sing eua ngudi dan Tilp tyc xay dyng, nang c l p , quan ly va SLP dung cac nha van hda xa, thdn, d l cac 51 nha van hda trd nhd'ng dja d i i m djch vu xa hpi ed chit lugng dap Cpng nhu c l u van hda, van nghe, the thao, vui chai giai tri va djch vu dam eudi cho epng ddng 3.5 T i l p tyc quan tam xay dyng va phat triln he thing djch vy thuang mai phu hgp d t i t ea cac vung ndng thdn Trude h i t dam bao mdi xa ed mpt chg va cd he thing eung u-ng vat tu, hang hda thuan Igi eho san xult va ddi s i n g epng ddng He thing phai duge phan b l thuan Igi, phd hgp eho td-ng d i i m dan cu Lam cho he thong djch vy thuang mai gdp p h i n phat triln san xult, luu thdng hang hda, thda man va nang eao ddi sdng nhan dan, dong thdi la e l u noi gidp ndng thdn Viet Nam g i n k i t chat ehe vdi thj d l phat triln b i n vd'ng • {Tiip theo trang 59) La Thj Ble Ly 2003 Van hgc tre em Ha Npi: Nxb Dai hpe Su pham Nguyin Kien 1987 Vi swc twdng twgng cua ding thoai Bae Van nghe, s l 14 Ngo Quan Mien 1982 Dong thoai vdi viec boi dwdng tam hon cac em Trong: Vi tre tha Ha Npi: Nxb Tac phim mdi 10 Nhiiu tac gia 1960 Kinh nghiem viit cho cac em Ha Npi: Nxb Van hpc 11 Nhiiu tac gia 1983 Twdien van hgc Ha Npi: Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi 12 Nhiiu tac gia (djch) 1984 Nhi ddng van hgc thap bat giang Thilm Tay: Nxb Thiiu nien Nhi ding 13 Nhiiu tac gia 2000 Tw diin thuat ngCr van hgc Ha Npi: Nxb Giao due 14 Phan Ngpc 2002 Ban sic van hda Viet Nam Ha Npi: Nxb Van hoc 15 Pham Thj Hao 2008 Khdi niem vd thudt ngw ly luan van hgc Trung Qudc Ha Npi: Nxb Van hpc 16 Td Hoai 1968 Tdi viet ding thoai: De Men, Chim Gay, Bd Ndng Tap chi Van hpc, s l 10 17 Tudng Phong 1982 Nhi dong van hgc khai luan H i Nam: Nxb Thiiu nien Nhi ding 18 Van Thanh 1982 Truyen viit cho thiiu nhi dwdi chi mdi Ha Npi: Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi ' ' 19 Van Hing 1997 Mwcri nam ghi nhan Ha Npi: Nxb Kim Ding 20 Vd Quang 1982 Lai ndi vi truyen dong thoai cho thiiu nhi Tap chi Van hpc s l 21 Vu Ngpc Binh 1985 Ddi diiu tam dac Ha Npi: Nxb Kim Ding LE NHAT KY - VE CACH HIEU TRUYEN DONG Theo li thuyit Trung Hoa, dd ehinh la "ding thoai nghT nhan thi", mpt hinh thipc dugc xem la r i t phd biin ding thoai, nhit la d i n g thoai hien dai Nhu vay, li thuyit d i n g thoai Trung Hoa ch? dugc tilp nhan mpt phin, va dd la phin can ban nhit Nguyen nhan tryc tilp dua d i n nhan thCpc ehinh la nhd'ng bai viit cua Ha Nghi, Kim Can Trong cac bai viit eda hai tac gia nay, luan d i i m v l hinh thue "tilng chim, Idi thd", nhan each hda loai vat da duge nhln di nhln lai nhiiu l l n Va khdng phai ngiu nhien ma bai viit d i u tien v l truyen ddng thoai, nhu-ng Oe Men phidu Iwu ky, Cdi Tit cua Meo da duge djnh danh la truyen d i n g thoai (Vd Ngpc Binh, 1985, in lai, tr 8) Thw ba, phan biet truyen e l tich va dong thoai, xem dd la hai t h i loai van hpe hien dai cd m i l quan he hp hang ba eon nhung la hai thye t h i dec lap Day la he qua cda each hilu "truyen ding thoai la truyen loai vat nhan each hda" dua lai Nhu vay, cac truyen nhdm "sieu nhan t h i dong thoai", "thudng nhan t h i ding thoai", ehdng ta thong nhit gpi la truyen c l tich Xet ky, d i n g thoai va cd tieh d i u td' mpt cpi ma ra; sy khae gid'a ehdng n i m d phuang dien nhan vat N l u nhan vat truyen dong thoai la loai vat thi d truyen eo tieh hien dai "la nhd-ng ngudi eu t h i , binh thudng, cd tam trang, ed tinh each rd rang va ludn bilt ehu ddng, hanh ddng" (La Thj Ble Ly, 2000, tr 122) Chdng tdi eho ring, k i t qua phan chia t h i loai nhu vay da gidp tranh dugc mdt khd khan ma nhu nha nghien CLPU Chu Xuan Dien tung thira nhan ban v l khai niem truyen c l tieh (dan gian): "Khai niem truyen e l tieh cd mdt ndi dung kha rdng ( ), da cd khd khan THOAI, 59 viee xac djnh eho khai niem truyen c l tieh mpt npi dung that chat ehe" (Chu Xuan Dien, 1983, tap II, tr 425) Tdm lai, "Dong thoai theo Dao Duy Anh la "Truyen chep eho tre em" {Tw diin HanViet) Nhung nghTa thdng thudng lau v l n dung, d i n g thoai ed nghTa hep ban: truyen loai vat duge nhan each hda" (Van Hing, 1997, tr 83) Cach hieu v l truyen ddng thoai nhu vay da t i n tai d Viet Nam g i n nu-a t h i ky nay, mang dau I n rieng eua epng d i n g van chuang Viet Nam Chdng tdi cho dd la k i t qua t i t y i u eda mdt n i n van hda v l n giau kha nang dung hda, nhu Dao Duy Anh td'ng nhan xet Viet Nam van hda sw cwang (1938) Chdng ta tdn trpng each hilu nay, d i n g thdi cd nhiem vu ban bae, t i l p tyc lam sang rd nhd-ng d i u hieu dac trung eda truyen dong thoai, xet tren t u each mpt t h i loai V l n d l dae trung the loai, ehdng tdi xin dwgc trinh bay mdt bai viit khae • T A I L I E U THAM K H A O Chau Minh Hung-Le Nhat Ky 2003 Van hgc cho thiiu nhi Quy Nhon: Dai hpc Quy Nhon Chau Minh Hung-Le Nhat Ky 2009 He thing thi loai van hgc thiiu nhi Ha Npi: Nxb Giao due Dae Duy Anh 1932 Han-Viet twdiin Npi: Quan Hai tung thu Ha Djnh Hai 1983 Truyen ddng thoai viet cho Ida tudi nhi ddng Bao Van nghe, s l 38 Hoang Van Sinh 2001 Nhi ddng van hgc khii luan Thugng Hai: Nxb Van nghe Kim Can 1961 Sang tic ddng thoai va nhd'ng vin di khac Ha Npi: Nxb Van hpc (Xem tiip trang 51) ... eua xa hdi Viet Nam Anh hdng, dung cam la truyen thong quy bau cua ca dan tde Viet Nam, trudc h i t la eua cdng ding dan eu ndng then Viet Nam Thw ba, epng ding dan tde Viet Nam bao g i m ca... bang Nam Bd ) O m i i vung nay, trinh dp phat triln v l kinh t l , van hda, xa hpi dang kha khac nhau, vay, quan ly sy phat triln xa hpi phai chd y nhCpng dae diim Muc tieu eda Viet Nam d i n nam. .. sanh nam 2001 va 2006 Bang Mire dp kien c l hoa trudng tiiu hpc nam 2001 va 2006 (%) Co truang tieu hpc Chung Dong bang song Hong Dong Bae Tay Bae Bae Trung Bp Nam Trung bp Tay Nguyen Dong Nam
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