(Luận văn đại học thương mại) is background theories which focuses on definitions, methods, procedures of translation in general and technical translation in particular

ABSTRACT This paper reports the problems that need to be addressed in the process of translating industrial machinery names into the import contract and gives some suggestions for solving the problem Participants in the study are employees of the Sales Department of Lac Hong Joint Stock Company who must directly translate the import contract Ten of the company's 2011 to 2014 contracts were used for research data Then, the researcher uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the data The four main problems raised in the paper include: difficulty in adding information, difficulty in removing words, difficulty in choosing words and difficulties when translators lack technical knowledge i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to all people who gave me the possibility to complete this research I want to thank the English Faculty – Thuong Mai University for giving me permission to commences this thesis in the first instance and to the necessary research work I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Mrs Nguyen Thuy Linh whose reference materials, support, stimulating suggestions and encouragements helped me in all stages of this research for and writing of this research All the member from Lac Hong Joint Stock Company where I conducted the research supported me a great deal and I want to thank them for all their support, cooperation and valuable suggestions I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my friends who looked closely at the final version of the thesis foe English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement Finally, I can not fully express my gratitude to all the people whose direct and indirect support helped me complete my research in time Hanoi April 18 , 2018 Student Tran Thanh Binh ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .II TABLE OF CONTENT III CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1: RATIONALE 1.2: PREVIOUS STUDY: 1.3:AIMS OF THE STUDY 1.4: RESEARCH SUBJECTS 1.5: SCOPE OF THE STUDY: 1.6: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.5: ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 10 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 1.TRANSLATION THEORY 11 1.1.WHAT IS TRANSLATION? 11 1.2 TRANSLATION METHODS 12 1.3 TRANSLATION STRATEGIES: .15 1.3.1 HOW TO DEAL WITH NON EQUIVALENCE AT WORD LEVEL .15 1.3.2 HOW TO DEAL WITH IDIOMS AND FIXED EXPRESSIONS: .17 1.3.3 HOW TO DEAL WITH VOICE, NUMBER AND PERSON .18 1.3.4 HOW TO DEAL WITH PROPER NAMES 20 1.3.5 HOW TO DEAL WITH NON-SUBJECT SENTENCES 20 1.3.6 HOW TO DEAL WITH NEWSPAPER HEADLINES .21 ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSE (ESP) 21 2.1WHAT IS ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSE 21 2.2TYPES OF ESP 22 2.3 DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL TRANSLATION 22 2.4 WHAT IS TERM .23 2.5 TRANSLATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS 24 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND SUGESSTION 28 iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com 1.RESEARCH FINDING: .28 2.DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTIONS .37 RECOMMENDATIONS .39 CONCLUSION 41 REFERENCES 42 iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS JSC Joint Stock Company ESP English for Special Purpose EST English for Science and Technology EBE English for Business and Economics ESS English for Social Studies No Number Co.,Ltd Company limited TL Target Language SL Source Language V Verb O Object v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY 1.1: Rationale Currently, Vietnam’s economy has strongly integrated into global, there is a large number of policies which is carrying out to develop Vietnam’s economy Globalization is promoting  a large number of companies to expand their business beyond their nation and become the international companies A study by JPMorgan Chase found that 61 percent of medium-market companies are activating in international markets in 2013, compared with 58 percent in 2012 and 43 percent in 2011 respectively The reality that employees and companies dealing with customers, colleagues, suppliers and partners who are on abroad are becoming more and more popular The question is how to deal with customers, colleagues, suppliers and partners who not share the same language with you In this case, knowing international languages becomes very important and necessary Nowadays in the world, English is being used extensively and is considered as the common language in all global transactions Proficient use of English skills has become an effective tool for gaining good opportunities in the workplace as well as in trade negotiations It is an essential factor that helps business get opportunities in the new market and seek for partners or customers However, language is an extremely abstract and vast field Every industry, every field uses its own words that no one can know all For this reason, translators appear as intermediaries to help solve problems in how the parties who not share the same language understand each other Interpretation as well as interpreters play a very important role in the development of the world economy as well as exchanges and cooperation among countries By playing such an important role, the translator needs to possess a high level of understanding in the language and above all acquire complex translation skills LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com However there are many fields of translation and maybe the most difficult is technical translation It has been estimated that technical translation accounts for some 90% of the world’s total translation output each year This is unsurprising given the importance attached to the availability of technical information in a variety of languages, motivated partly by the increasingly international focus of many companies Coupled with increasing international co-operation in scientific, technological and industrial activity, it is clear to see why technical translation is one of the most significant employers of translators In contrast, translators sometimes find it difficult in translating these terms especially machine names Translating machine names is quite difficult, it requires translators to translate specialized terms exactly Meanwhile, the terms are very difficult because there are many loan words which are originated from Latin Unfortunately, the translation of the machine is indispensable term in any contract of machine transactions With employees who work in companies with foreign transactions in general and companies in the field of machinery in particular, contact and contract translation are unavoidable As a result, the study of machine translation in the contract was selected with the hope that nontechnical people would find it easier to understand and translate these terms 1.2: Previous study: Only a few researchers writing in the field of technical translation deal specifically with the texts attached to heavy industrial machine The majority of the available study describes the main features of translation generally and the technical type of translation when they get more specific on specialized types of translations Hence, the researchers believe that the area selected for this research is part of an immature type of dealing with the translation There is a notable obstacle that translators encounter in providing an equivalence to recent technical terms coined in English To illustrate, various studies have shed light on the ineffectiveness of specialized dictionaries use, and the futility of commonly recommended strategies LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com On the problems of translating specialized terms from English, Homaidan (2004) in his study on “Problems in translating some specialized computer terms” which was conducted by qualitative method identifies many translational problems resulting from polysemy and synonymy and leading to ambiguity, misunderstanding, confusion as well as mistranslation Accordingly, Homaidan advocates the use of loan words from the source language, in-text paraphrasing or explanation in a glossary besides coinage of new target text terms as strategies to be adopted in troublesome cases In a traditional view of translation process, for example, in Vinay and Darbelnet's ‘A methodology for translation’ (1995), a number of strategies for text transfer are introduced to account for translation procedures However, their view is problematic and not in line with my stance for two reasons First of all, in Vinay and Darbelnet’s view, only a 'drafting' phase is assumed to represent a whole translation process, and neither a start-up nor a revision stage is considered The second reason is that their categories are only concerned with transferring procedures from the source language to the target language; no influence from the target text is taken into account The translation methods in their list are, in fact, ordered hierarchically, starting at the top with 'borrowing', which may be described as the most literal translation (or ‘direct’ in their definition), and ending at the bottom with 'adaptation', free or ‘oblique’ translation However, this ordering does not explain that the translators’ strategy switches according to the change of transfer phase from drafting to the revision stage In this regard, the scope covered in this present study is a wider range of the transfer process In the study named “A study of the translation process through translators' interim products”, Masaru Yamada from Kansai University has revealed the fact that the process of translation is not monolithic nor in harmony with the Interpretive model where the translator de-verbalizes the text and re-expresses it all at once by means of re-verbalization Rather, in conformity with the Monitor LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com model, the production process proceeds segment by segment, guided by the source language syntactic order For this reason, renditions that are produced during the drafting phase seem, overall, closer to literal translation And then, the production stage is shifted to the revision phase, the translator’s focus is placed more on beyond-sentence level or discourse As a result of textual manipulation in this phase, the product becomes ‘free’ translation (free from the source text constraints) Although the behavioral patters may vary depending on the text type or genre of the source text (i.e literary text might require for translators more time to scan the text during pre-drafting phase), a certain extent of generalization can be made out of this study result Also thanks to screen recording technology, recording this entire dynamics in change of process is made possible With that, we are able to capture all of the detailed translating activities However, one question that remains untouched, however, is the reasons for these behaviors He has suggested that further investigation needs be conducted for full explanation on the cause of behaviors It is also interesting to see how development of technology shapes translators’ behavior Because in recent years, it is becoming very common to make use of computer-aided translation and translation memory system in the actual practice, the effect of those tools on the translation process is also another area of study that needs to be addressed What are factors which influence the translation? Mohamed Ali Elsiddig Ibrahim and Ahmed Mohammed Abdulrahman Mansor concluse in their research “Factors influencing the quality of translation” that : “The quality of translation depends on a number of factors, some of which, may be beyond the researcher’s control” The study also identifies the factors which affect on translation’s quality, showing the kind of these factors, introducing factors in details The quality of translation is influenced mainly by three factors: the competence, the autobiography and what called the material circumstances of the translator, that is the position the translator holds For these purpose, LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com research questions are posed That study of the Investigating factors influencing the quality of translation, shedding light on the nature of these factors, as well as the nature of evaluating these the influencing of the factor They have said that “Translator must have knowledge of the language and the culture of the people under study and fluency in the language”, too In research “Technical translation challenges” of Kugai K B from Kiev National University of Technology and Design, he divided the difficulties in translation into two groups: internal difficulties and external difficulties The internal difficulties are problems like the issues of recognition outlined above, they come from within the translation studies community itself Such problems relate to the way in which translation study has evolved over the decades and the way in which this evolution has not always concerned itself with technical translation Internal problems also arise from the ways in which researchers in this area and in translation study as a whole produce definitions and models as a way of going about their work A second category of challenges comes from outside both translation study and translation practice Such external challenges relate to factors, circumstances and constraints which arise in the world in which technical translation takes place but which are not of technical translation itself They might include various professional and technical challenges posed by changing work practices, technologies and legal issues which govern the environment in which technical translations are produced There may even be input from other disciplines such as technical communication and psychology which further our understanding of technical translation while at the same time challenge our conceptions of what translators Now let us try to examine various challenges, both internal and external, and make an attempt to outline their implications for technical translation Imankulova Radha Nuriddinovna in his research “The problems of technical translation” divided the problems into three groups: problems in the translation process of technical terms, problems with the source text and LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com In this section, an analysis of some of the encountered problems will be presented The term “Huyndai Excavator” in import contract number VP140808KCPSE between Lac Hong Equipment Joint Stock Company and Sekyung Auto Trading Co.,ltd is an example of how to apply faithful translation “HYUN DAI EXCAVATOR MODEL ROBEX 320LC-7 -Engine: cumins C8.3C (EURO II) power 259HP/1.750rpm -Bucket: 1.44 m3 -Cabin with Air conditioner + Cassette player -Operating weight: app 32,200kg -One delivery kit (01 box)” The first word we work with is “Excavator” Online dictionary suggested the term “excavator” means “máy đào đất” and “người xới đất” , which would be an equivalent expression, and “máy đào”, which, being a noun and being a machine, corresponded well to the structure of the sentence in the ST and was therefore considered the best option for this translation Then, what would we with the rest of machine’s name? The text “Hyundai” and “Robex320LC-7” are proper name of the manufacturer and the unique name of the product line, therefore there are many choices to solve this problem such as: translated into Vietnamese or unchanged or add the words “công ty”, “hãng” However, in this example, the name “Hyundai” and “Robex320LC-7” should be still remained unchanged in order to the machine name become more concrete Moreover, under the name of machine, some descriptions about product must be added to identify exactly the product which was ordered Last but not least, we must handle with “Model” In the dictionary, the model means “mẫu” or “mơ hình” However in this case, the term “model” is more similar to a kind of product than the original mean in dictionary, in addition, the item “model” is widely known in Vietnam and often used without any accompanying 29 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com explanation In consequence, we can use loan word by choosing not translating the word “model” Finally, the suggested translation for the term “Huyndai Excavator Model Robrx320LC-7” is “Máy đào Huyndai Model Robex320LC7” As you see in this example, we had to use three different translation strategies and use faithful translation to deal this name machine Come to the second example, another problem will be investigated In the sales contract number 01/LAC-TOHO which was signed in 05/02/2014 with Toho Chikakoki Co.,Ltd as the seller and Lac Hong Equipment Joint Stock Company as the buyer, there is a clause as below: “1.1 Name of the goods: TOHO Drilling Machine Model K1-B-1900ST with anti-explosive type” In this example, first how to translate this text from English into Vietnamese? In the dictionary, the term “Drilling machine” means “máy khoan” and “anti-explosive type” means “kiểu phòng nổ” therefore they can be translated directly Next the term “model K1-B-1900ST” should be still remained unchanged too because of the reason analyzed in the example one However, the distinction here is the way we materialize the name machine and translate the manufacturer name When “drilling machine” is translated into “máy khoan”, this meaning just represents a part of the name “Drilling machine” is divided into many types based on their functions and their using purposes such as rock drill, wall drilling machine n this case, in order to avoid ambiguity, we must specify the type of excavator mentioned in the contract Specifically, the drill is used for geological exploration so we should add "thăm dò địa chất" information follow “máy khoan Adding correct information is not only required flexibility in language skills but also knowledge of specialized machinery This is the biggest barrier with the translator at Lac Hong JSC in particular and other technical company in general In reality, the translators who drafting contract come from business department and graduate in Business English or Academic English They lack of the knowledge in specialized 30 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com machinery especially heavy industry machine as well as limited technical vocabulary, therefore adding correctly and fully information is the challenge for translator The same when translating the text “TOHO” If we remain “TOHO” as example one, it can lead to confusion when there are many company named TOHO in other fields or other TOHO’s Subsidiaries in the world As a result, the information “Chikakoki” should be added According to the analysis steps above, the final result of the machine name can be translated as: “1.1:Tên hàng hóa: Máy khoan thăm dị địa chất Model K1-B-1900ST kiểu phòng nổ hãng Toho Chikakoki sản xuất” In this example, we had to decide to intercalate a lot of infomation to specialize the name of merchandise and that is very complicated The suggested translation is far more extensive than the original, so the translation method was used here is free translation Having some differences with two example above, the machine in the third contract gives other structure to translate the product’s name The contract between Lac Hong Equipment Joint Stock Company and Jiangxi Siton Machinery Manufacturing Co.; Ltd had number 01/LAC-SITON was signed on 18/07/2014 The product in this contract is wheel bucket loader and described as follows: “1.1 Name of product: ZWY-80/18T Anti-explosion wheel mucking loader” In this case, the number, the model and the type of the machine was transferred to the top of the sentence However, when translated into Vietnamese, the order of these information must be came to an end of phrase to be natural with Vietnamese grammar Another difference is there is no manufacturer’s name in this product’s name In reality, this contract was signed directly between two company and named 01/LAC-SITON therefore it can be accepted if the manufacturer’ name in the contract both in English and Vietnamese were omitted This solution can also be used in the case of translating phrase “wheel mucking loader” The dictionary suggested that 31 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com “mucking” means clear the soils or rocks or equivalent to “dọn đất đá” in Vietnamese and “wheel loader” means “máy xúc lật” But in fact, the functions of the wheel loader included clear and remove the soils and rocks and the meaning of word “mucking” is not essential to the meaning of the text, so we can choose omit this word in order that the translation was not too ridiculous In the contrast, this translation must have additional information, too This made the merchandise become more detail to be used as a legal basis if there is a dispute between the buyer and the seller However, it should be stressed again that the addition of information related to the technique requires a very deep understanding of the translator A slight mistake in the process of adding or removing information can also lead to misleading deliveries Specifically, as described of the ZWY-80/18T product line, this product uses a tire rather than a chain, so we should specify the type of wheel that is used in the machine name to make the reader easy to recognize By all these steps, the machine name is translated as : “1.1: Máy xúc lật bánh lốp phòng nổ ZWY-80/18T” One more time, the translation is expanded to more specific than the original, in addition, the grammatical structure is also reprocessed according to grammatical structure in Vietnamese So the translations are translated according to the characteristics of the free translation method The more analyzing the following examples, the more complex the translation of the machine name With the fourth example, we will continue to see the complexity of choosing the right machine name translation strategies: “1 Name of product: Junjin Stationary Pump Model: JSP.60HP-D” We can see the return of the manufacturer’s name and product number in this example: “Junjin” and “Model: JSP.60HP-D” Of course, the number of products we keep remained and change its order to the end of the phrase to match the Vietnamese grammar that secondary elements is always stand behind the main noun What about the manufacturer's name? This contract numbered VP110808KCPSE is an import contract between Lac Hong Equipment Joint 32 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Stock Company and Sekyung Auto Trading Co.;Ltd, while the name of the manufacturer of the goods is Junjin not Sekyung production So the name of the manufacturer must be remained unchanged and reversed after the main noun If we look at the dictionary “stationary” is “cố định” and “pump” means “máy bơm”, so we can combine these two words and translate them into “máy bơm tĩnh” The problem here is that there are many types of pumps which can be divided into functional uses such as water pumps, sand pumps or by the power source they use, such as electric pumps , petrol pumps If only translate "stationary pump" into “máy bơm tĩnh”, misunderstanding can lead to disputes in the delivery of goods For this reason, The recommendation is we should specify this machine as “máy bơm bê tông tĩnh” as described in the contract when translating it into Vietnamese and introduce the final translation is “Máy bơm bê tông tĩnh Junjin Model :JSP.60HP-D” There is no doubt that in this case we use the free translation method again Also in this contract, another machine product is also traded: “2 Name of product: Tata Daewoo Mixer Truck Model: K4MVF, 6x4” Same as above, the manufacturer's name and product number are also translated similarly to the machine name translation process that was mentioned earlier More specifically, both the manufacturer’ name “Tata Deawoo” and the number "Model: K4MVF, 6x4" should be not translated and returned after the main noun Next to the main noun phrase in the phrase, “mixer truck” means “xe trộn” But the product here has more functions than the functions that the “xe trộn” contains, so we has to clarify the function of the product by adding text and concretizing the product into "xe tải chở trộn bê tông” With the free translation method, we will have the final translation as "Xe tải chở trộn bê tông Tata Deawoo Model: K4MVF, 6x4” To understand more about the process of heavy machine translation , we come to the next contract On April 24 th, 2012, the contract numbered 03 / LAC-KS was signed between Lac Hong Equipment Jont Stock Company and 33 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Kaishan Construction Machinery (Hong Kong) Co.; Ltd, with commodity terms as follows: “Crawler Drill Pneumatic Model: KY100 Specifications as: -Diameter of hole: 80-150 mm -Yuchai Diesel Engine Model: YC2108 -Power: 33kW -Hammer: CW930” In this contract, the name of the factory is the same as the name of the seller So the manufacturer's name in the machine name clause has been omitted both in the English and Vietnamese versions to avoid the lengthy Product numbers are also kept unchanged, similar to the examples above The “crawler” in the dictionary is “trình thu thập thơng tin”, “drill” means “khoan” and “Pneumatic” is “khí nén” When translating this phrase, we can remove the meaning of the word "crawler" and the word "Pneumatic" because of these length and translated only the meaning of the word "drill" Instead, we added information not in the original text "bánh xích tự hành” This information helps readers understand more about the mechanism of the machine From this it can be seen that in the process of translating this machine name, priority here is given for the way of operation “tự hành” and composition of the machine “bánh xích” In fact, the terms of the item name, especially the machinery, must be very specific and easily identifiable so that the reader can easily identify its particular characteristics Look at the machine name, the buyer can know the mechanism of operation of the machine, also from the machine name can know the type of machine terrain can work to suit the purpose of the buyer By the expansion of the translation and the change in the grammatical structure, this translation is the translation using the free translation method In the next example we will encounter a quite special case translation: “Name of the goods: Manitou MT 62 Turbo (Maniscopic)” 34 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com This is the product traded in the contract between Hiephoa Special Purpose Vehicle Company Limited and Manitou Asia Private Limited Company, in which Lac Hong Equipment Joint Stock Company acts as contractor intermediary The contract is numbered 2068/2011 Manitou-HHC and signed in July 2011 The special thing in this example is the English original was not specific what kind of machine is but only the number and proper name of the machine Except for the machine number, the manufacturer's name is the same as the one above, here it appears that the proper machine name is "Maniscopic" This is the proper name that belongs to the technical field so we should not translate proper name but still keep the same name as in English This is also a common treatment in translating proper names However, in the original English only the factory name, number and proper name of the machine are introduced without the machine type When looking at the machine name in English, the reader does not know what kind of machine or what use to With buyer who not know in advance the product will not be able to imagine the product being traded As a result, when translated into Vietnamese, we have to add the generic name of the machine is "máy xúc lật đa năng" in front of the name and machine number This information is not included in the contract or in the terms of the description of the goods, but from the external materials and the actual product to be able to insert more information has never appeared before “Turbo” in the online dictionary means "có tính mạnh" or "có tính tốc độ" When looking at the original, from the text “turbo”, we can see the outstanding features of this machine compared to other models of the same function However, in practical the word “turbo” does not have the perfect equivalent word in Vietnamese, so we can choose to omit “turbo” when translate into the Vietnamese Instead, to demonstrate the superiority of the product, we can instead of the meaning of the word “turbo” to "đa năng" and have complete translation is “Tên hàng hóa: máy xúc lật đa Manitou MT 625 (Maniscopic) 35 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com In all cases analyzed above, most of when rendered into Vietnamese, we must specify the words in the English version or add information from the reality into the translation The example below is no exception: “COMMODITY: Kaishan air compressor Model LGY16.5/7 branch new, manufacture 2012.” When translate we not only have to keep all the necessary information in the original, but also must specify the machine name in the translation in order to easier to understand What are the necessary factors to be retained here? This is a contract numbered 04 / LAC-KS, signed on 02/07/2012 between Lac Hong Joint Stock Company and Kaishan Construction Machinery (Hong Kong) Co ; Limited So the factors that need to be kept here are manufacturer's name and machine number However, in this case, the name of the manufacturer in the English version is placed before the main noun, so when it is translated into Vietnamese, it must be reversed after the main one Now we consider the main factor in the phrase “Air compressor” in the dictionary is translated as “máy nén khí” This translation is very close to the original in English and natural to the Vietnamese language, so we can directly use this meaning to translate the phrase "air compressor" But the translation does not stop there As mentioned above, most Vietnamese translations must detail the English word and this is no exception Here, as far as the manufacturer's LGY16.5 / series is concerned, there are two main points to note in the machine name: "4 wheel mounted" and "Engine Diezel model: 6BTA5.9-C180" , which refers to the ability to move and engine fuel of machine So when we translate the machine name, we should add that information: one is the ability to move of the machine is "di động" and the other is the fuel of the machine "chạy Diezel" This concretization also helps to avoid unnecessary disputes between two parties if there is a confusion about the goods being exchanged Escaped from the original to be natural and specific to the target language but still sticking to the information of the original, free translation method is the method used in this translation 36 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com After analyzing the machine name terms in the contract, it is easy to see that most of the translation methods used are mainly free method Specifically, seven out of eight examples were analyzed using the free translation method to produce suggestive translations that accounted for 87.5% of the total, only one example using faithful translation accounted for 12.5% of the total This shows that extending the information in the translation and making the translation closely with the Vietnamese as much as possible are extremely important From there, we can also see that the main method used in translating machine names in general and industrial machines in contracts in particular is the free translation method 2.Difficulties and suggestions From the analysis of specific examples extracted from the above contracts, there are some difficulties in translating the English machine name into Vietnamese as follows The first difficulty and also the biggest difficulty in translating is always to add the necessary information to clarify the machine name as much as possible This information must be accurate and authentic, as stated in the contract or must be obtained from the actual product Not only that, this information should also match the needs of information capture of participants in the transaction This is not a simple task for those who have not had the experience or even for those who have experience in translation There seems to be no perfect solution to this problem except that the translator has to accumulate experience for himself Pre-negotiation of the requirements of the two parties as well as the process of negotiation is also a very useful solution Knowing about the negotiation process will provide the translator with practical information on the product, while understanding the needs of the two parties will help the translator to understand what should be focus on the use of the machine name Getting access to the company's available materials on the product will also help a lot in selecting information that can be added to the translation 37 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com The second difficulty here is the opposite of the first If in the first difficulty the translator must add information to the specific name of the machine, then in this second difficulty, the translator sometimes has to diminish the information to ensure the short and at the same time give priority to the information which more needed We can see this problem in Example 3, example and example But the choice of the solution for deciding what to exclude from words in the text is similar to the solution of deciding which additional information to text The third difficulty should be mentioned here is the choice of Vietnamese meaning to the most suitable In fact, an English word can be equivalent to many words in Vietnamese, so choosing the most appropriate word from those words is quite difficult As we can see in Example 4, "stationary" translates into Vietnamese as "cố định" but when inserted into the phrase translators have decided to use the word "tĩnh" The suggestion for this problem is that you should look at the dictionary in both English into Vietnamese and Vietnamese into English This means that when we look at the meaning of a certain word, we should look the singular of the preceding words in the order from English to Vietnamese, then bring the words have been translated from Vietnamese to English to compare result This will give you the most accurate definition of the newly searched word Next step you can use the support tools to translate the whole phrase to understand its literal meaning However, it is worth noting here that, since these are all terms related to engineering, in particular the construction industry, sometimes the translation tools will not produce results or the result is wrong So you need to compare the result in step one and the result of step two so that you can see the similarity and difference from which to choose the most suitable This solution takes a lot of time but is the easiest solution for choosing the mean of the word The last limitation can be seen in the main examples is that even if it only translates a phrase, it must incorporate a variety of translation strategies As in 38 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Example 2, when translating from "TOHO Drilling Machine Model K1-B1900ST with anti-explosive type" to " Máy khoan thăm dò địa chất Model K1B-1900ST kiểu phòng nổ KY120 hãng Toho Chikakoki sản xuất" , the translator had combined three strategic services: use of more specific word, preserved with proper names and paraphrase With this difficulty, unfortunately, there are no effective proposals The use of appropriate strategies depends on the translator's flexibility and the specific situation of the translation Finally, the underlying cause for all these difficulties is the lack of experience in the engineering field For English graduates in general, the knowledge they hold and the scope they study are largely in academic English or business English Vocabulary in engineering or mechanics is very difficult even for those who graduate in English So the most appropriate solution for contract translators in particular and the company in general is to build a dictionary related to machinery in the company This dictionaries may be constructed from pre-existing contracts or from available materials in the company or from seminar on machinery Building this dictionary can be considered as the longest, most sustainable and effective solution to solve the difficulties encountered by employees in translating machine names in particular and contract translation in general Recommendations From the examples analyzed above, we can see some of the possible issues that can be proposed when translating machine names into contracts as follows First of all, be sure that the machine name terms in the contract contain the special machine number, for example: "Model Robex 320LC-7", "Model K1-B1900ST" or "MT 62 " For this information, when translated into Vietnamese we just need to remain unchanged because this is simply a symbol of the machine However, we absolutely must not remove this component because it is a special mark to identify the product 39 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com The second problem is that the name of the manufacturer For this information, we should consider buyer and seller terms in the contract If the seller is also a manufacturer, we can dismiss it to give priority to other information about the machine However, there are special cases when the manufacturer has many subsidiaries in many places, in order to specify the place of production we still have to keep the name of the manufacturer in the translation So the suggestion here is that if the original text contains the name of the manufacturer, we should not be removed, should not be translated in Vietnamese, either but should be kept in English What about the generic noun in the machine name? Typically, these nouns can be found in online dictionaries However, to specify a machine name, adding words to this noun is very important The specific information will be found in the product description The information usually includes: purpose of use, prominent characteristics, type of fuel used Finally is the grammatical structure When translating from English to Vietnamese we just need to reverse the order of words If in English the phrase is the word modifiers for nouns and then the main noun, then when translated into Vietnamese, we will translate the first word to the first and all remaining information will be after the main noun It is worth noting that when translating, we should use the free translation method to be closer to the Vietnamese because this translation will be used by Vietnamese users 40 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CONCLUSION The thesis has examined the difficulties encountered by translators when translating machine names in import contracts By using eight import contracts of Lac Hong JSC, the study some conclusions on the commons difficulties, the translation strategies often used and some recommendations which are often seen in the process of translating the machine from English to Vietnamese During the translation process, the translator encounters difficulties in deciding whether to add or subtract information about the product in the translation, and the difficulty also arises from the translator's knowledge background Therefore, the most important suggestion is to build a reference database to improve the technical knowledge base for translators At the same time, the research also outlines some of the translation strategies commonly used in the translation process, especially the most commonly used method is free translation method However, due to limited knowledge and access to resources, research is inevitable with many shortcomings It is hoped that these shortcomings will be complemented and improved in the following studies on the process of translating machine names in import contracts 41 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com REFERENCES Homaidan, M (2004) Problems in translating some specialized computer terms Unpublished Master’s thesis, Yarmouk University: Jordan http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:431449/FULLTEXT07.pdf http://web.hanu.vn/dec/file.php/1/Non-equivalent-Binh.pdf http://www.rusnauka.com/14_NPRT_2010/Pedagogica/66850.doc.htm file:///C:/Users/Administrator/Downloads/5805-Article%20Text-10951-110-20130211.pdf https://scholar.najah.edu/sites/default/files/Amani%20Ashqar.pdf Factors influencing the quality of translation, Dr Mohamed Ali Elsiddig Ibrahim, Dr Ahmed Mohammed Abdulrahman Mansor, Assistant Professor, Department of English Language, College of Science and Arts AL-Baha University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Qualitative Descriptive Research: An Acceptable Design, Vickie A Lambert, Clinton E Lambert, Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research Technical Translation Usability Strategies for Translating Technical Documentation, JODY BYRNE, University of Sheffield, UK https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_translation Schäffner, C (2001) Skopos Theory In M Baker (ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (pp.235-238) London/New York: Routledge Pinchuk, I (1977) Scientific and technical translation London: André Deutsch Nida, A & Taber R (1982) The Theory and Practice of Translation (2nd ed.) Newmark, P (1988) A Textbook of translation London: Prentice Hall 42 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Newmark, P (2003) No Global Communication without Translation In Anderman, G & Rogers, M (eds.), Translation Today: Trends and Perspectives(pp.55-68) Clevedon, Buffalo, Toronto & Sydney: Multilingual Matters Ltd Newmark, P (1981) Approaches to Translation Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press Byrne, J (2006) Technical translation: Usability strategies for translating technical documentation Baker, M (1992) In other words: Coursebook on translation New York and London: Routledge 43 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ... study, purposes, methods, scope are presented CHAPTER II is background theories which focuses on definitions, methods, procedures of translation in general and technical translation in particular CHAPTER... form is a vehicle of meaning, and translation consists mainly of transferring the meaning of the SL text into the TL Hence, translation, according to Nida (1969,12), "consists of reproducing in. .. translation Sofer (1991) as follow distinguishes technical translation from literal translation “ the main division in the translation field is between literary and technical translation? ?? According