Thấu cảm và hành vi ủng hộ xã hội ở thanh niên

THAU CAM VA HANH VI UNG HO XA HOI THANH NIEN Nghien ciru di/ac tai tro bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) de tai: Hanh vi ung ho xa hoi d nien Viet A/am; Ma sd: VI1.12012.09; PGSTS Le Van Hao lam chu nliiem PGS.TS 06 Ngpc Khanh Trudng phong Phong Tdm ly hgc Idm sang, Vien Tdm ly hgc * TOM TAT Nghien cuu ndy duac thuc hien tren ! 200 nien (tuoi tir 15 den 26 tuoi trung binh todn mdu 18,31), dang sinh song & Hd Noi, Tuyen Quang, Binh Dinh, thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh vd An Giang, nhdm tim hieu muc thdu cdm cua nien vd mdi tuang quan v&i hanh vi ung ho xa hoi cua ho Ket qud nghien ciru cho thdy, mire thdu cdm ciia nien, cd ve mat nhin nhdn tic quan diem cua ngudi khdc Idn quan tdm thdu cdm, dat mire trung binh khd Mire thdu cdm cua nien khdc theo gidi tinh, nai cu tru, lira tuoi Cd moi tuang quan thuan gitea muc thdu cdm v&i hanh vi ung ho xd hoi, dgng ca hanh vi img ho xa hoi vd mire lap luan ve mat dao due dua quyel dinh hanh dgng cua nien Tu- khoa: Thdu cdm; Hanh vi ung ho xd hoi; Thanh nien Ngdy nhdn bdi: 6/6/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi - 25/5/2017 ABSTRACT This study was conducted on 1,200 young people aged 15 to 26 years old, with the average is IS 3! living in Hanoi, Tuyen Quang, Binh Dinh Ho Chi Minh City and An Giang, to examine their level of empathy and its correlation with pro-social behaviors The results showed that the empathy among surveyed youth, both from the perspectivelaliing and sympathetic rea.soning was al medium level The levels of empathy among youth varied by gender, cultural background and age This study found a positive correlalion hcnvven levels of empathy and pro-.social behaviors, motives of pro-social behaviors, and moral reasoning when it comes to decision-making Keywords: Empathy Social support; Youth Dat van de Da CO nhieu nghien cuu chi tam quan cua ihiu cam vice hinh hanh vi ung ho \a hoi Nghien ciru cua Jusenbcrg va Musscn (1978) cho 36 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So (219), 6-2017 thay, kha nang dat minh vao dia vi xa bdi cua ngudi kbac la ylu td quyet djnh bong pbat biln banb vi ung bg xa bdi va nang lire xa hdi cua ngudi Theo tbuylt Nban thirc xa hdi, viec dat mmh vao dja vj xa bdi cua ngudi khac la dita kita can tbilt cbo su thich nghi xa bdi ciia be em idn Ita (Kohlberg, LaCrossse va Ricks, 1972) Viec dat minh vao dja v j xa bdi cua ngudi kbac la viec dat minh vao dja vj cam xuc va nhan thiic cua ngudi dl hita cam xuc va suy nghi ciia bg (Kaplan va Arbuthno, 1985) Dat minh vao dia vj cam xiic ciia cdn dugc ggi la su tblu cam, la mgt td quan bong eiia nhan thirc xa hoi, la su nhan biet cam xuc cua ngudi khac va chia se cam xuc (Kalliopuska, 1983) Tir 200 nam nay, cac phan irng cua ngudi budc trai nghiem ciia ngudi khac - hita brgng than cam (empathy) - da dugc chu y va ban chat da chilu cua nd cung dugc fbira nban (Davis, 1980) Cd nhilu each hilu va dinh nghTa khai niem than earn Cd the dinh nghia thau cam ve mat nhan thuc, lita quan den hita ngudi kbac, thiiy dugc quan diem ciia ngudi kbac Vi du, Hogan (1969) md ta thau cam nhu "su nam bat ve mat tri tue va hinh dung dugc cac dita kita hay trang thai tam ly ciia nguiri khac ma khdng can phai trai nghiem thuc te cac cam nhan cua ngudi dd" (din theo Davis, 1980, Vc 308) Mat khac, thau cam ciing cd the duge djnh nghia la su tiing kich thich ve mat cam xuc hay ddng cam bong phan img ddi vdi bai nghiem hay cam nban cua ngucri khac, dd la "su phan ung tang cao Ita, su dap img nhiet tinh ddi vdi trai nghiem cam xuc cua mdt ngucri khac" (Mehrabian va Epstein, 1972, tr 526) Cudi cimg, nbita ngudi di theo hudng tiep can tich hgp giira each tiep can nhan thiic va cam xuc de nghien cim thau cam Theo nghTa dd, thau cam dugc xem xet nhu mgt khai niem da chieu Diem quan trgng la cac chieu canh dd dta lien quan den phan img cua mijt ngudi ddi vdi trai nghiem ciia ngucri khac Day la each bep can hgp ly cho nghien cim ve thau cam va hanh vi iing bd xa hdi d nien ma chung tdi thuc hita Mgt mat thau cam la mot trang thai cam xuc, sy phan irng nhanh ve mat cam xiic ciia mot ca nhan trudc trai nghiem ciia ngudi khac (Davis, 1983); mat khac, thau cam la kha nang dat minh vao dja vj nhan thirc ciia ngudi khac, cd nghTa la kha nang cua ca nhiin hita nhan thirc ciia ngudi khac, hita suy nghT su cd gang va dgng co ciia hg hay don gian la kha nang nhin nhan tir quan diem cua ngudi khac Vi vay, thau cam la mdi ngudn quan trgng ddng gop cho hanh vi vi tha va giup dd (Eisenberg va cdng su, 1987) lanh \ i iing hi) xa hdi, dd hanh vi mang linh vj Iha (vi ngudi khac) la mire phat trien cao ciia than cam (Batson, 1998; HolTman, 2000) Batson (2000) da dua gia thuyet (sau dugc nhieu nghien ciru chimg minh, khSng djnh) mdi lien he cimg chita giira thau cam va hanh vi \ i tha Theo dd, "su thiu cam vdi ngudi dang can giiip se khoi day dgng co giiip ngudi dd Trong banh ddng muc tieu cudi ciing cua viec giiip khdng phai la liim Igi cho ban than; dd chi la cac he qua ngoai y djnh" (Batson va Shaw 1991 ti, 114), Phan img hay TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd (219), - 2017 37 bilu hita xdc cam, hilu sau vl mat xuc cam (cOa ngudi dang gjp khd khSn) va dat miiJi vao hoan canh bay vai trd ciia ngudi khac da dugc chiing minh la nhimg yiu td du bao manh cho banh vi ling bg xS hoi (Roberts va Sfrayer, 1996) Hai tac gia ciing dua md binh vl thiu c4m va banb vi ung ho xa hoi nhu binh I dudi day: Hinh I; Thdu cdm vd cdc bien sd lien quan (cdc nguyen nhdn vdyeu to du bdo hanh vi iing ho xa hdi}: Mot md hinh ly thuyit (Roberts va Strayer, 1996) Ngoai ra, cac phan irng thau cam cd lita quan dta cac ddnh gid (ve ddi bdi cua tinh hudng, ngudn luc tir ngudi khac, trang thai cam xiie cua ngudi khac va ban than, cac kha nang phan irng thay the) va cac quyet dinh (lira chgn va thuc hita mdt phan img) Nhu vay, thau cam ddng vai trd thuc day phan irng iing hg xa hdi, dac biet la d ngudi Idn Sir can du ve mat cam xijc thau cam tao dgng luc cho eac hanh vi ung hd xa bdi Mdt sd ngbita cim cbo thay, so sanh hai nhdm thieu nita pham phap va nita binb thudng cbo thSy hanh vi ung hd xa bdi cua nhdm nita pham phap hoac tre cd rdi nbita hanh vi thap hem nita binb thudng la sir thiu cam eiia bg tblp hem (Chandler, 1973; Schonert-Reicbl, 1993; Cohen va Strayer, 1996) Mgt sd ngbita ciiu khac cQng chi mdi tucmg quan giOa mire nhin nban br quan diem cua ngudi kbac va dat minh vao dja vj xiic cam cua ngudi kbac vdi lap luan dao dire cua nita vl banh vi ung hg xa hoi Kalliopuska (1983), Selman (1971), Eisenberg-Berg va Mussen (1978), Eisenberg (1987, 1991, 1995), cbo thay, ngudi cang cd kha nang nhin nban ttr quan dilm ciia ngudi kbac tbi cd mire lap luan dao dire cang cao 38 TAP CHITAM Lf HOC, Sd6 (219), - 2017 Ban vl thau cam, cac nha ngbita ciiu cdn dl cap dta mdi quan tam mang tinh chit thiu cam - ggi ngin ggn la quan tam thiu cam Quan tam thau cam theo each hilu cila Batson (2008) - la phan img cam xuc djnh budiig vao ngudi kbac va dap img igi ich ciia ngudi dang gap khd khan Quan tam tbiu cam mang tinh chat djnh hudng vao ngudi kbac, lien quan din cam nban vi ngudi kbac Nd bao gdm cam giac thdng cam/thuong cam, ddng Idng ttSc kn, sir nban hau va cac cam giac tuong tu Nhu thi, quan tam tbiu cam kbac vdi sir lay Ian cam xiic bay cdng hudng xiic cam Batson (2008) lap luan rtag, su quan tam thIu cam vdi ngudi dang gap khd khan se tao dgng eg vj tha lam giam nbe khd khan dd It nhat cd kba nang lien quan din Igi ich cua chu tbI banh vi cd thi dung ly giai banb vi giup dg thau cam tag Thir nhat, lam nhu vay de giam cam giac tang kich thich giam mdi quan tam thau cam chiing kita mdt ngudi kbac dang gap khd khan Thir hai, de tranh bj trirng phat ve mat xa bdi bay tu trirng pbat ban than (vi du, cam thiiy ay nay, tdi Idi) Thii ba, de tim kiem phan thudng - thu dugc phta thudng tir ngudi kbac hoac chinh minh (vi du, cam thay hanh dita) Batson va nhimg ngudi theo quan dilm cua dng khdng phu nhan cac Igi ich vita liet ke nhung bg cho rang, lam Igi cho ban than khdng pbai la muc tita eudi ciing cua hanh vi giup do thau cam tao ra, neu cd thi dd chi la he qua khdng nam y dinh Nhirng ngudi iing hg cho lya chgn vj ky khdng ddng y vdi each ly giai trta Hg cho rang, mdt hay hon mgt sd cac Igi ich vj ky vira neu tren chinh la muc tieu eudi eiing - la ddng luc tao mdi quan tam thau cam Phu'gng phap nghien cii'u Mdu chpn: Mau nghien ciiu gdm 1.200 nien (tudi tir 15 den 26, tudi trung binh loan miu = 18,31; lech chuln = 2,24); ty le nam la 48,2% va nir la 53,8%; dang sinh sdng d Ha Ndi, Tuyi;n Quang, Binh Dinh phd Hd Chi Minh va An Giang; 47,2%o la hgc sinh trung hgc Ihdng dp tudi 16 - 18, sd cdn lai dang hgc trung cap cao dang va dai hgc Thang Thau cam la mgt khai niem da chieu lai chiu anh hudng cua thuyit Nhan thirc Piaget (1932, dan theo Davis 1980) de xudng, vi vay, each tilp can tieb hop dc luimg thiiu cam da hinh Ve ca ban, eac phan img thta cam mdt each day dii khdng chi phu thugc vao nang luc nhdn biet (ve mat tri lyc/nhan thirc) cam xuc cua ngudi khac ma cdn phu thugc vao phdn img cam xiic cua ngudi thiiu cam Tir quan dilm nhu vay, nghien cuu diing thang Thlu cam ciia Davis, dd cd tieu thang ddc lap, nhung cd lien he vdi nhau, la: kha nang ludng lugng (hinh dung trang thai cua nguiri khac) (fantasy), nhin nhan tir TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd6 (219), 6-2017 39 quan dilm cua ngudi kbac (perspective taking), quan tam thau cam (empatbebc coneem) va su budn khd ca nban (personal disfress) Mdi tita thang cd menh de (Davis, 1980) Mdi tilu thang ludng mdt khia canh cua khai niem thau cam tdng thi Thang dugc thilt kl dang Likert vdi mire tra Idi, rtr diem "hoan toan kbdng dung" cbo tdi dilm "hoan toan dung" Do tin cay (test-retest) dugc Davis bao cao dao ddng bong pham vi tir 0,60 din 0,70, cdn he sd Alpha cua Cronbach (do nhit quan ben trong) la tir 0,75 din 0,83 (Davis, 1980) Trong nghita cuu nay, tin cay Alpha cua Cronbach cua tilu thang Nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac la 0,68, cdn Quan tam thIu cam la 0,59 - kbdng pbai la chi sd ly brdng nbung d mire chap nhan dugc Khi xir ly, cd mgt sd mtah de dugc tinh diem ngugc, eac mire tra Idi cho nhirng mtah dt da dugc ma hda lai diem cho thuan chita vdi cac menh de khac Dilm trung binh cua tirng tieu thang dugc xac djnh dl xem xet mire nhin nhan tir quan diem cua ngudi khac va quan tam thau cam Diem trung binh cang cao thi mire nhin nhan tir quan diem cua ngudi khac va quan tam thau cam cang cao Ket qua nghien ciiu 3.1 Nhin nhan tic quan diem cda ngudi fihdc Bdng I: Nhin nhdn tir quan diem ciia ngtrdi Ichdc (% vd DTB) Hoan loan khong dung Mot ehiit diing Mot phan dung Kha dung Hoan loan diing DTB Tin rang moi van deu c6 liai trial va toi CO gang xem xel ca hai 1,2 5,0 10,4 28,7 54,7 3.31 Khi kho chiu vai do, loi co gang d.at minh vao dta vi cija ho niot luc 6.5 14,3 23,9 34,9 20,4 2,48 1, Toi CO gang \cm xet cilc khia canh tiat dong cua mgt nguoi truoc dita qu>'et dinh 1.6 11,0 25,0 39,3 23,1 2.72 Dot lot kho nhin Ihay nhiing titit tit quan diem ctta nguoi khac {-) 10.8 24.0 31,4 27,0 6,8 1,95 Truoc chi trich mot at do, toi co cam nhan \eni minh thay nhu th^ nao neu toi o vao vt tri cita ho 4,8 14.9 22,1 30,3 27.9 2,61 Menh d^ TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd (219), - 2017 S._ Neu toi chac chan rang, minh dung ve mot di6u gi thi toi khong mSt thdi gian lang nghe cac ly le cOa moi agu-di (-) Doi toi c6 hieu ban cua minh hon bang each hinh dung moi vi^c the nao tir quan dilm ctia ho 10,1 16,4 21,5 22,8 29,2 2,45 3,8 13,6 26,9 36,7 19,0 2,53 Chung 2,58 Ghi chu: Doi vdi nhihig menh de co ddu (-), diem s6 da dugc doi ngugc lai cho cimg chieu Thanh nien m§u nghien ciiu co muc nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngiroi khac a miic trung binh kha (DTB - 2,58/4) Menh de c6 diem cao nhat la "Toi tin rang moi van de deu co hai mat va toi CO gang xem xet ca hai" (DTB ^ 3,31/4) va menh de co diim cao thii hai la "Toi CO gang xem xet cac khia canh bat dong cua moi nguoi truoc dua quyet dinh" Ca menh de deu noi ve su co gang xem xet van de theo cac chieu canh khac di co the hieu van de mot each day du nhat Nhu vay, ket qua cho thay, nien mau chon thuong co gang cong bang, co gang nhin nhan cac van de mot each bao quat Ca menh de the hien ro mong muon dat minh vao vi tri cua nguai khac de nhin nhan quan diem cua nguoi khac nhir: "Khi toi kho chiu vai do, toi co gang dat minh vao dja vj cua ho mot luc", "Truoc chi trich mot do, toi co cam nhan xem minh thay nhu the nao neu toi vj tri ciia ho" va "Doi toi co hieu ban ciia minh hon bang each hinh dung moi viec frong the nao tir quan diem ciia ho" deu co DTB gan nhu nhau, a miic trung binh kha, tir 2,48 den 2,61 Diem trung binh thap nhat thuoc ve menh dc "Doi toi kho nhin ihay nhiing thir tir quan diem cua nguoi khac" (DTB =^ 1,95) Ket qua cho thay, di tir nhan thirc den hanh dong !a mot buoc rat dai Nhan thiic ro dupfc quan diem cua nguoi khac mot nen van hoa giao tiep theo phong each gian tiep, moi ben dugc cho dgi la phai "tinh y" hay "nhay cam" voi quan diem cua ben la dieu khong de dang Trong nien - ve mat nhan thtic - deu mong muon nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia nguai khac bang each dat minh vao dja vj cua hp de hieu hp, nhien, thuc tc phiic tap hon nhieu va doi hoi phai co ky nang 3.2 Miic dl) quan tdm thau cam ctia nien Miic dp quan tiim thau cam ciia nien thap hon mire nhin nhan tir quan diem cua nguai khac, nhien van a mire trung binh kha (DTB = 2,50) TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So (219), 6-2017 Bdng 2: Miic quan tdm thau cdm ciia nien Hoan toan khong dung Mot chut dung Mot phan diing Kha diing III 0TB Toi thucmg kha xuc dong vdi nhiing gi toi thSy 4,7 16,6 24,4 28,7 25,6 2,54 Khi toi thSy bi dii xir khong cong biing, doi toi khong cam thay thuong hai ho (-) 16,6 17,8 15,1 20,1 30,4 2,30 3, Doi toi khong cam thay thuong ngudi khac ho gap van de (-) 8,9 12,3 17,0 25,6 36,2 2,68 4, Toi ihtrong co cam giac quan tam doi vol nhung nguoi kem may man hem toi 3.0 9,7 21,4 36,8 29,1 2,79 5, Nhung dieu khong may man cua ngudi khac thuang khong lam phien toi (-) 5,0 11,8 17,2 32,4 33,6 2,78 6, Doi thay bi lam dung, toi cam thay nhu muon bao ve ho 2,8 9.7 21,0 37,9 28,6 2,80 7, Toi CO the mo la ban than minh nhu tuot nguai CO trai tim yeu duoi 26,5 24,0 20,7 16,2 12,6 1,64 Menh de 2,50 Quan tam thau cam (tieu thang 2) Ghi chu: Doi vdi cdc menh de dm linh diem ,SYj cla duac doi lai cho cung chiiu Mtah de ed diem trung binh thap nhat va dudi mire trung binh la "Tdi cd the md ta ban than minh cd mgt trai tiiu yeu dudi" (DTB = 1,64), Kit qua cd ve khdng nhat quan vdi nhirng gi hg md ta ban than bg nhu ngudi bilt thuong cam nhirng ngudi kem may man hon minh, Cd thi, khach thi nghita ciru chua hieu rd ban chat cau hdi hg khdng lien he trai tim ylu dudi ddng nghTa vdi viec nhay cam trudc ndi dau cua ngudi khac, ma don gian chi hilu ylu dudi chimg td ban than hg khdng manh me (mtah de cd tuong quan ngugc vdi cac mtah de khac thang do) 3.3 Khdc biet theo mot s6 bien sd Theo giai tinh Ket qua so_ sanh t-test giira nam va nir theo mite thIu cam ddi vdi ngudi khiic cho thay khdng cd sir khac biel cd y nghia thing ke vl mire nhin nhan lir quan diem cua ngudi khac giua nain va nu Tuy nhien, mire quan lam TAPCHITAM LyHOC, Sd6 (219), 6-2017 thau cam ddi vdi ngudi khac ciia nir cao hon nam (t-test = 4,68; p = 0,00) Ket qua phu hgp vdi kit qua cua nbilu ngbita ciiu bta thi gidi cho thay, nO gidi cd kba nSng nhay cam cao hon nam gidi, vi vay, sir quan tam thau cam ctia hg cao hon nam gidi (Davis, 1980; Kalliopuska, 1983; Hofftnan, 1977) Bdng 3: So sdnh muc thau cdm theo gi&i tinh Gioi tinh N DTB T-test Mirc V nghia Nhin nhan tir quan diSm cua ngudi khac Nam 553 2,56 -0,995 0,32 Nil 646 2,60 Quan tam thau cam Nam 553 2,43 -4,685 0,00 Nu 646 2,57 Nam 553 2,49 -3,549 0,00 N6 646 2,58 Chung tieu thang Theo tuoi Bdng 4: So sdnh mirc thdu cdm theo tuoi Tuoi N Mean t Mu-c V nghia Nhin nhan tir quan dtem cua nguoi khac Diroi 18 640 2,5514 -1,893 0,05 Tren 18 559 2,6145 Duoi 18 640 2,4854 -1,324 0,18 Tren 18 559 2,5267 Duoi 18 640 2,5180 -2,078 0,03 Tren 18 559 2,5704 Quan tam thau cam Chung Ket qua so sanh l-tcsl cho thay, nhom Ihanh nien tren 18 ludi cd mirc nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac cao hem nhdm nien dudi 18 tudi, muc quan lam thau cam khdng cd sy khac biet cd y nghTa giOa hai nhdm tudi, Kha nang nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac khdng chi phu thuoc vao nhu cau cua nien ma cdn phu thugc rat nhieu vao kbit nang nhan thirc Thye te hi nhieu nien mudn dat minh vao dja vi ngudi khac dl xem xet quan diem cua hg, nhung it nguiri cd the hieu dugc quan niem ciia neudi TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd (219) - 2017 43 khac Tudi cang cao thi kha nSng nhan thirc cila ngudi ducrc pbat trita tot bon cd nhilu kinh nghifm hom, mdi trudng song da d ^ g , phuc tap hon, vay, hg cd kha nang nbm nhan tir quan diSm ciia ngudri khdc tot hon Ket qua nghita ciiu ctia chung toi phii hgipvdi kit qui nghita ciiu nude ngoJi Nghita ciiu ciia Kalliopuska (1983) trta miu gdm 342 thiiu nita tit din 12 tuoi cho thiy, thSu cim cd tuomg quan thu|n ydi dd tti6i or ca miic dg nhin nhSn tir quan dilm cua ngudi khac ISn quan t4m thiu cam Ellis nghita cuni so sanh nhdm nita pham phip va nita binh thudng cung cho thSy, mirc thiu cam cd lita quart din liia tuSi, a nhdm nita binh thudng miic tbta cam tang theo Ifta tudi (Ellis, 1982) Theo noi cu trti Kit qua so sanh bai nhdm nita cu tni or hai dja bta ndng thon va tbi cbo thSy, muc quan tam IhSu cim ciia thatih ni6n ndng thon cao hon ni6n thi mgt each cd y n ^ a vl mat thong k6, mirc dd nhin nbta tit quan dilm ctia nguoi kbac khdng cd sir khic biet cd y nghTa Hallos, Cowan (1973) va Nabir, Yussen (1977) cho ring, thiiu nita d mdi tnidng ddng dta cu, cd tinh cdng ddng cao, cd mirc nhin nh$n tir quan dilm ciia ngudi khac tdt hon, d Viet Nam, ndng thdn li noi cd tinh cdng ddng cao, ngudi dta thucmg sdng lau ddi vdi nhau, tinh di chuyin thip, hiu nhu moi ngudi bilt nhau, vi vay nita ndng thdn cd miic d0 quan ttai thiu cim Idn bon nita thi Sang 5: So sdnh miic thdu cdm theo nai cu tru Nofi cir trti Nhin nh^n tir quan dilm cua nguai khac Nong th6n Do thi Quan tam thau cam Chung N DTB t MIIC y nghia 757 2,6028 1,734 0,08 442 2,5430 2,000 0,04 2,428 0,01 Nong thon 757 2,5285 Do thi 442 2,4639 Nong thdn 757 2,565$ Doth! 442 2,5025 Mdi tuang quan giiia nhin nhdn tit quan diim cita nguai khdc, quan tdm thau cdm vd hanh vi img ho xa hoi Phta tich tuomg quan Pearson cho thiy, hanh vi ling hd x i hdi cd tuong quan thuta vdi nhm nhin tir quan diem ciia ngudi khic v i quan tim thiu cim 44 TAP CH( TAM ly HOC, sa' (219), - 2017 Thanh nita ed mire nhin nhan tir quan dilm cua nguiri khac cang tdt va quan tam thiu cam cang cao tbi etag ed xu hudng thudng xuyta thirc hita hanh vi ung hd xa bdi Bang 6: Tuang quan giu:a thdu cdm vd hanh vi iing ho xa hoi Hanh vi ung hg xa hoi Nhin nhan tu-quan diem cua ngiroi khac Quan tam thau cam 0,276(**) 0,I37(**) Tuang quan Pearson Ghi chii- (**) Ichi mucy nghTa < 0,01 (2 duoi) Mdi tuang quan giua thdu cdm vd ddng co hanh vi iing hd xd hdi Trong nghita ciru nay, nhimg ddng co btab vi ung hd xa hdi sau day dugc quan tam tim hita: mong mudn dat dugc su tbita nhan ciia xa hdi haif cdn ggi la dat dugc su tta thtah cua ngudi kbac, vd tu (ta danb), giai quyet vta de cam xiic cua ca nhta, vi Idng vi tha, tinh hudng tham khdc va chieu theo y ngudi khac Bdng 7: Mdi tuong quan giira thdu cdm vd ddng co hdnh vi ung hd xd hoi Dong ca hanh vi ling ho xa hoi Tinh huong tham khoe Chieu theo y ngiroi khac 0,10** 0.14** 0,15" 0.11" 0.16" 0,16** Dat dirffc sir thira nhan \a hoi An danh Cam xiic Vitha Nhin nhan tu" quan diem nguai khac -0,04 0,17*« 0,10" Quan lam thau cam -0.08" 0,11" 0,16" Djnh htrong thau cam Ghi chii * * luang cjuan c y ngliTa a mirc ltd 0.01 (2 duoi) So sanh luimg quan Pearson giira thiiu catn vii dgng co hanh vi iing hd xa hdi cho thay ed mdi tuong quan thuan cd y nghia thdng ke giira mirc nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac va quan tam thau cam vdi ddng co In danh, vi cam xuc, vi tha phtj thudc vao mirc tham khdc cua tinh huong va chilu theo y ngudi khac (phuc tiing) Tuy nhien, giua mirc nhin nhan tir quan dilm ciia ngudi khac va ddng co dai dugc su tan cita ngudi khac khdng co tuimg quan cd >' nghTa va mirc quan tain ihau cairi cd luong quan nghich vdi TAP CHI TAM LyHOC So (219) 6-2017 45 ddng CO dat dugc su tan eiia ngudi khac Ket qui niy thdng nhit vdi kdt qui nghita cim cua Davis (1987) dng cbo ring, banh vi chilu theo y ngudi kbac, phu thudc vao miic tbim khdc cua tinh hudng va in danb cd biong quan thuan vdi miic dd nhin nban br quan dilm ctia ngudi kbac Mdi tuang quan giiia thdu cdm vd lap luan dao diic Ngbita cim niy quan tam din nhiing kilu lap luan ve m|it dao diic cua nita, ly giai tai bg lai lira chgn banh dong Cd nhung kilu lap luan sau: Binh hu&ng thdu cdm la giiip vi sir ddng cam hay thiu cam, vi trach nhiem va gia bi (dilu ma minh coi ttgng) Vi dii, "Tdi se lim dilu dd bdi vi cd iy dang bj dau"; Binh hu&ng theo nhu cdu cua ngudi Ichdc li dua vao nhu cau cua ngudi khac lam co sd hgp ly, chinh dang cho viec giiip nbung it bing chimg ve su cam thdng hay cam giac tdi Idi vi da khdng giiip dd Vt dvt, "Tdi mudn giiip bdi vi cd Sy cin giiip dd"; Binh hudng gid tri da nhdp tam/ndi tam hda la lap luta, ly giai vita giiip dd hay kbdng giiip dd dua trta gia tri ndi tim, chuta muc, niem tin, tin ngudng da dugc nhap ttat Vi du, "Himg giiip vi ngbi rang dd li viec hi tl cin phai lam"; Binh hu&ng bdn thdn chi quan tam tdi bta thta mmh, tdi nhu ciu ritag cua minh Hanh vi gidp d trudng hgp niy thucmg xay su giilp dg cd Igi cho bta than chu tbi hanh vi; Binh hudng lehuon mdu thi hien sit quan tam dta viec minh dugc ngudi kbac chip nhta hay rap khudn, lim theo khudn mau eua moi ngudi Nta tdi lam gidng nhu thi thi la tdt v i ngugc lai Vi du, "Me tdi se hai Idng vl tdi vi di giup ngudi khac" Bdng 8: Mdi tuong quan giUa muc thdu cdm vd cdc kieu lap luan dao dire Dinh huwng thau cam Nhin nhan tir quan diem cua nguai khac Quan tam thau cam Mirc thau cam noi chung Ban than Cac kieu I3p luan dao dire Nhu cau cua Theo khudn Thau ngtrdi khac mSu cam Gia tri da nhSp tam -0,13" -0,02 0,00 0,13" 0,19" -0,06' 0,08" 0,016 0,10" 0,21" -0,12" 0,038 0,01 0,15" 0,25" Ghi chu **.• immg quan coy nghia dmirc < 0,01 (2 duoi) Ket qua ngbita cim cho thay rd mdi tuong quan thuan giOa mirc thiu cam cua iiita ndi chung, kba ntag nhin nhan tir quan dilm cua ngudi khac vi quan tam thau cam ndi ritag vdi lap luta dao dire dinh hudng thiu cam vi dinh hudng gia bi da nhap tam hda (bai mirc cao cua lap luta d?io dire) Nhu 46 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (219), - 2017 v?y, nita cang cd kha ntag nbm nhan tir quan dilm cua ngudi khac hoac quan tam thiu cam tbi cing cd xu hudng lap luan dao diic dinh hudng thau cam v i dinh hudng gia bi da nhap tam hda cao v i ngugc lai Kit qua cung cbo thay, mirc thiu cam btcmg quan nghich vdi lap luan dao dire djnh hudng vj ky (djnh hudng ban than), nhimg nita cing cd ntag nhin nhta tit quan diem eiia ngudi khac va quan tam thiu cam thi it cd xu hudng djnh hudng vao ban than hg dua quylt djnh cd giup ngudi kbac hay kbdng Tom lai, miic thiu cam eiia nien miu nghien cuu, ca ve mat nhin nhta tir quan dilm eiia ngudi khac Ian quan tam thau cam, dat mirc trung binb kba Mirc thiu cam cua nien kbac theo gidi tinh, mdi trudng vta hda, lira tudi Nil cd mile quan tam thau cam cao hon nam, nhdm trta 18 tudi cd mirc nhin nhta tir quan diem ciia ngudi kbac cao hon nhdm dudi 18 tudi Thanh nita ndng thdn ed mure thau cam Idn hon nita thj Cd mdi tuong quan gitJa mirc thta cam vdi htah vi iing hd xa hdi, ddng eo ciia hanh vi ung bd xi bdi va lap luta dao dire cua nien Thanh nien cd mirc nhin nhta tir quan diem cua ngudi kbac va quan tam thta cam cang cao thi cang cd xu hudng thudng xuyen thuc hita hanh vi ung hd xa bdi; cang cd xu hudng htah ddng vdi ddng co ta danh vi cam xiic, tinh hudng thim khdc va phuc ttag; cang cd xu hudng lap luan dao due dinh hudng thau cam va djnh hudng gia tri nhap tam hda cao Tai lieu tham khao 1, Batson C D , Altruism and prosocial behavior In D.T, Gilbert, S T, Fiske, & G, Lindzey, 1998, 2, Batson C D , & Shaw I„L,, Evidence for altruism; Toward a pluralism of prosocial motives Psychological Inquiry, 2, pp, 107 - 122, 1991, 3, Chandler M J,, Egocentric and antisocial behavior; The assessment and training oj social perspectve - taking skills Developmental Psychology 9, pp, 326 - 332, Cohen and Strayer (1996), 1973^ 4, Davis M H,, A mullidimentional approach lo individual difjerences in empathy, JSAS Catalog oi" selected documents in Psychology, 10, pp 85, 1980, 5, Eisenberg N, ct,al , Prosocial development In lale adole.icenee A longitudinal study Child Development, 66, pp, 1,179-1 197, 1995 6, Eisenberg N el.al , Prosocial developinenl in adolescence Developmental Psychology, 27, pp 849 - 857, 1991 A Umgiludinal stiiilv 7, Eisenberg N cl.al, Prosocial development in middle childhood A longitudinal study, Devcloptnenlal Psychology, 23 pp, 712 - 718 1987 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (219), - 47 Eisenberg-Berg N & Mussen P., Empathy and moral development in adolescence, Developmental Psychology, 14, pp 185 - 186, 1978 Elasehuk C.L., Prosocial moral reasoning, empathy, perspective-taking and social behavior: A comparative study of delinquent and nondelinquent youth The Master thesis of Arts, University of British Columbia, 1998 10 Ellis P.L., Empathy A factor in antisocial behavior Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, pp 123 - 134, 1982 11 Hallos M & Cowan P.A., Social isolation and cognitive development; Logical operations and role - taking ability in Norwegian setting Child Development, 44, pp 630 - 641, 1973 12 Hoffman M.L., Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors, Bulletin, 84, pp 712 - 722, 1977 Psychological 13 HotbnanM.L., Empathy and moral development; Implications for caring and justice New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000 14 Kaplan P.J & Arbuthnot J., y4^crive empathy and cognitive role - taking in delinquent and nondelinquent youth, Adolescence, 20, pp 323 - 333, 1985 15 Kalliopuska M., Relatiomhip between moral judgment and empathy Psychological Reports, 53, pp 575 - 578, 1983 16 Kohlberg L., The cognitive developmental approach lo moral education Phi Delta Kapp, 56, pp 670 - 677, 1975 17 Kohlberg L,, LaCrosse J, & Ricks D,, The predictability of adult mental health from childhood behavior In B,B, Wolman, Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, pp, 1,217-1,284, New York: M c G r a w - H i l , 1972, 18 Mehrabian A, & Epstein N,, The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/ antisocial behavior Psychological Bulletin, 103, pp, 324 - 344, 1972, 19 Nahir H,T, & Yussen S,R, Tiie performance of kibbutz and city - reared Israeh children on (M'o role-taking tasks Developmental Psychology Schonert - Reichl (1993), 1977, 20, Selman R L,, 77ie relation of role taking to the development of moral judgment in children Child Development, 42, pp, 79 - 91, 1971, 21, Roberts W & Strayer J,, Empathy, emotional expressivenes and prosocial behavior Child Development 67 pp, 449 - 470, 1996, 48 TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So (219), - ... cua ngudi khac Vi vay, thau cam la mdi ngudn quan trgng ddng gop cho hanh vi vi tha va giup dd (Eisenberg va cdng su, 1987) lanh i iing hi) xa hdi, dd hanh vi mang linh vj Iha (vi ngudi khac)... cam xiic cua ca nhta, vi Idng vi tha, tinh hudng tham khdc va chieu theo y ngudi khac Bdng 7: Mdi tuong quan giira thdu cdm vd ddng co hdnh vi ung hd xd hoi Dong ca hanh vi ling ho xa hoi Tinh... luan sau: Binh hu&ng thdu cdm la giiip vi sir ddng cam hay thiu cam, vi trach nhiem va gia bi (dilu ma minh coi ttgng) Vi dii, "Tdi se lim dilu dd bdi vi cd iy dang bj dau"; Binh hu&ng theo nhu