Lòng tin xã hội ở thanh niên đô thị

LONG TIN XA HOI THANH NIEN DO THI TS LS Van H5o Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hoc vdn hod, Viin Tdm ly hoc T6M TAT Cdc nghiin cAu trin thi' gidi cho thdy Idng lin xd hdi li cdc yiu id quan trgng, cd tuang quan ihudn vdi tdng trudng kinh ti' vd hiiu sudi kinh te thi trudng, cung cdp cdc dich vu cdng mdt cdch cdng bdng, su hap Idc, hdi hda vimdtxa hdi Ldng tin xd hdi cdng cd tdm quan trgng ddi vdi mice hdi Idng vd hgnh phuc cudc sing, su Igc quan, site khoe, phiic lai, su tham gia, linh cdng ddng, xd hdi ddn su Ket qud nghiin cUu trin mdu chgn 800 Ihanh nien (tudi trung binh 22) a thdnh phd ldn Id Hd Ndi, Dd Ndng, thdnh phdHd Chi Minh vd Cdn Thacho thdy, chi sd long tin xd hdi cua niin dd thi d mice trung binh khd hoac ngudng dudi cua mile khd Trong cdc nhdm xa hdi, gia dinh Id nhdm dugc tin tudng nhdt, ngudi la (cing ddn Igc vd nude ngodi) Id nhdm "ddng nghi ngd" nhdt Khdc vdi Iruyen Ihdng, hdng xdm Irong bdi cdnh dd thi chi xep trin nhdm ngudi Ig vi mice ddng tin cdy Ttt khoa: Ldng tin xd hdi; niin; niin dd Ihi Ngdy nhdn bdi: 6/8/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 20/9/2012 Dat vi'n de Ndi mflt each ngin gpn, Idng tin xa hfli (spcial trust) li nidm tin vio su chinh trtre, ding tin ciy cia nhimg ngudi khic Ldng tin xa hfli hay cdn gpi la ldng tin hfln ca nhin (interperspnal trust) dua trfln cic trai nghiflm true tidp vdi nhttng ngttdi khic vi cd lien quan dfl'n ngudn vfl'n xa hfli (social capital) Lxmg tin xa hoi li yflu td cin ban cho mflt cufle sfl'ng xa hfli vin minh (Newton, 2012) C:ic nghifln cdn gin diy cho thiy, long tin xa hfli lim ting mflt cich ding kd xic suit ddng thud cia cic cflng din Ndi cich khac, l i mttc dfl long tin va mttc dfl ddng thud cua cflng din cd tupng quan thuin vdi Ldng tin cttng ting cudng vi cai thiftn sir hijp tic xa hfli (gitta cflng din vdi vi gitta cflng din vi Chinh phi) (Scholtz and Lubell, 1998, din theo Newton, 2012) Cic nha nghifln cuti khic cung tranh luin ring, long tin xa hfli cd tuong 38 TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012 quan thuin voi trang thai hai ldng cua ngudi din, su phat tridn kinh tfl', tinh hifli* qua cua thd chfl vi tupng quan nghich vdi ti Ifl tfli pham (Arrow K., 1972; Fukuyama F., 1995, Putnam R.D., 1995; Hagan J., Merkens H., Boehnke K., 1995) Fukuyama (1995) cdn cho ring, long tin quyflT djnh kflT qui hoat dflng cua tit ca cic thd chfl' Ldng tin xa hfli gitta cic cflng din se tic dflng dfl'n mflt loat hien tupng siu rflng bao gdm ca tang trudng kinh te vi biflu suit kinh td tbi trudng, cung ci'p cic sin phim, djch vu cflng mflt cich cflng bing, su hpp tac, hai hda vfl mat xa hfli Ldng tin xa hfli cung c6 tim quan ddi vis mttc dp hii long vi hanh phuc cufle sdng, sir lac quan, stte khoe, phuc loi, su tham gia, tinh cflng ddng, xi hfli din sir VI du, Ronald Inglehart (1997) vi Robert Putnam (2000) nhin manh ring, ldng tin xa hfli li td cin ban dd phit tridn milt vin hda din su (civic culture) Nfl'u ldng tin xa hfli quan trpng nhu viy thi viflc ludng vi xic djnh chi s6^ Idng tin xa hfli li didu rit hfln Ich vi iS thtt (European Social Survey, 2012) Cac nghifln ettn xuyfln vin hda phit hifln long tin xa hfli dat mttc dfl cao nhit d cic quoc gia thuin nhit, binh ding, thjnh vupng nhu cac qufl'c gia Bic Au, trpng dd, nd cd xu hudng thip nhit d cac nude Nam My, chiu Phi va mflt sd nude chiu A (Pew Research Center, 2007) Trong bflT canh thd gidi noi chung va Viet Nam ndi riflng hifln nay, nghifln cun Idng tin xa hfli d mflt nhom din cu dang trai qua nhidu bifl'n dflng nhu nifln dfl thj li viec lim cd y nghTa thuc tien Phuong phap nghifln ciiu Phuong phap Chttng tfli dung chi sd ldng tin xa hfli gdm item m i nhidu nghifln ettn khic trfln thd gidi da vi dang stt dung (DaUon R., Nhu-Ngoe T Ong, 2006; Pew Research Center, 2007, Dalton, Russel, 2006) Thuc chit cic item ed ngudn gdc ttt thang cia Rosenberg (1957) Item lifln quan dfl'n su dang tin ciy, item lifln quan dfl'n su giup dd, item lien quan den su cflng bing ttt nhttng ngudi khac qua su dinh gii cia chinh ngudi dupe phdng vin Chgn mdu Miu nghifln cttu 820 nifln, tudi ttt 18 dfl'n 30 (tudi trung binh li 22) dang sinh sdng va lim viflc tai thinh phd Hi Npi, Di Nang, phd Hd Chi Minh va Cin ThP Tai mdi thinh phd lai chpn cic quin/phudng thuflc khu vuc cu/dupe hinh thinh ttt liu vi quin/phudng mdi dupe thinh lip theo phucmg phip phin tang, ngiu nhien Cd 20 phidu khflng dat yeu ciu thidu qua nhidu thflng tin cin thiflT nfln da bi loai bd, cdn lai 800 phifl'u, dd, nifln Hi Npi chidm 24,9%; nifln Da Ning chidm 25,2%; nifln phd Hd Chi Minh chidm 24,9% vi nifln Cin Tho chidm 25% Trong tdng miu, nam chidm 55,8% va ntt chidm 44,3%, 11,6% da kdt hon TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012 39 Ket qua nghifln ciiu Chi s6' ldng tin xd hdi: ngu&i cd ddng tin cdy, gUp dd, cdng bang? Ndi chung, ban cho ring, hiu bflT mpi ngudi d cflng ddng ndi ban sfl'ng li nhung ngudi cd thd tin ciy dupe hay li ban lufln phii cin thin vdi hp? Item niy dupe thidt kd thep dang Likert vdi mttc dfl ttt mttc (1) "lufln cin thin vdi hp" dfl'n mttc (4) "hiu bfl't cd thd tin ciy dupe" Gitta cue niy li mttc nghiflng vd phia "lufln cin thin vdi hp" vi mttc nghiflng vd phia "hiu hdt cd thd tin ciy dupe" n ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H 20 10 30 50 40 60 70 80 • Luon ph^l i:^n thdn viji-i ho a HSu het o l h ^ tin cay 6u-o'c 90 10 Phin ldn thdi gian, nhOng ngttdi xung quanh ban la nhung ngudi lufln cd ging giup dd ngudi khac hay li hp chi quan lira dfl'n ban thin? Tupng tu nhu item vtta nflu tren, item niy cung cd mttc dfl ttt mttc (1) "lufln cd ging giup dd ngudi khic" dfl'n mttc (4) la "chi quan tim dfl'n ban thin" Mttc (2) va (3) nim gitta hai diu mut ^ 10 20 30 40 50 D L u d n c d g d r g giup d o ngi/b"! khdc 60 70 • Chi quan tdm d d n ban thdn Phin ldn mpi ngudi ddu ed ging liji dirng ban nfl'u hp cd co hfli hay la hp lufln cd ging ddi x i cflng bing vdi ban cung nhu vdi ngudi khic? Item cung cd mttc dfl ttt mttc (1) "cd ging dflT xtt cflng bing" dfl'n mttc (4) la "ipi diing cd cp hfli" Mttc (2) va (3) nim gitta hai diu mfit 40 TAP CH( TAM LY HOC, Sd 10 (163), 10 - 2012 50 DC6 gang ddi xd'cdng bdng 60 90 100 BLoi dung k Didm trung binb cua item li 2,68, item la 2,63, item li 2,70 Die'm trung binh cia ca item hay cua chi sd Idng tin xa hfli cua nifln li 2,67 trfln thang didm Nfl'u chia thang didm lim khoang ddu (ttt dfl'n didm li mttc thip, ttt ldn hon ddn didm la mttc trung binh/gitta vi ttt ldn hon dfl'n didm la mttc cao thi cd thd coi 2,67 li thuflc mttc trung binb, chi liflT hon li trung binh ngudng trfln, cin mttc kbi Didu dang ndi li trpng sd item, ntt nien cd xu httdng thd hien ldng tin xa hfli d mttc cao hon so vdi nam nifln, cu thd la item lifln quan ddn su giup dd va cflng bing nhu the bien bang dudi diy Bdng 1: So sdnh mice long tin xd hdi gia nam vd nit Ihanh niin DTB NO DLC DTB DLC ^fbung ngudi xung quanh lufln cd gang giup dd ngudi khac hay chi quan tim de'n ban thin? 2,71 0,800 2,57 0,877 M.,.M.^ Phin Ifln deu cfl ging ItJi dung ban bay lufln cfl ging doi xtt cflng bing vdi ban va ngucri khac? 2,77 0,921 2,65 0,918 M„,