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TAM LY HOC CHINH TR! MOT CHUAN N G A N H TAM LY TIEM NANG GS.TS Nguyin Hihj Thu Khoa Tdm ly hpc, Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi TOM TAT Tdm ly hpc chinh trj nhu mpt khoa hpc lien ngdnh, giira Tdm ly hpc xa hdi vd Chinh trj hpc Tdm ly hpc chinh tri xem chinh tri nhu mpt dgng hogt dpng dgc biit cua ngudi, nghien ciru cdc quy lugt, ca che tdm ly ciia ngudi (cd nhdn vd nhdm xa hpi) hogi dpng chinh tri vdi muc lieu phdn tich cdc ca chi cua chinh tri vd dua cdc kiin nghi thuc tiin nhdm tdi int hda hogt dpng chinh tri d mpi cdp dp Ddi tugng nghien ciru eda Tdm ly hpc chinh trf rdt da dgng vd ludn gdn liin vdi cdc nhiim vu cua thifc tiin dgi Bdi bdo se di sdu vdo phdn tich cu the bdn mirc dp ca bdn cua viic nghien ciru cdc hiin tupng Idm ly ddi sdng chinh tri - xa hpi Tir khoa: Tdm ly hpc: Tdm ly hpc chinh trj Ngdy nhdn bdi: 19/9/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/10/2016, Npi dung d ckc nirdc phat trien, Tam ly hpc chinh trj phat trien tir lau va la kk qua lit y6u cua qud trinh phat triin Hch sur, xa hdi C) Viet Nam, nhiing diSu ki|n khich quan \k chii quan, Tam ly hpc chinh tri chua dupe quan tam diing mirc, vi the nhiing s\r ki?n, bien ddng chinh trj - x3 hdi chua dupe ly giai mpt cdeh khoa hpc, khich quan Vi?c nghien ciiu v i phd bien cic kien thirc co ban, col ldi nhal ve Tam ly hpc chinh tri vdi muc lieu giup cic nha quin ly, ngudi hpc vi ban dpc hiiu di cd thi ip dung nhihig kien thiire eua Tam ly hpc chinh trj nhim ly giai, dii bao cic hien lupng, s^r kien chinh trj ddi sdng xi hdi cd y nghia het siic quan trpng Cd thi hieu Tdm ly hpc chinh tri Id mgt khgg hgc liin ngdnh giira Chinh tri hpc vd Tdm ly hpe xa hgi Nd nghien cuu cdc quy lugt, co che tdm ly eda eon ngirdi (ed nhdn vd nhdm xa hpi) hogt dpng chinh tri vdi muc tiiu phdn tich cdc ea che van hdnh eua chinh trj vd dua ede kiin nghj thuc tiin nhdm tdi uu hda hogt dpng chinh tri a mpi cdp dp T/!IPCH(TAM LV HOC, Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016 Theo cic nha nghien ciiu Hlecmonan E.E vd OjibUiaHCKuH fJ.B Tam Iy hpc chinh Irj cd ba nhiem vu sau: phan lich, du bio sir anh hudng va djnh hudng tam ly cho hoat dpng chinh tri - xa hdi Di thuc hien tdt cic nhiem vu tren, ddi hdi cac nha lam 1^ hpc chinh tri cin cd cic kinh nghiem, trii nghiem hoat dpng chinh tri, cd dupe cac phim chit nghe nghiep cin thiit, dupe dao lao bai bin, am hiiu vi Tam ly hpc xi hdi va Chinh tri hpc Ddi nrpng nghien ciiu cua Tam ly hpc chi'nh tri rit phong phii, da darig nhung cd the khii quit bdn ITnh vuc co bin sau: Tam ly hoc chinh tri ddi ndi, Tam ly hpc chinh Ui ddi ngoai, Tim ly hpc quan he qudc ti va Tam ly hpc chinh Ui quan su Sau day, chiing tdi si trinh bay mpt sd net co ban ciia timg linh vue nghien ciiu tren - Nghien cuu Tdm ly hpe chinh tri ddi ngi vin di nghien ciiu chinh Tim ly hpc chinh Uj ddi npi la nhan cich ciia ngudi chinh tri, vin di xi hpi hda chinh tri, tam thi xa hpi cung nhu cic die diim tam ly cua sir phit triin nhan cich Irong chinh tri NghiSn cuu cic dang quan he giifa cic chi ude tam ly ben vdi cic qui trinh chinh trj ben ngoii thdng qua phan lich vin di thu ITnh, vin de khdng dong thuan chinh trj, cic hoat dpng chdng lai Chinh phii, hinh vi bau cu vi cic lan sdng xung dpt sic tpc Tam ly nhan cich ciia ngudi chinh trj dupe xem x6t a hai khia canh: khia canh thir nhit li nghien curu cic die diim tam ly nhan cich thu ITnh - cic nha ho?l dpng chinh tri qudc gia cung nhu cic nha hoat ddng chinh trj - xi hpi Trong khudn khd hudng nghien ciiu thi van de cic dpng co ho?l dpng chinh trj, cich thiic quyet djnh chinh trj, die diem cua lu chinh trj, cic co che lam ly chinh trj inh hudng ldi cic nhdm, cic tang Idp xi hdi va d^ic diim giao tiep eda cic thii ITnh chinh trj - x3 hpi cung dugc nghien ciiu Khia canh thii hai, nhan cich dupe xem xet nhu li td ciia cic qui trinh chinh trj - vien cua nhdm \& hpi xic djnh Nhu vay, mpt loai cic van di cin dupe quan tim nghien ciiu d day nhu: miic dp eudn hut "con ngudi" vio chinh trj; tich cvrc/khdng tich c\rc, s\r ddng ihuan/khdng dong thuan ho?l d^ng chinh tri Cic kiiu cuon hut cy thi chinh trj nhu thii ITnh, ngudi lien kit, ngudi quyit dinh, ngudi thyc hi?n vi cic vin di khic nhu: chit lupng tham gia vio hoat dpng chinh trj, syr mim ddo, tinh sing t^io, vai trd dinh hudng cua nhin cich frong chinh trj, cic co chi lien kit vdi h? thdng chinh Ui nhu: lien kit tinh cim hoic Ii6n kit cdng cu Tim ly hpc chinh Ui xem lam thi, djnh khudn xi hdi nhu li cic co, chi chinh ciia hanh vi chinh tri quy djnh su phu Ihu^c ciia nhan cich vao t6 chirc, nhdm xi hpi va anh hudng Uuc tiip ldi qui trinh tri giic, dinh §ii tinh hu6ng vi cic hinh vi tiip theo eiia hp Tim thi xi hpi bao ghm ba thinh id: nh$n thiic, tinh cim vi hinh ddng Nd inh hudng true tiip tdi tinh lich cue ciia chu thi chinh trj TAP CH( TAM LV HOC Sd 11 (212), 11 - 2016 uong quan he vdi cac khach thi chinh trj nhu: cac dang phai, cac phong trio vi cic nhi hoat ddng chinh trj khic Dac diim tam thi chinh uj li d cho cic nha tam ly hpc chinh trj nghioi ciru lam dii, hp khdng chi md ti mi cdn chi ro co che hlnh thinh, xu hudng thay ddi ddng thdi dua cac bien phap tic ddng nhim thay ddi tam the theo hudng nio dd - Nghien ciru Tdm ly hgc chinh tri ddi ngogi quan he qudc te cd y nghTa hit sire quan trpng vi mil ly luan va thuc lien ddi vdi Tim ly hpc chinh uj Trong ITnh vue niy, cic nha tam ly hpc chinh tri nghien ciiu: vai trd ciia thii ITnh chinh trj d cac qudc gia, du luan xa hdi qudc gia dd ve thii ITnh, lanh dao cua hp, cic tinh hudng chinh trj cd the gay hau qui tam ly ning ne cho qudc gia, khu vuc hoic ci viing lanh thd rdng ldn - Nghien euu Tdm ly hgc chinh tri quan IK qudc ti: Van de tnmg tam ciia cic nghien ciiu ITnh vyc niy la nghien ciru mdi quan he giura cac chii the chinh trj d cic qudc gia khic nhu: nhan cich, nhdm xa hpi, cic dim ddng vi tiim ning inh hudng ciia hp Nghien cuu xun| dpi giiia cic qudc gia, co che quyit djnh de giii quySt cic van de quan he qudc te, nghien ciiu sy inh hudng hanh dpng ciia chii the chinh trj tdi du luan x3 hdi va ngupe lai anh hudng cua du luSn xi hpi tdi quan diim ciia chu the chinh trj Nghien cim cic co che tam ly dim phin, thuong lupng nhim giii quyet cic van de mau thiiln quoc te Cd the ndi, ddi tupng nghien cihi chinh ciia IThh vue li "yeu td ngudi quan h? qudc te" - Nghien euu Tdm ly hgc chinh tri iudt> sir Trong ITnh vuc niy thi van di dpc lap dan tdc vi bio v§ toin ven chu quyen lanh thd qudc gia di trd thinh vin de CO bin Ngoii ra, nghien ciru cic cupc chien tranh chdng lai sy xam ling ciia quan dpi nude ngoii, diu Q-anh vdi cic phin tu chdng ddi tir ben nhu: du kich vi nhOng ke ndi loan cd y nghTa die biet ddi vdi Tim ly hpc chinh trj Cic nghien cihi ve d$c diem nhan cich thii ITnh, tudng ITnh quan dpi, cic co che lam ly hifn dien quan sy, cic bien phip vi cic thao tic tam ly hoin thien chien diuat chien diu, co che tien hinh chien tranh tam ly cac tinh hudng cu thi cung dupe cic nhi tam ly hpc chinh trj het sire quan tam Cic nguyen tie co bin eua Tam ly hpc chinh tri li: Cic vin di phuong phip luin vi phuong phip nghien ciiu Tim ly hpc chinh trj, tinh chit lien nginh va tinh chat da dang ddi tupng nghien curu ciia Tim ly hpc chinh trj Tinh chit da dang ddi lupng nghien ciiu cua nd dupe the hien: 1) Tim ly hpc nhan cich chinh trj; 2) Tam ly hpc nhdm nhd chinh trj; 3) Tam ly hpc nhdm ldn chinh tri: 4) Tim ly hpc dim ddng vi tim trang tam ly chinh trj dim ddng Cic nha nghien ciru lam Iy hpc chinh tri di liy nim 1968 li mde cho sy ddi ciia Tim ly hpc chinh trj Hiep hpi Khoa hpc Chinh trj ciia My chinh thuc thinh lap (trong dd cd Ban Tim ly hpc chinh tri) va ciing thdi gian niy, mpt TAPCH(TAMLVHOC,Sd 11 (212), 11-2016 sd trudng dai hpc My da cho giing day mdn Tim Iy hpc chinh trj Tam I> hpc chinh trj li jjp mdn khoa hpc mdi nhung cd Ijch sir lau ddi Cd die ndi lir Uioi ky Aristote (Hy Lap) cho tdi nay, cic nha chinh trj da quan tam den mit chu quan cua qui trinh chinh trj (dd chinh la mat tam ly ciia nd) nhung tdi the ky XX, ngudi ta mdi khing dinh Tim ly hpc chinh trj niy sinh tai diem giao iihau giiia Chinh Uj hpc vaTam ly hpc Theo Jame Knutson (1973), ddi lupng nghien euu eiia Tim ly hpc chinh Uj li "cac dianh td hanh vi chinh Uj ciia nguoi, cic nhdm xa hpi, cac dan tdc va cic quy luat, co chi tam ly cd die giai duch cic hien tupng chinh tri" Tiip can hinh vi - hoat ddng la phuong phip luan ciia Tam ly hpc chinh Uj Ban chit ciia each tiip can hanh vi Uuyin thdng li xem chinh UJ nhu hinh vi ngudi Ddng gdp quan trpng nhit ciia each tiep can hanh vi la da chii y tdi cic khia canh chii quan ciia cic trang diii chinh trj va cic td tam ly ddi sdng chinh di xa hdi ma trude day di bj bd qua hoac khdng dupe dinh gii Cic cich tiip can Uudc dd chi quan tam tdi cac td khich quan ciia ddi sdng chinh Uj - xa hdi Tuy nhien, cich tiip can hinh vi truyin thdng cd mpt sd han chi nhu sau: Thir nhit, tiip can hanh vi chi phan dch hinh vi chinh tri ciia ngudi hoat ddng biu cir, tren thuc ti, diy chi la mpt cac ITnh vuc ciia ddi sdng chinh trj ngudi mi thdi; Thii hai, hudng nghidn ciiu niy chi nghien ciiu hanh vi chinh trj Uong dieu kien he thdng chinh trj dn djnh ma khdng phan tich dupe hinh vi chinh tri cic tinh hudng khdng dn djnh hoic khiing hoing chinh Ui; Thir ba, mdt sd nghien ciiu theo hudng tiep can chi phin lich, dinh gii hinh vi ngdn ngii (tri ldi cic cau hdi dieu tra bing "ddng y", "khdng ddng y" hoic "khdng biel") mi khdng chii y tdi hanh vi phi ngdn ngii ciia hp; Thii tu, hudng tiep can niy bj phe phin bdi cich hieu ve chii the hinh vi chinh trj Theo hp, chii the niy chi la ci nhan ma it chu y tdi cic nhdm xi hpi Cic nghien ciiu diu lien eiia cich tiep can niy chi quan tam tdi cic ci nhin rieng le vi ddng co lham gia hoic khdng lham gia bau cu ciia hp ma it quan tam ldi ddng CO xa hpi ciia ci nhin, nhdm xi hdi De giai quyet dupe nhOng han che Uen ciia tam ly hpc hanh vi truyin thdng, cin thay ddi, hoin thien cich nhin nen ting Iy luin cua nd Theo chiing tdi, Tam ly hpc chinh trj khdng chi nghien ciai hinh vi chinh trj ciia ngudi ma nghien cim hoat ddng chinh trj ciia hp (ci nhin, nhdm xa hdi) vdi lu cich li chii the ciia hoat dpng niy vdi nhiing dpng co, myc dich xic dinh Quan diim niy cho phep bo sung nin ting ly luin ciia lam ly hpe hanh vi truyin thong liy triel hpc thuc dyng [am phuong phap luan ciia minh Tim ly hpc chinh ttj duong dai cd ba nin ting ly luan co bin: thii nhat li Tam ly hpc chinh tti gin liin vdi cic luan diem co bin ciia C Mac vi vai trd ciia yiu Id ngudi Uong ddi song chinh tri Quan diim vat bi?n chimg vi TAPCHlTAMLf HOC.Sd 11 (212) 11 - 2016 vit Ijch sii coi chinh uj khdng chi la hoat ddng mi cdn li v eu Id anh hirdng chii quan tdi chu dii chinh ttj Hoat ddng chinh trj se khdng cd y nghia vi hieu qui niu khdng xac dinh dupe chii thi cua nd Chinh trj li mdt dang hoat ddng die biet ciia cac chii thi (con ngudi, cdng ddng, nhdm xa hpi) vdi nhung die diem lim Iy xa hdi, die diim van hda, ldi sdng cy the Nen tang thii hai ciia Tim ly hpc chinh Ui li khoa hpc lien nginh giira Chinh trj hpc va Tim Iy hpc xa hpi Hai khoa hpc tren da ttang bj phuong phap luin phuong phip nghien ciiu v a cic cich dip can nghien ciru cic qua trinh tam Iy chinh trj - xa hdi Nen tang phuong phip luan thir ba cua Tim ly hpc chinh tti li coi chinh trj nhu mdt dang hoat ddng dac biel ciia ngudi, nhdm xa hdi Niu Tim ly hpc chinh tri xem chitih tri nhu li dang hoat ddng die biet (hoat ddng chinh trj) ciia ngudi thi nghien cuu, can lam rd chii the, cau ttuc vi dpng lyc (ddng co) thiic diy vi phan tich hoat ddng chinh tri theo ly thuyet hoat ddng xi hdi cd ddi lupng eua A.N Leonchep Cau tnic ciia hoat d^ig chinh trj cd the phan chia thinh cac hinh ddng v a cac thao tic tuomg irng Tuomg ling vdi hoat ddng chinh tri li dpng co chinh tri, tuong irng vdi cic hinh vi li myc dich chinh trj vi tuong iing vdi cic thao tic la cic dieu kien va phuong lien cy the cho hoat ddng chinh tri Nhu viy, ddng co hoat ddng chinh trj luong irng vdi ddng co hoat ddng quin ly hinh vi xa hpi ciia ngudi (ci nhin, nhdm xi hpi) Myc dich ciia cic hinh ddng chinh tri li tao sy ddng thuin, Ipi ich cua nhdm xi hdi vi ca nhan Cudi cimg, cic thao tic chinh trj li cae each Ihurc lien hinh giii quyet vin de chinh trj khic tir chien tranh den dam phin hoic dinh edng chinh trj Phin tich phuong phap luan cho thay: Thuc chit, mim mdng tiep can hoat ddng da cd Tim ly hpc chinh trj tit rat lau va dieu niy hoin loan khdng mau thuin vdi tiep can hanh vi ttong Tim Iv hpc My Hon niia, chinh tiep can hoat dpng phit trien d trinh dp cao da lien ket dupe hai hudng tiep can tten V a dupe gpi li tiep can hinh vi - hoat ddng Vin de tmng tam ciia tiip can hinh vi - hoat dpng li cic co che lim ly chii quan bio dam cho sy thay ddi vi dieu chinh hinh vi chinh trj theo myc lieu nio dd Cach hieu niy da chi cic khii niem co bin ciia Tim Iy hpc chinh trj li: y thiic chinh tri; vin hda chinh tri; tiep thu, ITnh hdi chinh trj; xi hdi hda chinh trj vi cic yiu id tim ly ben nhu: xiic cim, linh cam vi tim trang chinh trj ciia ci nhin vi nhdm xa hpi cd y nghTa die biet quan trpng Cac nhi nghien ciru Tim ly hpc chinh trj da thdng nhit vdi vin di quan ttpng va Iy thii nhit ciia Tam Iv hpc chinh trj li cac vin di sau diy: Thir nhit li van de phuong phip luin, phuong phap nghien cim va cic nguyen tic nen ting ciia Tam Iy hpc chinh ttj; Thit hai la cic co che tam ly cua cic dang hinh V i chinh tri cua ci nhan nhdm xi hdi; Thur ba, nghien ciru tam ly nhdm TAP CHl TAM LV HOC Sd 11 (212) 11 - 2016 nhd nhu la thinh Id co ban ciia cic qui ttinh vi hien lupng chinh ttj; Thir tu la nghien ciiu qui trinh hinh nhan each chinh tri, lham gia chinh trj: cac quy luit lim ly eudn hiil ngudi vio hoat ddng chinh tri, cac co che, cac giai doan vi cic yiu Id inh hudng tdi xa hdi hda chinh tri: Vi cudi ciing thir nam li cac vin di tam ly ttong quan he chinh tri qudc li thupe cae cap dp dan tpc khu vuc vi qudc te Tim Iy hpc chinh tti nghien cim chinh ttj nhu mdt hoat ddng theo bdn mire dp tuong Omg vdi bdn chii thi co bin cua hoat ddng dd Mirc dp thii nhal la phin lich lim Iy nhin cich chinh trj mdt mil phan tich nhin each nhu kieu nhin each xa hdi cy thi vdi su nhin manh ldi kieu nhan each chinh trj ttong nhdm ling Idp xi hdi, giai cip vi xa hdi, nghien ciiu cac co che tam ly hinh vi phat triin kiiu nhan cich chinh trj, dy bio hanh vi ciia hp Mat khic, phan tich vin di tim Iy thu ITnh chinh tri thdng qua cic mil the hien tam ly cua thii ITnh dd nhu tu chinh trj, y thirc chinh trj, phim chat chinh trj ttong cic hoat ddng chinh tri cu the Mirc dp cdn nghien cim qui Irinh xi hdi hda ciia nhan cich chinh trj nhu: ty y thiic chinh tti tam the vi djnh khudn chinh ttj Mire dp thii hai phan lich lam ly nhdm nhd chinh trj bao gdm cic kieu vi cic each phin loai nhdm nhd chinh trj, cac giai doan hinh nhdm nhd chinh trj, cic co che ben ttong ciia viec hinh thinh nhdm nhd chinh tri, thii ITnh chinh trj vi nhdm cic co che tim ly hoat ddng ciia cic nhdm nhd, cic lyc lupng chinh tri vi ip lye nhdm nhd chinh trj Phan tich quan he chinh thiic, quan he khdng chinh thiic cua thii ITnh vdi ngudi dudi quyin, quan he giiia cic vien nhdm nhd chinh trj, quan he cua nhdm nhd chinh trj vdi cic nhdm ben ngoii, tam ly quyet djnh chinh ttj va cudi ciing li hien tupng "Nghjch Iy thu ITnh" chinh trj Mirc dp thur ba phan tich tam Iy cic nhdm xa hpi Idn chinh tri (giai cip, tang Idp din eu) vi cic cdng ddng dan tpc - sic tpc (bp lac, din tpc va din tdc thieu sd) Nghien ciru di siu phan tich trinh dp phat triin nhdm xi hpi, y thirc nhdm xi hpi y diufc he nhdm xa hpi, vd thirc lap thi chinh trj, vin hda chinh trj vi cic co ehi tic ddng ciia nhdm Idn cd Ipi ich khae tdi quyet djnh giii quyit cic van di chinh trj nhu: dinh cdng va cac xung dpi sic tpc Mirc dp thii ba cdn di sau phan lich cic die diim tam Iy co bin cua nhdm din toe - sic tpc nhu: linh cich dan tdc, y thiic dan tpc, ly y thirc dan tpc, hda giii va ddng thuin dan tdc Mire dp thii tu, phin tich lam Iy quin chiing chinh trj, bao gdm: tarn trang chung cua quin ehiing, tim trang quin chiing tron§ cic phong trio chinh ttj y ihiic quin chung cic trang diii lam ly co bin ciia cjuan chung Nghien cim cic van di td chirc phong ttio chinh tti quin chiing truyen didng dai chiing TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd 11 (212) 11 - 2016 qui trinh van ddng biu cii, die biel quan trpng d day la cac hien tupng tim Iy quan chiing nhu: hien lupng dim ddng cd td chirc dim ddng khdng cd Id chirc, cac hien tuong hoang sp quan chiing v i xam kich quan chiing O miic dp thii tu cdn bao gdm cic nghien cihi hinh vi ty phat ciia dam ddng nhu: co chi tam ly ciia hinh vi tu phit, chii the ciia hinh v i tu phit va cic dang hinh vi ly phit dam ddng ttong chinh trj Ngoai cic van de tren, Tim ly hpc chinh trj cdn nghien ciru cac van de iing dung Tam ly hpc chinh tri ttong ddi sdng chinh trj - xa hdi nhu: cic phuomg phap can Ihiep tim Iy vio chinh trj, cic phuong thirc hinh ddng tam ly chinh trj Ket luan Tam Iy hpc chinh trj la mdt ttong cic nginh Tam Iv hpc cdn mdi nhung diy liem ning phit trien d Viet Nam Nghien ciiu v a giing day Tim ly hpc chinh tri cic co sd dao lao dai hpc, cic hpc vien chinh tri hpc vien quin su cd y nghTa het siic quan trpng Viec giing day nav khdng chi dip irng nhu cau ciia xa hpi - ngudn nhan lyc chit lupng cao ve chinh ttj - mi cdn giiip ngudi hpc, cic nhi chinh ttj chuyen nghiep va cic nhi quan ly xa hdi hieu dupe cic hien tupng, sy kien chinh tti, tinh hudng chinh trj dudi gdc dp Tim Iy hpc, giiip hp cd the giai thich, dy bio dupe cic hien tupng, sy kien chinh trj, die biel ddi vdi cic linh hudng khiing hoing, phiic lap ddi sdng chinh trj - xa hdi Tii lifu tham khao G.N.Knutson, Handbook of Political Psychology, ed San Francisco, pp 438, 1973 Le Van Hao, Lasen Knud, Tdm ly hpc xa hpi, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi, 2010 Tran Hiep (chu bien) Tdm ly hpc xd hdi may vdn de ly ludn NXB Khoa hoc xi hdi, 1991 OjibiiiaHCKHH Xl.B Ocrioebi no.iumu^iecKOU ncuxo.ioeuu, - EKarepHndypr: JXcnosasi KHiira, 2001 TAP CHl TAM LV HOC, S6 II (212) II -2016
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