Tâm lý học và cuộc sống phòng chống ma túy

TAM LY H O C V | CONG c u O c PHONG CHONG MA TUY PGS.TS Mac Van Trang • TOM TAT Bai bdo di cap din hiem hoa ma doi voi torn cdu va vai Viet Nam Tarn ly hoc can va c6 the gop phdn tick cue vao phong chong ma trin cdc linh vuc: Kiem so nguon cung ma tuy; Truyin thong phong chong ma CQng dong, xa hoi; Tri l cho ngudi nghien ma tuy; Giup nhOng nguffi sau cai nghien tai hoa nhgp cong dong; Dao tgo cdc chuyen gia Imh v^c phong chong ma tiiy; Nghiin cmi ve phdng chong ma tify tren tat ca cdc iTnh vuc neu tren Tir khoa: 7am ly hoc; Phong chong ma Ngdy nhgn bai: 10/2/2017; Ngay duyit dang bdi: ISIAIIQXI ABSTRACT This article addesses the danger of drug abuse in Vietnam and in globe Psychology should and is able to make great contribution to drug prevention on vario fields, including control of illegal drugs supply, drug prevention propagandafor commun and society, treatment for drug-addicted individuals, supporting recovered addicts reintegrate into community, providing training for professionals and conducting resear on all above mentioned aspects Keywords: Psychology; Drug addiction prevention Hiem hoa ma Theo Bao cao tinh hinh ma the gi6i nam 2016 ciia Co quan Phong chong Ma va Toi pham ciia Lien Hop Qu6c (UNODC), ty 1^ ngudi sir dung ma trdn toan thI gidi vin khong giam: "Theo uoc tinh, cii 20 ngudi Ion thi CO ngudi, hay noi each khac la tren the giai c6 khoang 250 trieu ngirdi dp tuoi tir 15 den 64, c6 sir dung ma it nhat Ian nam 2014" Cung theo bao cao ciia co quan nay, tir giira nam 2008 den 2015, tong cong cd 644 chat hudng than mdi dirge bao cao tren 102 qudc gia va viing lanh tho, vay Co quan Phdng chong Ma va Toi pham ciia Li^n Hgfp Quoc da sdm dira nhiJng canh bao ve cac chit hudng thin mdi, nguy hiim (1) TAP CHf TAM LV HOC S6' (218) - 2017 Ngay 19/4/2016, tai tru so Lien Hap Qu6c, New York da difo cupc hop dac biet ciia Dai Hoi d6ng Lien Hop Qu6c yh van de ma toan cau (UNGASS) Tham du ky hop c6 tren 1.000 dai bieu din tir cac qu6c gia vien Lien Hap Qu6c, cac to chile qu6c tS, cac vung lanh tho, cac to chile lien Chinh phu va phi Chinh phu Hoi nghi da cho thSy, phong ch6ng ma dang va se vIn la v k nan toan ciu Hoi nghi da dh cap nhieu vin di cap thik vi phong chong ma tiiy mot each toan dien, tir kiem soat nguon cung ma tuy, day manh truydn thong xa hoi dSn dSi mai quan niem va each to chirc dieu trj nghien din vin de tai hoa nhap cong ddng cho nguai sau cai nghien (2) nuac ta, 14/4/2016, tai bu6i TSng kit cong tac phong chong ma giai doan 2011 - 2015, Thtr trucmg Bo Cong an Le Quy Vuang cho hiiv Nam 2010, s6 ngucri nghien c6 h6 sa quan ly la hon 143.000 nguoi, song den nam 2014 da hon 200.000 nguai (tang khoang 12.000 nguai nghien mSi nam) Muc tieu keo giam s6 nguoi nghien va dia phucmg c6 te n p ma duge de da khong dat "Day la vSn di dang bao dong Ngoai so nguai nghi$n tang nhanh thi phin chit ma va ngirai nghien cCing tro nen da dang, CO ca hoc sinh, sinh vien, nguoi mau, van dong vien " (3) Cm nhan thirc rang, doi vai nuoc ta, nghien ma khong chi la mot te nan xa hoi nhu mai dam hay HIV Cac loai ma tong hop xuat hien hang tram loai, cang v6 ciing da dang, tinh vi, nguy hiem, kho kiem soat, de dang loi keo, hap dan lira tuoi thieu nien a khap cac hang ciing ngo hem "Cho nen phai coi ma liiy la hiem hoa cua dan toe; neu khong kiem soat dugc, no se thctm hoa va mai xii ly se de tham klch nhu each "diet trir te nan ma tuy" nam 2016 cua Tong thong Philippin - Rodrigo Duterte" (4) Tarn ly hoc gop phan vao cong cuoc phong chong ma Cong cuoc phong chong ma v6 ciing gay go phirc tap tren tat ca cac ITnh VLTC lien quan Tarn ly hoc it nhat c6 the gop phan trijc tiep tren ITnh virc: Kiem soat nguon cung ma tiiy; Truyen thong phong chong ma cong dong xa hoi: Tri lieu cho nhimg nguai nghien ma tiiy; Giiip nhirng nguai sau cai nghien tai hoa nhap cong dong: Dao tao cac chuyen gia ITnh vuc phong chong ma tuy: Nghien cim ve phong chong ma tiiy tren tat ca ITnh virc tren 2.1 Tarn ly hoc v&i cac hoar dong kiem sodt nguon cung ma Trong ITnh vuc nay, c6 van de van dong ngucri dan khong cac loai cay la nguon cung cap nguyen lieu cho ma tiiy cho hieu qua ben vOng Giai quyet van de lien quan den hieu dac diem tam ly cua ngucri dan cac viing mien khac nhau, nhat la cac dan toe thieu so da tirng trdng cay anh tiic, can sa Co van de tarn ly hoc toi pham, di5u tra, truy t6, xet xii lien quan din toi pham ma tiiy, mot loai toi pham v6 ciing phirc tap va nguy hiem TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, So' (21X), - 2017 Trong ITnh virc xet xu, xuat hieh khai niem "tda an ma tuy", ngudi su dung ma cd cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat hinh sir, neu tir nguyen tham gia Tda an ma se khong bi xu tii ve hanh vi vi pham phap luat hinh sir cung nhu khong bi ghi an tich "Qua hon hai thap ky phat trien, Tda an ma tiiy da dugc danh gia la "sang kidn tu phap cd y nghia nhat" tai Hoa Ky the ky XX" (NDCI, 2005) Phuong thue "Tda an ma tuy" da giiip difiu tri hon 1,3 trieu ngudi nghien tai Hoa Ky va dang dugc ap dung d 24 qudc gia va vung lanh tho Mo hinh "Tda an ma tuy" nen dugc ap dung d Viet Nam nhu the nao can dirge nghien cuu van dung ca ITnh vuc phap ly, tam ly, xa hoi (5) 2.2 Tam ly hoc v&i hoat dong truyen thong phong chong ma Tuyen truyen (propaganda) thudng mang tinh chii quan, ap dat mot chieu ciia chu the tuyen truyen doi vdi khach the nham muc dich thu phuc, loi cudn ho tin theo nhung gi ma chii the tuyen truyen muon truyen dat Cach tuyen truyen nhu vay cd the thu hut dugc mot so khach the tin theo nhung mang tinh thu dong; so ddng thudng bang quan, vi hinh thiic nham chan, it tac dong den suy nghT, tinh cam cua ho; so khac cd the phan ung tieu cue nhung khong cd co hoi 16 ro Truyen thong (communication) phdng chong ma tiiy phai mang ban chat tam ly, cd tinh trao doi thong tin, chia se tam tinh, tuong tac Ian giua chu the truyen thong va chu the tiep nhan truyen thong dudi nhieu hinh thuc Ngudi tiep nhan truyen thong vdi tu each la chii the tich cue tuong tac de ITnh hoi tri thuc, thay doi thai do, tu the hien hanh vi ciia ban than Doi vdi viec phdng chong ma tuy, truyen thong sau rgng cac tang Idp xa hoi cd y nghTa quyet dinh De to chuc chien luge truyen thong phdng chong ma cd hieu qua, can quan tam den mot loat van de cua Tam ly hoc: - Do la can nghien cuu, hieu rd dac diem tam ly cua tirng nhdm khach the khac cong dong xa hoi de truyen thong sat hop, mang lai hieu qua toi uu Cac nhdm xa hoi chu yeu la: Cac can bo lanh dao, quan ly toan he thong chinh tri, xa hoi ciia cac to chiic Chinh phii va phi Chinh phii; cac nhdm hoc sinh, sinh vien, giao vien, cha me hoc sinh; nhiJng ngudi dang sOr dung ma tiiy va gia dinh ho; cac nhdm xa hoi cong nhan, nong dan, quan doi; cac vung dan Igc thieu so; cac ton giao - Tir viec hieu ro dac diem tam ly cac nhom khach the truyen thong mdi xay dung cac not dung, lira chon each to chuc, tim kiem cac hinh thuc, phuong phap phii hop vdi tirng nhdm khach the Hien tai, Vien Nghien cuu Tam ly ngudi sir dung ma da nghien ciru bien soan loai tai lieu truyen thong sat hop vdi nhdm khach the va xay dung phuong thirc truyen thong t6ng hop (tich hop), dam bao su tuong tac tich cue cua khach th^ truyen thong, tao di^u kien cho ho chii the chu dong trao ddi, chia se, th6 hien quan di6m ciia TAPCHITAMLyHOC,Sd5(218), 5-2017 ban than, qua tu llnh hoi tri thirc, digu chinh thai do, hanh vi Tuy nhien nhigu vIn di ckn tilp tuc nghien ciru, nhat la danh gia tac dong cua truyen thong, di tir hoan thien them phuong thirc truyen thong 2.3 Tam ly hoc viec Oiiu trj nghien ma tiiy Theo tai lieu t6ng quan cua Vien Nghien cHu Tam ly nguoi sir dung ma tiiy, hien tren thi gidi va a nuoc ta thuomg ap dung mot so phuong phap co ban diiu trj nghien ma tuy: Cai kho, su dung giam dan (hay giam lieu), phSu thugt thuy trdn, thuy mien, diing cdc thuSc hucmg than, diing thuoc dong y, diing thuSc dSi khdng, diing chdt thay thi, dien chdm, lieu phap tam ly.^ Nhung thuc li, hk c\x phuong phap nao, muon dat kix qud, cung deu can hilu tam ly ngucxi nghien, hiSu ca chS sinh ly - tam ly cua hien tuong nghien, tai nghien va ea chl giai toa, dap tjt d^n xoa bo su them nha ma tuy, xoa bo tai su dung ma Kit qua nghien ciru, tri lieu cong buac dau cua Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly nguai sir dung ma da dugc the hien de tai: "'Chong tai sic dung ma tiiy bdng lieu plwp tam ly" (6) Ket qua nghien ciru da cho thay, diing thuoc va moi bien phap cSt can nghien chi la buoc dau tien, t^m thai; cai nghien o cac trai tap trung, dii miy nam, cai di, cai lai may Ian thi so tai nghi?n cung vIn din tren 95% (7) VJn di ca ban cSn hilu la nguyen nhan dan den nghien ma chu yeu tir duang tam ly: giai siiu, co don, be tac, to mo, di tim khoai cam, tim sire manh tao phan, a dua theo nhom Khi da nghien, ca ch6 xujt hien "can them nha ma tuy" (tam ly) dan den "hoi chirng cai" (biSu hien sinh ly); cac phuong phap chii yeu nham xir ly hoi chirng cai, can them nho ma mai gay nen trang thai cang thang, thoi thuc ngucji nghien tim kiem ma tiiy bang mgi each nham thoa man nhu cau them nhd ma Kct qua buac dau tir de tiii: "Chong tai sir dung ma bang lieu phap tam ly' cua Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi su dung ma cho thay, muon cai nghien ma cong mot each ben virng, nhat thict phiii dua tren nen tang Tam ly hoc Do la: - Phai giiip ngudi nghien hieu rang khong co thuoc nao, khdng ciru dugc minh thoal khdi le Ihugc vao ma tuy; chi co ban thSn minh cim dugc minh; su giiip dd ben ngoai chi la ho trg cho ngudi cai nghien tu vugt len chinh minh; - Phai giup ho (va ngudi than cOa ho) cd niem tin chac chan rang cai nghien dugc, cot ban than kien tri, quyet tam, tin ludng lam theo su chi dan (nhat 111 dugc chia sc vdi nhirng tam gugng song da cai nghien cong); - Giup ho cd ky nang (ky thuat) tu minh vugt qua dugc co-n them nha ma tiiy Lan dau rat ca cue; Ian thir bdt cang thang hon: Ian thir de dang han,, Moi Ian vugt qua, nhich len mot budc la mdi Ian phai cung cd, chdt lai d ho y chi quyet tam, niem tin vao ban than,,, Sau nhieu lan tir vugt qua can TAPCHI'TAM LV H0G,Sd5 (218), - 2017 them nhd ma tiiy, tu thu gian, d6n nhin thay chat ma tuy, cam nhung dung cu su dung ma tiiy, gap ban ni re sii dung ma tiiy ho van diing dung, khdng cdn xu4t hien them nhd ma tiiy nua Coi nhu co ban cong! M^y di6u ggi d tren mdi chi la budc dSu dat vSn de ve sir cap thiet cua Tam ly hoc viec di sau nghien cuu de xac dinh rd ca che va cac lieu phap tam ly nham dieu tn nghien ma tiiy ndi chung Vdi mdi trudng hgp, phu thuoc vao dac diem ca the, qua trinh nghien, cac loai ma tiiy da su dung, hoan canh song lai phai chan doan va vach tien trinh, phuong phap tri lieu tam ly phi] hgp Rat nhidu van de dat qua trinh trj lieu, chang han, nhieu trudng hgp dang dieu tri hoac da cong budc dau lai tai sii dung ma tiiy thi xir ly sao, can thiep tiep bang each nao? 2.4 Tam ly hoc v&i viec giiip ngw&i sau cai nghien tai hoa nhap cong ddng Ngudi nghien ma thudng lam vao khiing hoang tram trong: the chat suy yeu, ton thuong nao; tam ly roi nhieu, mat niem tin vao ban than, hanh vi lech chuan; doi song tinh cam gia dinh, cac quan he xa hoi bi pha vd, buy hoai v.v Nhan each tirng budc bi tha hoa! Chinh vi vay, qua trinh cai nghien thuc chat la qua trinh phuc hoi the chat va nhan each, xay dung lai cac quan he gia dinh, cong dong, xa hoi cua ngudi sau cai nghien Neu cai nghien cong, ngudi nghien ma tiiy van bi ki thi, cd don, budn chan, khong cd cong an viec lam thi lai de dang tai nghien Van de cap thiet ciia Tam ly hoc nhan each, Tam ly hoc xa hoi (ciing vdi cac nganh khoa hoc Hen quan) la nghien cim nguyen vpng va kha nang ciia ngudi sau cai nghien, chi cac cong viec, giai phap giiip ngudi sau cai nghien cd viec lam, cd doi song on dinh, giiip ho tai hoa nhap xa hoi cong Nhu vay, viec cai nghien mdi dem lai ket qua ben vung Hien nay, Vien Nghien ciiu Tam ly ngudi su dung ma tiiy da xay dung cau lac bg ciia nhung ngudi cai nghien cong (Cdu lac bo Neo ve tuai sang) va tao mot so mo hinh lao dong giiip ngudi sau cai nghien dugc hoc nghe, cd viec lam khong chi giiip ho cd thu nhap dii song moi trudng xa hoi dugc ton trong, binh dang, than thicn ma la nhu'ng cong vice phat buy the manh, so trudng ca nhan, giiip ho tim lai gia tri lam ngudi, khang dinh nhan each ciia minh Tuy nhien, tat ca mdi chi la budc dau, ggi rat nhieu van de can nghien cuu, giai quyet d tam xa hoi rgng Idn 2.5 Tarn ly hoc v&i viec dao tgo cac chuyen gia ITnh virc phong chong ma Hien nay, mgi ITnh vuc chuyen mon phdng chong ma tiiy d6u r^t thilu nguon nhan luc co trinh chuyen sau, thuc su tam huyet gan bd lau dai vdi cong viec Trong qua trinh trien khai cac hoat dong cua Vien Nghien ciru Tam ly ngudi sir dung ma tiiy chirng loi r