Welcome to Group 5 • Nguyễn Trịnh Minh Hy • Huỳnh Huỳnh Phương Đông • Võ Tâm Nhi • Nguyễn Thoại Chi • Huỳnh Lâm Kim Ngân • Khổng Hoàng Kim Ngân South East Asia Tìm kiếm Google Xem Trang đầu tiên tìm đ.
Welcome to Group • • • • • • Nguyễn Trịnh Minh Hy Huỳnh Huỳnh Phương Đông Võ Tâm Nhi Nguyễn Thoại Chi Huỳnh Lâm Kim Ngân Khổng Hồng Kim Ngân South-East Asia Tìm kiếm Google Xem Trang tìm South-East Asia The countries Country Area(00 sq.km) Hong Kong, China Malaysia Philippines Singapore 0.0162 332,965 300,000 616 Reference figures Barbados Ireland UK USA 0.430 69 245 9,363 0.265 3.8 62.3 310.2 Population (2010) Capital in millions 7.1 28.3 Kuala Lumpur 99.9 Manila 4.7 South-East Asia Background Africa and India to South-East Asia - Countries such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Philippines are having stronger economies than African or South Asian countries, especially Singapore - Singapore is a developed country with a high level of education and culture with welfare 170WORLD ENGLISHES and so on at or above European and North American levels English in these countries is more developed than in subSaharan Africa or even (per head) in South Asia - Nội The pre-colonial languages of Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore dung are often toneless - In Malaysia (and Singapore) the pre-colonial language was Malay and many words borrowed from Arabic, but is now more commonly written in Roman - The pre-colonial language of the Philippines was less influenced by other languages - - The local language of Hong Kong is Cantonese, a ‘dialect’ of Chinese - In Singapore most people speak Cantonese and English In both countries there are substantial numbers of people of Indian descent,mostly with Dravidian language backgrounds South-East Asia History -During the twentieth century, English is widely spoken in the above countries due to colonization - English was spread by the education system and educated people became very fluent because they used the language for everyday communication across communal boundaries - Hong Kong came under British control as a result of the Opium Wars with China and developed as a trading centre -In 1898 ownership of the Philippines passed to the USA The Americans launcheda vigorous campaign of education through the medium of English, so that by independence in 1946 a rhotic variety of English with US vocabulary was widely known for administration and education, and used among Filipinos with different mother tongues Virtually all Filipinos spoke one or more local languages alongside it, of course The current situation: Malaysia and Singapore, Hong Kong, Philippines Nội dung - English is now used for some tertiary education, and quite widely as the language of business English is frequently used in workplaces - In Singapore an increasing proportion of speakers have English as a mother tongue but the local variety rather than Standard English Malaysian/Singaporean English – a descriptive account * A shortlist of particularly salient features ● Nội a reduced dung set of final consonants and consonant sequences as compared with other varieties and consequently words which end with glottal stops, voiceless fricatives, or nasals ( [i:ʔ] ‘eat’, [bæŋ] ‘bank’) ● stereotyped Singapore vocabulary items: borrowings from Malay like ulu ‘old-fashioned, provincial’, and from Chinese like kiasu ‘selfish’ (see below), and local coinages like blur ‘confused’ ● the particle lah (borrowed from Chinese) which is used to emphasise confidently made statements or shared knowledge ● omission of sentence subjects (and objects) that can be inferred from the context South-East Asia Phonology The vowel inventory is quite reduced KIT and FLEECE, FOOT and GOOSE, LOT/CLOTH, THOUGHT, CURE, and NORTH / FORCE and START/PALM/BATHand STRUT are all merged, though probably as speakers move up the lectal scale they make more distinctions FACE and GOAT are monophthongs, as in many other varieties, and Deterding notes that a diphthongal pronunciation of the FACE vowel sounds ‘affected’ to Singaporeans Sent Nội dung -Dental fricatives are often realised as stops Final consonant clusters are often simplified Ex: think is [θiŋ] or [tiŋ] effect is [ifek] or [ifεʔ] voiceless – that maybe [dæʔ] Final fricatives – especially /s/ and /z/ Relatively few vowels are reduced to [ə], as in other syllable-timed varieties By contrast, an American accent may be becoming more fashionable: originally US pronunciation of individual words like schedule are said to be becoming more common, and so is rhoticity South-East Asia History - In the second millennium BC Indo-Aryan languages spread over much of Northern India - In the 16th century, Persian was the language of the court, Sanskrit that of Hindu literary and religious writing, and Arabic that of Islamic theologians, although most people of course spoke their own vernaculars, Indo-Aryan, Dravidian or others - In the 18th century ‘orientalists’ who favoured education in local languages and ‘westernisers’ who favoured English- language education → The westernisers won the argument Nội dung - By the time of Macaulay’s Minute English had become necessary for career success education in English was taken up quite widely - Increasing English-language education throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries → The establish- ment of English as the common language of the elite - The end of the twentieth century India, the accompanying internationalisation of economic life gave a further boost to English within the language ecology of India - In fact English in India has reached stage in Schneider’s scheme (cf 3.3) at least South-East Asia The current situation + The ‘Anglo-Indians’ – descendants of mixed marriages many generations ago - a small group of South Asians (100,000 or so) have English as their mother tongue and ethnic identity + Krishnaswamy and Burde (1998) list five domains for English in India: bureaucracy, education, print-media communication and advertising, intellectual and literary writing and social interaction + English continues alongside Hindi and local languages in national administration, in quasi-state bodies like medical councils and the higher courts + State schools theoretically operate a ‘three-language policy’ so that children learn the local language, or at least that of their state, Hindi and English → A proportion of South Asians use spoken English in daily life Some families in the urban upper class may have gone over to English almost entirely South-East Asia South Asian English – a descriptive account Salient features Here is a shortlist of particularly salient features of South Asian English: ●retroflex stops for /d/ and /t/: these are the stereotype feature of the variety ●syllable-timing, and relatively lightly marked word stress ●intonation characterised by rather short intonation units (so that the placement of sentence stress may seem uninformative) ●a characteristic vocabulary borrowed from substrate languages: to gehrao is to prevent someone from leaving his office as a protest, a lakh is a hundred thousand, a crore is 10 million ●stylistic features which may strike inner-circle readers as mixture of level South Asian English is predominantly spelt in the British style South-East Asia Phonology + Depends on the substratum and on the degree of accommodation to RP (or nowadays GA) + The phonemes /ʌ/ and /ə/ are not distinct, giving a characteristic low mid final vowel in words like comma KIT and FLEECE are distinct for most mother-tongue groups, as are FOOT and GOOSE BATH words have /ɑ:/ on a Southern English model, CLOTH, LOT and THOUGHT may be merged The voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ may be unaspirated Postalveolars may be pronounced with contact between the blade of the tongue and the roof of the mouth (rather than its tip as in other varieties) → RP/GA speakers may appear cold to South Asians, while South Asians may appear excited or angry to RP/GA speakers Grammar - Published written usage shows relatively more syntactic differences from British and American standard than they have from each other + In British English give occurs most commonly in a ditransitive construction like give someone something, and pelt occurs most often in pelt someone with something + In Indian English the most common are monotran- sitive give something and prepositional give something to someone, and pelt stones at someone respectively - A typical one is the distribution of particles and prepositions after verbs - In South Asian English one can fill up a vacancy, start with the lesson, show up the main point, or shirk away one’s responsibilities, where British or American speakers would without the particle/preposition South-East Asia Lexis - Many of the characteristic lexical items of South Asian English are borrowed BON- FIRE NIGHT words referring to local phenomena - Other BONFIRE NIGHT words, however, use English elements (including General English borrowings from South Asian languages) - Most tautonyms (ROBIN words, that is, words that have different meanings in two varieties) are English words adapted with a different meaning In South Asian English they include: bogey ‘railway carriage’, cracker ‘firework’, fire ‘be angry with’, cut ‘slaughter an animal’, copy-book ‘notebook’ South-East Asia Style and pragmatics + The stylistic values attached to words and expressions are often different in Indian English from those in British or American usage, or perhaps stylistic distinctions are neutralised + The pragmatics of English in the subcontinent derive, of course, from the sub- continental cultures, and so pragmatic behaviour may be very different from British Sent South-East Asia HONG KONG ENGLISH It is mainly used in education and interactions with ‘outsiders’ and seems to be more susceptible to outside influence – less endonormative – than the Malaysian/Singapore variety The syntax of Hong Kong English includes many typical ‘new English’ simplifications, particularly in the noun phrase: systems of countability and singular, definiteness, and so on Local Westerners may use borrowings from Chinese like dim sum (snacks served in local restaurants) and gwailo (‘Westerner’), but also, reflecting imperial connections, from South Asian languages including chit (for ‘bill’ or ‘ receipt’), nullah (an open drain or ‘water course’) South-East Asia Philippine English – a descriptive account A shortlist of particularly salient features of Philippine English Philippine English derives from US English, normally uses US spelling conventions and vocabulary variants, and is rhotic However in mesolectal and basilectal accents the /r/ is an alveolar flap, not a semivowel The vowel inventory is reduced in ways typical of ‘New Englishes’ There is a range of typical Philippine vocabulary: borrowings from Spanish (merien- da ‘afternoon tea’), Tagalog/Filipino (kundiman ‘love song’), loan translations from local languages (since before yet ‘for a long time’) and local coinages (batchmate ‘person who studied, did military service, etc with the speaker’) South-East Asia Phonology Philippine English is largely syllable-timed, unstressed vowels are often given their full spelling pronunciation Dental fricatives may be realised as stops, as may /f v/ Voicing distinctions are often lost between /s/ and /z/, /ʃ/ and // Under influence from the indigenous languages, Philippine English often has unaspirated voiceless stops at the beginnings of words and unreleased stops at the end of words It also has dental /t d n l/ Consonant clusters are often simplified South-East Asia Syntax Written Standard Philippine English does not vary syntactically from other standard versions, and because its domains of use are more limited than those of Singapore English it has not developed the lectal range and exotic syntax of colloquial Singapore English South-East Asia Lexis Philippine English tends to be so full of code-switching and mixing that it is hard to tell what is simply Tagalog and what is borrowed into English Nevertheless one can identify local lexicalisations (CRORE words), either coined in English like Examples: - bedspacer ‘person who is sharing a flat’ or borrowed, - barkada ‘circle of friends’ - Among foreignisms borrowed from Tagalog (BONFIRE NIGHT words) are barong (shirt) ‘traditional smart shirt made from embroidered cloth’ - dalagang Filipina ‘traditional “good girl”’ - and lechon ‘roast pig dish’ – as usual foreignisms cluster round food, costume and traditional values Sent South-East Asia Pragmatics Philippine English can be stylistically underdifferentiated in the sense that language which other varieties would regard as rather formal can be mixed with ap- parently informal phrases Nonverbal communication (paralanguage) is of course different in different cultures Filipinos asked directions may simply point with their eyes and lips rather than either pointing with a hand or giving verbal directions Group Thanks For Watching! ... 4.7 South-East Asia Background Africa and India to South-East Asia - Countries such as Hong Kong, Malaysia, and the Philippines are having stronger economies than African or South Asian countries,... 5.3 South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, etc 5.3.1 The countries and the history of the introduction of English 5.3.1.1 The languages of South Asia Nội dung - In South Asia: + Many... A proportion of South Asians use spoken English in daily life Some families in the urban upper class may have gone over to English almost entirely South-East Asia South Asian English – a descriptive