English in Africa thuyết trình môn đa dạng tiếng anh

English in Africa Group 6 Đặng Như Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Na Trần Thị Bích Thư Overview 1 Introduction 2 South Africa English spelling 3 South Africa English phonology and grammar 4 Lexicon INTRODUCTION 1 ●.

English in Africa Group Đặng Như Ngọc Nguyễn Ngọc Na Trần Thị Bích Thư Overview Introduction South Africa English spelling South Africa English phonology and grammar Lexicon INTRODUCTION ● ● English came to South Africa around 1800, roughly at the same time as it arrived in Australia The first real settlement took place in the eastern Cape in 1820 as a result of the British Government’s attempts to recruit prospective immigrants The early settlers came from various parts of the British Isles, yet predominantly from southern England, and were mainly of working-class or lower middle-class backgrounds In the 1850s a new wave of immigrants, mostly from the Midlands, Yorkshire and Lancashire and of middle- and upper-middle-class origin, arrived and settled in Natal on the eastern seaboard Major settlements later in the nineteenth century were particularly related to the diamond and gold mines As a result of the rather different regional and above all social structures of the early settlements, two South African varieties of English emerged: in Natal, which maintained closer ties to Britain, Standard EngE was emulated as the prestige model, whereas “Cape English”, which was characterised by Cockney-like features, carried low prestige As in other southern-hemisphere varieties of ‘transported English’, RP was the model until long after the Second World War, but has now been replaced by ‘respectable SAfE’, largely based on the Natal accent SAfE differs from other transported varieties such as AusE, NZE, CanE and AmE in always having existed in a complex multilingual and multicultural environment (Silva 1998:70) • • Hence the influence from other languages is more marked, especially in the lexicon, and it is more difficult to ‘isolate’ the first-language variety from English as used by competent L2 speakers It should also be pointed out that first language users of present-day SAfE represent a range of different societal and regional groups, for example ‘coloured’ speakers in Cape Town, white speakers of East Cape origin, Indian speakers (mainly in Natal), white speakers with a Natal accent, and white members of the Transvaal working class (Branford 1994:472) As a variety in its own right, South African English (SAfE) has been codified in several dictionaries, most recently in A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles, published by Oxford University Press in 1996 This dictionary represents all ethnic varieties of English in the country but gives information on the provenance of regional or ‘group’ vocabulary for words that may not be widely familiar to South Africans (Silva 1998:82) South Africa English spelling - SAfE follows British conventions, as codified in the Oxford dictionary described earlier - The majority of lexical items borrowed from Afrikaans and African languages are not anglicized in any way: braai lekker chommie howzit shame ‘barbecue’ ‘nice’ ‘ friend’, ‘mate’ ‘ hello’ ‘cute’ For example: Yesterday’s braai was so lekker => Yesterday’s barbecue was so nice We’re chommie => We’re friend Howzit? =>How are you? =>How is it? Oh, shame => It’s so adorable! South Africa English phonology and grammar - The KIT split was referenced to as an example of allophonic variation in our list of conspicuous qualities, which seems to be the prevalent view today (cf Lass 1987:304, Bowerman 2008:170) - According to Wells (1982:612ff.), however, it is possible to argue for the existence of two different phonemes, namely /ɪ/ and /ə/, at least in broad accents, in which words like kit and bit not even rhyme ● SAfE is firmly nonrhotic to the degree of not even having linking or intrusive /r/ as observed in a great number of its speakers Prevocalic /r/ is a fricative, tap or trill ● /l/ is generally clear but nevertheless seems to have a lowering effect on a preceding DRESS or GOAT ● Afrikaans-based lexical items, such as ag, often exemplify the voiceless fricative [x], which has become a feature of SAfE, although it does not enjoy phonemic status Grammar The morphology and syntax of formal SAfE can hardly be distinguished from Standard EngE or General English In informal speech, the following characteristics are often found: ‘non-negative’ no as sentence-initiator Ex: A: Isn’t your car ready yet? B: No, it is - As a reinforcing marker of the progressive aspect Ex: busy is used with certain verbs where it does not have its normal sense of ‘activity’, as in He was busy lying in bed - is it? is used as a kind of ‘all-purpose response Ex: A: He’s left for St Helena B: Is it? - Lexicon Landscapes Most of the basic topographical vocabulary For example: veld [velt, felt] used as a national symbol ‘open country’ ‘broad high grassland’ backveld ‘back country’ drift ‘ford’ rand ‘ridge’ platteland ‘inland countryside’ tends to be the only one included in general dictionaries such as the Encarta World English Dictionary Settlement Dorp ‘small town’ location originally ‘an area of land granted for settlement’ ‘segregated urban area for blacks’ shacklands Location and township represent the categories ‘partial tautonym + heteronym’ Flora and fauna Borrowings from Dutch/Afrikaans denoting similar-looking but often unrelated species: For example: Boekenhout ‘beech’ (BONFIRE NIGHT) Tiger ‘leopard’ (ROBIN) partial tautonyms (but only one as seen from an English perspective) Other BONFIRE NIGHT words are loan translations or Dutch coinages: For example: Tinkwood ‘a hardwood tree’ Fynbos ‘delicate bush’ a special vegetation type found in the coastal areas of the Cape a key environmental term Words denoting people This is an extremely complex and difficult category, which has been the subject of a lot of research due to the ethnic diversity in South Africa and the tremendous social and political developments For example: Kaffir labeled vulgar and a misnomer but persists in nonstandard spoken language Bantu a human noun Boer least seven different meanings (from ‘Dutchspeaking farmer’ to ‘the South African government’) Coloured used in the sense of ‘South African of mixed descent’, distinguished from ‘black’ as well as ‘white’ apartheid Kinship, relationships, politics There are a number of early borrowings from Dutch/Afrikaans: oom ‘uncle’ ‘respectful third-person address’ oupa ‘grandpa’ baas ‘master’ trek in the sense of ‘emigrate’ (originally ‘pull’) Both as noun and verb the most widely used South African words in the English-speaking world’ many senses and derivatives become ‘a powerful symbol of national endeavour’ Sadly, apartheid 'separateness’, first documented in 1929 and used in the meaning of 'segregation’ from 1947, is arguably the most well-known word in this category Thanks for your attention ! ...Overview Introduction South Africa English spelling South Africa English phonology and grammar Lexicon INTRODUCTION ● ● English came to South Africa around 1800, roughly at... 1994:472) As a variety in its own right, South African English (SAfE) has been codified in several dictionaries, most recently in A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles, published... settlements, two South African varieties of English emerged: in Natal, which maintained closer ties to Britain, Standard EngE was emulated as the prestige model, whereas “Cape English? ??, which was