Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
C STANDARD ENGLISH AND VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Group 5 Topic 9 Group members Đào Tú Uyên 187na11307 Nguyễn Mạnh Khang 187na15771 Võ Lê Anh Khoa 187na15781 Nguyễn Minh Hân 187na15728 Nguyễn Kim Hạnh 187na.
Topic STANDARD ENGLISH AND C VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Group Group members : Đào Tú Uyên 187na11307 Nguyễn Mạnh Khang 187na15771 Võ Lê Anh Khoa 187na15781 Nguyễn Minh Hân 187na15728 Nguyễn Kim Hạnh 187na15717 1.Academic English - Prof David Crystal on standard vs nonstandard English Prof David Crystal • Define: A standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media, in schools and for international communication There are different standard varieties of English in the world, such as North American English, Australian English and Indian English Although these standard varieties differ in terms of their pronunciation, there are few differences in grammar between them -In contrast, there are non-standard forms of a language that are used, for example, in different regional dialects and these non-standard varieties are different from each other -Standard English is proper English is correct English Dilect is inferior English, is low quality, is deficient in some way to be judged against the criterion of the standard language -Standard English is the minority dialect – always has been -And indeed you will hear standard English spoken on the most public of occasions, and that's why everybody gets the impression that it's universal but in actual fact perhaps only five percent at most of the spoken English around the world is going to be standard English 2.Standard English: • According to Tom McArthur in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) , the term Standard English "resists easy definition but is used as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to." • We need to know Standard English, but we need to know it critically, analytically, and in the context of language history Tom McArthur The Convenience of Standard English Standard English is that particular variety of English which is regarded by educated people as appropriate for most types of public discourse, including most broadcasting, almost all publication, and virtually all conversation with anyone other than intimates - For example : American users of standard English say the first floor and I've just gotten a letter and write center and color, while British users say ground floor and I've just got a letter and write centre and colour But these regional differences are few in comparison with the very high degree of agreement about which forms should count as standard Nevertheless, standard English, like all living languages, changes over time Varieties of Standard English There is no such thing (at present) as a Standard English which is not British or American or Australian, etc There is no International Standard (yet), in the sense that publishers cannot currently aim at a standard which is not locally bound." 3.Standard english and non-standard english -Standard English is the form of English used in: +Almost all written texts +Speech in formal situations =>All English-speakers need to know how to write and speak standard English Some types of non-standard English: +Dialect: may be regional of ethnic, has its own grammatical rules, has its own dialect words +Slang: usually related to an age-group, special words and phrases used to show membership of the group, exclude and mystify others +Jargon: usually related to an occupation, special words and phrases used to express technical Know-how, show membership of group, exclude and mystify others +Other: non-standard forms that started as dialect or slang but became widespread considered to be incorrect or ‘uneducated’ use of English England Pronunciations as a fashion statement during the 80s Use of broad ‘a’ in bath, glass Cockney Flaffly or Hyperlect Talking without much movement of the lips Prince Charles is an expert Regions in Australia Use of British words Many new words devised: Billabong for brackish body of water, Kangaroo, Outback, Didgeridoo, Tucker for food Use of American words as well: Station wagon instead of estate car; Mail, not post ; Labor, not labour ; Band-aid, not plaster Regions in Canada • Use of British words: Scone, Tap(for faucet), Porridge • 10000 Canadianisms: Skookum for strong, Reeve for a mayor • Mostly American influence though Alternate view At CA American slang is mainly adopted Shortening of words like ‘Caf’ for cafeteria, ‘Perf’ for perfect Linguists tend to divide the major native dialects into: British Isles dialects, North American dialects and Australasia Similar method to how Bryson does it in the chapter Standard English -Standard English is what we think of as the “rules” of English It is what the professional world expects you to follow when you write or speak in formal situations -No one is in charge of the English Language Language is a system of symbols and meanings If you can communicate using it, it’s language -English follows the pattern: S + V + Complete Thought (SVO) -The benefit of following Standard English is that other people who understand Standard English will probably understand you -Standard English is almost impossible to follow in Spoken English which uses other systems such as “body language”and “tone” to communicate meaning in ways Written Language can’t Dialects A dialect is a form of the language that is spoken in a particular part of the country or by a particular group of people There are many different dialects of English and they have different words and grammar Examples of dialect forms in British English are: I ain’t going to school today (standard form: I’m not going to school today.) She don’t understand (standard form: She doesn’t understand.) Dialects are not wrong, but they may not be “Standard” Dialects used in the “wrong” setting may be judged -You don’t have to follow Standard English, but you may be judged by others if you don’t The same is true with dialects Vernacular English Vernacular Englishes are ways of speaking English that are formed or adopted by different social groups of English speakers Here are just three vernacular Englishes: Appalachian Vernacular English (or Appalachian Dialect), some call this “country English” African-American Vernacular English, some call this “Ebonics” Tex-Mex Vernacular refers to Texas and Mexico and is a mix of English and Spanish words Vernacular works well in a variety of situations: Talking with friends Singing or rapping lyrics in music Texting/snapchatting/social media Dialogue by characters in stories/movies Vernacular Englishes are not always wrong but it is wrong in your speaking and writing for teachers For example: What is Standard English ? Standard English (SE) is the variety of English language that is used as the national norm in an English-speaking country, especially as the language for public and formal usage Qualitles of writing In Standard English - no slang - no abbreviations or contractions - establishes a serious, objective tone - precise word choice - establishes credibility and authority - mostly uses third person - more complex sentences Standard English means : The English that with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary is substantially uniform though not devoid of regional differences, that is well established by usage in the formal and informal speech and writing of the educated, and that is widely recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken and understood WHAT IS NON STANDARD ENGLISH ? Nonstandard English is language that does not follow the established rules of grammar, usage, and mechanics It includes slang and regional vernacular, as well as spellings and pronunciations that not appear in the dictionary Nonstandard English is often the language people speak when with friends and family in informal settings STANDARD AND NON STANDARD ENGLISH - Standard English is language that follows the rules most accepted and used by English-speaking people all over the world Example: How are you doing, today ? -Nonstandard English is the level of language that Includes slang Even though nonstandard English is not actually wrong, It is not acceptable in certain situations, such as school assignments Example: How you doin’ ? Thanks for watching ! ... not locally bound." 3 .Standard english and non -standard english -Standard English is the form of English used in: +Almost all written texts +Speech in formal situations =>All English- speakers need... need to know Standard English, but we need to know it critically, analytically, and in the context of language history Tom McArthur The Convenience of Standard English Standard English is that... benefit of following Standard English is that other people who understand Standard English will probably understand you -Standard English is almost impossible to follow in Spoken English which uses