TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HQC V A N LANG Phan The Hung DA DANG TIENG ANH TAC DONG DEN VIEC GIANG DAY TIENG ANH THE EFFECT OF ENGLISHES ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING PHAN THE HUNG^''''^ TOM TAT Todn edu hda kho[.]
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HQC V A N LANG Phan The Hung DA DANG TIENG ANH TAC D O N G DEN VIEC GIANG DAY TIENG ANH THE EFFECT OF ENGLISHES ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING PHAN THE HUNG^'^ TOM TAT: Todn edu hda khong chi tde dgng din kinh ti chinh tri, vdn hda ngon ngu ma cd nhOng ITnh vyc gido due, cu thi nhte viee gidng dgy ngogi ngu noi chung vd tiing Anh ndi rieng tgi nhiiu nu&c trin the gi&l Ngdy nay, viic su diing tiing Anh ldm ngdn ngO trung gian dd tgo nin tinh da dgng cua tiing Anh; diiu ndy ddn din sy thay ddi quan diim dgy vd hgc tieng Anh theo cdc phuang phdp truyin thdng Bdi viit lug^c qua cac minh chung ve tinh da dgng cda tiing Anh vd neu nhung xu huang gidng dgy vd hgc tiing Anh nhu mgt ngdn ngO trung gian co tdc dgng din nhung nha qudn ly gido due va nhung gido vien dgy tiing Anh, dii Id tiing Anh bdn ngu hay khong bdn ngie Tic khda: da dgifg tieng Anh, ngon ngir trung gian, gidng dgy tiing Anh, bdn ngir hay khdng bdn ngu, khd ndng giao tiip ngon ngie lien vdn hoa ABSTRACT: The concept of globolization not only makes impacts on economy, politics, culture, language, but also on education, specifically English teachign and learning Nowadays, English as a lingua franca has created the varieties of the English language, which leads to the changes of English teaching and learning usually based on traditional approaches This article provides an overview of the varieties of English and proposes the new trends in teaching and learning English as a lingua franca which may influence educators as well as native or non-native teachers of English Key words: world Englishes, lingua franca, ELT, language nativeness intercultural communicative competence TIENG ANH NGAY NAY 1.1 Da dang tieng Anh Da dgng tidng Anh the gidi (World Englishes): Theo tmydn thdng, ngudi Viet thudng dflng ttt ttdng Anh hay Anh ngft de chi English Vdi su phat triln da dgng tidng Anh ngdy nay, cdc nhd ngdn ngu hgc dflng tfl English dd chi tieng Anh theo tmyen thdng vd Englishes (dgng sd nhidu) de chi tinh da dang cfla tidng Anh ngdn ngft dugc su dyng ngoai Lien hiep Anh tfl thi ky thtt XVII Ngoai ra, khai niem vd thuat ngft tieng Anh toan cau (Global English) thudng dugc stt dung dl hieu tiing Anh Id ngdn ngtt trung gian (Lingua Franca) cho nhttng ngudi khdng sfl dyng tieng Anh la tieng me de Nhin chung, theo md hinh efla Kachru, cdc logi ttdng Anh ngdy dugc stt dyng theo ba logi hinh khac nhau: ndi dja (Inner), ngogi dja (Outer) va md rgng (Expanding) [23] '•' TS Tnicmg Dai hgc Van Lang phanihehung@vanianguni.edu.vn Ma s6: TCKH09-05-2018 TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI l-IQC VAN LANG So 09, Thang - 2018 Innner: Vi du: USA, Britain, Australia, (380-400 million) Outer: Vi du: India, Singapore, (200-300 million) Expanding: Vi du: China, Russia, Vietnam, (100-1,000 million) So Mo hinh cac loai tieng Anh (Kachru, 1985) Mpt dieu dang chfl y la cac logi tieng Anh thi gidi (WEs) khdng cd nghTa la ttdng Anh thdng thudng giang day va hgc tap, vi the giao tidp tieng Anh vdn cd nhieu van de giao ttdp vd thdng hieu Vi du, ngudi An Dd ndi ttdng Anh c6 the khdng hoan toan hieu dugc tidng Anh cua ngudi Ma-lai Thdm chi sy khdc bidt gifta tieng Anh-Anh (British English) vd Udng Anh-My (American English) cung la mpt trd ngai vi cac yeu td van hda giao ttep tac dgng den ngdn ngu nhu am sde (ParaVerbal), ngdn ttt (Verbal) hay ngdn ngtt hinh the (Non-Verbal) 1.2 Tieng Anh truyen thong giang dgy ede nude cuu thudc dja cfla Anh vd My, nhu An Dp, Ma-iai, Nigeria, hogc Philippines Cudi cflng, EFL (hoac Expanding) dugc stt dung tgi cac nude nhu Trung Qude, Nhat Ban, hay Viet Nam vi tiing Anh khdng dugc thudng dflng hdng ddi sdng, md chi la indt ngoai ngtt nhd ttudng; vgy dOng co hgc vd stt dyng tidng Anh vdn Id mgt trd nggi qua trinh giang day va hgc tieng Anh Day cung la rainh chung tai Viet Nam Bp Gido dye vd Ddo tgo de chudn ddu tidng Anh 06 bde hodc dp dung chuan tham khao CEFR eho sinh vien trudc tdt nghiep Co le cdch phan loai tieng Anh thdng thudng nhat ITnh vyc giang dgy tieng Anh la tiing Anh ban ngft (ENL = English as a Native Language), tieng Anh la ngdn ngu thu hai (ESL = English as a Second Language), va tieng Anh la ngogi ngu (EFL = English as a Foreign Language) Didu can !im y la each phan loai dua vao mttc ndra vung vd stt dung tiing Anh: ENL (hogc Inner) la tteng Anh ban ngft stt dung tgi cdc nude Anh, My, Uc, Canada, va New Zealand Trong ESL (bode Outer) dugc su dyng lara ngdn ngu chinh thuc, khdng phai Id tteng rae de nhu tgi Vide phdn loai ENL, ESL, EFL cd tdc dung tot mgt sd ngtt cdnh Chang ban, dpng CO hpe tieng Anh rdt ro rang vd tich cue hon tgi cdc nude tidng Anh dong vai tro quan trgng vd chinh thuc giao due, cdng vide vd ddi sdng so vdi cac nude dd tieng Anh chi stt dyng Idp hgc va sau khdng su dyng ddi sdng Tuy nhien, vide xep logi cung cd cac ban che nhdn thttc vi thudt ngft "tiing Anh ban ngtt" van mo hd vd dd gdy ngd nhdn ENL dugc cho la tiing ban ngu nhung sy da dgng efla ENL la dieu hidn thyc tgi cdc nude dflng ENL vi mgt 128 TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG loai tieng Anh chuan myc (Standard English) vdn la mpt dn sd ttong vide stt dyng tidng Anh thudn bdn ngu Thye tl, tai cae nude dflng ENL cho thay tinh da dang cfla tieng Anh, nhdt la nhung cdng ddng stt dyng ESL nhu tgi My hodc Anh Kachm nhdn djnh vd viec xdp loai ESL vd EFL nhu sau: "Vi mat ngon ngie hgc xa hgi tiing Anh dugfc xip theo ba vong, Vong ngi dia (Inner Circle) bao gom nin tdng vdn hoa vd ngdn ngu truyen thong ciia tieng Anh Vong ngogi dia (Outer Circle) bao gdm nhieng logi tiing Anh khong phdi bdn ngu dug'c hinh thdnh ed tinh hi thong tgi nhieng khu vyc da tieng Id cdc thugc dia (Anh) Vong m& rgng (Expanding Circle) bao gom cdc khu vyc diing nhieu logi tieng Anh ngie cdnh ngogi ngu (366-7) " [23] 1.3 Tiing Anh ban ngfr (Native) vd khong ban ngir (Non-native) Ngay tieng Anh da trd thdnh ngon ngu phd thdng todn cdu cdc nhd nghien eflru bdn luan rdt nhidu ve tfnh chdt ban ngft cfla tiing Anh Nhin ehung, cdu hdi dgt "ai Id nguai ndi tiing Anh bdn ngir, khong noi tiing Anh bdn ngu?" Braine [3], Ellis [16] vd Mahboob [30] cho rdng, khdng thi cd dinh nghTa chfnh xac ve ngudi ndi tieng Anh ban ngft Nhidu ngudi cho rdng ngudi My sinh tai My hoac tgi Anh se la ngudi ndi tieng Anh bdn ngft Tuy nhien, tidng Anh phuang ngft, tieng Anh su dyng cac cdng ddng di cu da tao sy da dang tieng Anh nhu tidng My cdc cgng ddng Latin, cgng ddng ngudi glc chdu A, hay tidng Anh tai xu Wales, Scotland, bode Cockney phdi chang la tidng Anh bdn ngu? Medgyes [32] cung cho rdng, sinh mdt cdng ddng Phan The Hung khdng cd nghTa la ngudi tu nhien ndi ngdn ngft cdng ddng dd, nhilu ngudi gdc tieng Anh bdn ngft khdng thi vidt, kl ehuyen, trinh bay dd nhflng ngudi stt dyng tidng Anh khdng phdi Id bdn ngft lgi CO the lam tdt MINH HQA Vt SlT KHAC NHAU GIUA MQT SO TIENG ANH Nhidu ngudi gidng dgy, nghien cuu tieng Anh bdn ngft ddu cd the biet mdt sd khac bidt gitta tiing Anh-Anh, Anh-My va Anh-Uc vd phdt dm, tu vung, va ed ngft phdp Sau ddy cbi neu mdt sd chu y ttong tidng Anh-Anh (ndi dja) vd Singlish (ngogi dja) dd minh hga sy da dang cfla tiing Anh todn cdu 2.1 Anh-Anh (British English) Tieng Anh-Anh cd nhidu dra sde khd khac tfly theo vflng miln Mgt vai am gigng khac tieu bieu nhu: Cockney (London), Received Pronunciation Vi dy ve dm gigng Coclcney nhu sau: So 6h NgiQ'en am doi (Dipthongs) gipng Cockney [35] - Am tdc hdu (Alveolar Stops) /t/, /d/ thudng bd theo gipng Cockney binh ddn, vi du: ['t3:n lef] ndi turn left fxl c6 thi [e] hoac [ei], dttng tmdc phy dm him (Voiced), ddc biet dflng ttudc am /d/: [bek] "back", [beid] "bad" Khi noi cau 'Can I have a glass of water, please?', mdt ngudi ndi gigng Cockney thudng khdng phdt dm cdc chtt in TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HQC VAN LANG So 09, Thang 5-2018 dam gach dudi; nguydn dm /i:/dugc phdt Tgi Bde My, cac ttt "potato chips" dra thdnh /ai/ vdi tit please [29] "lift", "underground", va "lorry" ttong Trong dd, Received Pronunciation tting Anh-Anh trd '"French fries", (RP) duge xem la gigng chudn ttdng "elevator", "subway", va "truck"; viet (Standard English) d Vuong qudc Anh vd chfnh td "programme" va "centre" thdnh dugc su dyng cho ty dien Concise Oxford "program" vd "center"; cau trflc "Have you English Dictionary RP dugc djnh nghTa Id any valuables in it?" trd thdnh "Do you gigng chudn tting Anh tu vung phia nam have any valuables in it?" va ca Anh qudc va dugc cdng nhdn tai ca nude ngft "A rolling stone gathers no moss" Anh vd xtt Wales dupc hieu theo nghTa "mot xa hgi dinh 2.2 Tieng Anh tai Singapore (Singlish) hu&ng chuyin dgng" Tieng Anh tgi rapt sd Tgi Singapore, tieng Anh Id ngdn ngft nude khdng phdi Id tidng bdn ngft, co the dung "discuss about" thay vi "discuss"; ehinh thttc ed sy pha trdn vdi ngdn ngu efla "isn't" dflng cho tdt ca cau hdi dudi (tag cdc cgng ddng ddng dan nhu tidng Md-lai, questions); hogc dung "Come again" thay tieng Hoa, hay tieng Tamil (xudt phdt tfl An vi " Please repeat it" qua dien thoai, Dg) vd nhilu tu xudt phdt ttt tteng Anh Ngdn ngu thay ddi qua thdi gian theo nhung ed nghTa mdi - v l am gigng: cdc phy dra tac-xdt ljch stt, ngtt cdnh va edng ddng xa hdi Mgt vdi minh hpa cde nghien cttu cho thay (Dental Fricatives) nhu / / v d / / - c6 dm gigng /t/ va /d/: three = tree va then = den; sy bidn ddi tieng Anh khidn nguyen tdc ve neu d vj tri am cudi, -th dugc phat am -f/f/, vi ngft phap md td (Descriptive Grammar) vay with va birth dugc phat am la weeff'/mU va cang dugc quan tdm hon cdc nguyen baff/hsS-, -th without dugc phat dm la /v/ tdc ngtt phap quy ludt (Prescriptive Grammar) Qua nghidn cflu vl sy bien ddi thay thi dm /6/: /vrivaut/ cfla tiing Anh, Holyk [19] nhdn thdy rang, - Vd ttt vyng: coffee = kopi [44] danh tu sd nhieu ttong tieng Anh cd nhftng Kopi: cd phd sfta, Kopi Gau: cd phe thay ddi dang ke qua khao sat ngdn tfl ttong den dam, Kopi Poh: cd phe den loang cdc logi bao chi binh ddn vd hgc thudt nhu Kopi-C: ca phe dudng-sua (nhu chdu mdt vai vi du sau: Au), Kopi Peng: ca phd dd 23 Su da dang bien ddi tiing Anh ban ngu' • Formulae/formulas Tieng Anh co ngudn gdc tu Anh qudc - Russia and Ukraine stepped back from cdch ddy khoang 1.500 nam Theo quy lugt, the brink once more yesterday agreed on new ngdn ngft lien tuc thay ddi theo thdi gian, formulas, but not on the precise mechanisms khdng gian vd tidng Anh da chuyen hda for future deiivenes iFimncial rimes-6.032008) thdnh tieng Anh-My, Anh-Uc, va ca cdc • Apparatus, syllabus, corpus, etc dang tidng Anh toan cau d Nigeria, An Do, Evaluation and Constmction of Philippines, Singapore qua trinh thich Training Corpuses for Text Classification: A nghi vdi ngdn ngft vd vdn hda dia phuong Preliminary Study (in Natural Processing and Information Systems, 2002) TAP CHi KHOA HQC BAI HQC V A N LANG Phan The Hu'ng • Gdc tioig Hy Lap - is nhu crisis "^ -es, - However, the two sides had similar erisises chuydn thdnh quy tdc -ed tiing My nhu: spoilt -^ spoiled hoac leapt-^ leaped in the last two years {Financial Times - 6.032008) • Bien ddi ve cfl phdp (syntactic): get - Taliban had similar erisises (Voice of + passive thudng duge stt dung nhidu America - 24.05.200\) tiing My vd tiing Anh-Uc; dgng passive • Khdng phdn bidt danh ttt sd ft, sd sau get cd the ddng vai tro tfnh ttt bode thy nhidu gdc Latin: datum ^ data; medium -> ddng nhu "He got drunk/dressed " media vdi nghTa chung la information • Bien ddi ve ttt vung - ngft phdp (thdng tin) (Lexico - Grammatical): Cum tu different Anga is exhausting It eventually subsides, to/from/than deu cd the chap nhdn duge, memories fade and the media tum avray to chase mac du different from da trd thdnh thoi another ambulance {New York Times-23.\ 1.2013) quen stt dung va mac djnh la dflng Your article completely ignores the XU HUOfNG MOT TRONG VIEC adverse effect that a hostile media has on GIANG DAY TIENG ANH the situation h e r e {Newsweek - 2002) 3.1 Tieng Anh tai cac nude ASEAN This data was collected frora 69 Theo Dieu khodn 34 cfla Hiln ehuong countries {ChpriAdvancedLa^mer'sDiOionary) ASEAN dugc cac nuoc vien thdng - Mdt sd danh ttt khdng dem duge vdn qua nam 2009, tieng Anh Id ngdn ngu dugc dung dugc d dang sd nhidu nhu moneys stt dung chinh thuc ttong cdc nude (monies), musics, understandings, knowledges ASEAN Didu ndy cho thdy tdm quan trgng Ngoai ra, mgt nghien cuu ve sy cfla tidng Anh ttong cdc nude thay ddi ngft phap tiing Anh, Hundt [21] ASEAN, ehdu A va tat nhien cdc nude khac dua cac kdt qud nhu sau: trdn the gidi Bang sau ddy tdra tdt vai tto • Bidn ddi vd hinh thai hgc vd vj tri cfla tidng Anh tai cdc nude ASEAN (Morphological): Dgng ttt bat quy tdc Bang Ngon ngic qudc gia v i tiing Anh he thong giao due cua ASEAN Quoc gia Brunei* Cambodia** Indonesia**/*** Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam** Ngdn ngij- giang day Malay v i Anh Khmer Song ngiJ Lao Malay and English Burmese Filipino and English English Thai Vietnamese Ngoai ngir thir nhat (NSm bat dau h^c) Anh (Lcfp I, hoic ldp theo dja phirong) Anh (Lop 5) (hogc tieng Phap) Anh (Ldp 6) English (l/rp 3) English (Lap 1) English { Lop 1) English (Ldrp 1) Malay/Mandarin/Tamil (Lop 1) English (Lap 1) English (Lop 3, tity theo dia phuang) Gfiichii * Tieng A rap du(xc gidi thieu tit Lap 3; ** Gido due song ngir cho mgt so nhom ddnlqc thieu so nhUng nam dau bac lieu hgc: *** La mon lu chpn a hac tieu hgc nhimg ihitong duffc xem Id mon hpc mang tinh dia phuang Ngudn: Kirkpatrick [25] 131 TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG So 09, Thing - 2018 3.2 Dfnh hudng tieng Anh Id ngdn ngQtrung gian (English as a Lingua Franca) Ngdy nay, tiing Anh ttd ngdn ngu tmng gian trdn the gidi Chua cd sd thdng ke chinh thttc ve sd lucmg ngudi stt dyng tiing Anh ttong khu vuc ASEAN, nhung Bolton [2] udc lugng cd hon 800 trieu ngudi sfl dyng tieng Anh tgi chdu A v l muc tidu hgc ngoai ngft tieng Anh cd le la ngdn ngft ttung gian "chau A" nhat duge nhieu ngudi khu vue ndi nhieu ngdn ngft khde stt dyng, vdy quan dilm phdi su dyng tidng Anh nhu ngudi bdn ngft cd le khdng edn la dieu uu tien nfta Mye tieu cfla viec sfl dung tieng Anh thdnh thao ttong bdi cdnh da ngdn ngft Igi la didu ddng quan tdm [24] Quan diem dugc nhidu hpc gid cd uy tin thua nhan Vi dy, McKay [31] eho rdng muc tieu giang day tidng Anh nhu ngudi bdn ngu khdng edn Id uu tidn hdng ddu nua Garcia [17] cflng nhan djnh rdng, gido dye song ngft khdng tgo dilu kign tot (ve ngdn ngft) cho chudn myc don ngft vdy so sanh ngudi hpc song ngft nhdt Id hgc sinh, vdi ngudi hpc don ngft la didu khdng cdng bdng Do vJiy, cdn ddnh gia vide hgc ngdn ngtt qha viec stt dung cdng ngdn ngft ngu canh giao tiep hon la so sanh vdi chudn myc ngdn ngft cua ngudi bdn dja Dieu ndy cho thdy tdm quan trgng eiia giao tilp xa hgi vd vdn hda viec hpc ngogi ngft Laos/ Cambodia/ Indonesia/Myanmar/ Thailand/ Vietnam Brunei/ Malaysia Philippines/Singapore British/ American Str English as a Lingua France (ELF) d ASEAN (Deterding & Kirkpatrick (2006) TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Phan The Himg Sff Tuang tac tieng Anh toan cau (Graddol,2000) Cd thi thdy, ngudi dgy tidng Anh bdi canh chau A cdn nam vung kha ndng lien van hda nhdm tmydn tdi va hudn luydn ky nang ndy cho ngudi hpc de stt dung tiing Anh thich hgp va cu thi ban la chfl trpng din van hda tiing Anh ban ngft Vai tto tiing Anh dugc stt dyng ldm ngdn ngft tmng gian d ASEAN vd chau A cd y nghTa rdt ldn vd ngi dung chuong trinh giang dgy tieng Anh Ngodi van hda Anh-My, ndi dung gidng day can chfl trgng nhidu den van hda chdu A, bao gIm cdc chfl dl ngudi hge quan tdm nhu vdn hpc ehdu A bdng tiing Anh, cdc tap tyc vd thdi quen ddi sdng hdng ngdy, vdn boa ddc trung bdn dia, giao tidp ngdn ngft lidn vdn hda Ngi dung chuong ttinh eung cdn ttdnh cdc ngi dung nhay cdm ddi vdi ngudi hpc, nhdt Id cac chfl dl lien quan din tin ngudng, chinh tri, van hoa vd ddi song hdng ngdy Mpt dilu dang chfl y nfta la vide su dung don ngft (chi tidng Anh) hay song ngu (tidng Anh va ngdn ngft bdn dja cfla ngudi hgc) cung cdn duge quan tdm Vide chi su dyng tiing Anh ttong viec dgy vd hpc tieng Anh Id phd biln tten the gidi, nhidn cung cd thd stt dyng them ngdn ngtt efla ngudi hpe nlu cdn thilt d l phdt trien khd nang giao tilp ngdn ngtt lien van hda Mgt vi dy cy thd Id viec gidng day tieng Anh tgi Hong Kong qua cudn cam nang "How to have a Guilt-free life Using Cantonese in the English Class" [4\]: Cd thd tdm tdt dinh hudng gidng dgy tiing Anh Id ngdn ngft tmng gian nhu sau: Muc tieu cua ngudi hpc la cd the stt dyng TAP CHI KJ-IOAHQCDAl HQC VAN LANG tieng Anh hieu qud bdi canh da ngdn ngtt; chuong trinh cdn dugc thiet kd de ngudi hgc co the phdt trien khd nang giao tidp ngdn ngtt lien vdn hda bdi cdnh todn cdu hda; ngudi dgy da ngdn ngft cd thd giup ngudi hgc phdt trien khd ndng giao tidp lien van hda; ngudi dgy Id mgt md hinh da ngdn ngu va lidn vdn hda cho ngudi hgc; khdng logi bd ngdn ngft bdn dia cfla ngudi hge qud trinh day vd hgc tieng Anh Djnh hudng tiing Anh Id ngdn ngft tmng gian viec gidng dgy tieng Anh lien quan din ngudi gidng day tieng Anh Cau hdi Id ngudi dgy tiing Anh nen Id ngudi ban ngft hay da ngdn ngft bdi canh da ngon ngtt? 3.3 Gido vien tieng Anh ban ngfl- hay khdng ban ngir Trong gidng day tidng Anh, cd hai quan didm ttai chieu ve viec chpn giao vien Id ngudi gdc tieng Anh ban ngft (Native-English Speaker Teacher - NEST) hay giao vien la ngudi khdng noi tidng Anh ban ngu (Non-Native ENGLISH Speaker Teacher-NNEST) Chang han, Freudenstein de xudt chinh sach giao vien ngoai ngft tai cac nude chdu Au phdi la gido vidn ban ngtt; Ngoc [37] cung cho rang, chi cd giao vien bdn ngu mdi cd du khd ndng stt dung ngdn ngft that sy ddi sdng de giang day vi cac gido vien ndm vung vd stt •dung ngon ngft (tieng Anh) luu loat, hieu ro ndi hdm van hda, vd quan trpng hon Id biet danh gia viee su dyng ngdn ngft cd dung hay khdng Tuy nhien, vdi tinh da dang eua tieng Anh toan cdu ngdy nay, quan nidm bdt ddu thay ddi Mdt nghien cuu cua Cheng va Braine ddi vdi sinh vien bde dgi hgc d Hong Kong cho thdy, sinh vien vd S6 09 Thang 5-2018 phu huynh khdng quan tdm den "tinh chat bdn ngft" giao vien gidng dgy tieng Anh, ma chu trpng din tinh chdt hieu qua efla viec hgc vd stt dyng tidng Anh Cook [12] chi rdng, gido vidn tidng Anh khdng bdn ngtt la rad hinh minh hga cho ngudi stt dyng hieu qua tieng Anh Id ngdn ngu thtt hai Medgyes [32] nhdn djnh rdng, giao vidn tiing Anh ban ngft ly tudng Id ngudi dugc dao tgo moi tmdng tieng Anh bdn ngft bde cao ttt Iflc edn nhd den tudi trudng thdnh vd gido vien tieng Anh khdng ban ngtt ly tudng Id ngudi dat dupc kha nang luu loat tieng Anh gdn nhu ngudi bdn ngu Vi vay, Medgyes dd xudt mdt trudng hpc Iy tudng can ket hgp ca hai logi gido vien trdn dl bd sung cho giang dgy tidng Anh Mdt dilu ddng chfl y Shaw [40], va Barratt vd Kontra [ ] nhdn mdt sd thach thttc cfla gido vien tieng Anh ban ngft day tieng Anh cho ngudi hgc ngdn ngtt thfl hai nhu sau: (1) sy khdc biet vd ngdn ngft vd vdn hda cfla ngudi hgc, (2) nhdn biet nhu cdu cfla ngudi hgc, (3) yeu td kho khan viec hpc tieng Anh, (4) khdng biet dugc bdi canh hgc tgp cfla ngudi hge, (5) khd gidi thich eau trflc ngft phdp chuan xac so vdi gido vidn tieng Anh khdng bdn ngft Ngugc Igi, Canagarajah [8] vd Moussu [36] cho rdng, gido vien tiing Anh khdng bdn ngft thudng lo lang ve dra gigng va phdt am gidng dgy va giao tidp bang tieng Anh, ddi thieu ty tin vi hidu biet vl van hoa Anh-My cdn ban che dd ludn cd sy gdn chat giua ngdn ngft va vdn hda 3.4 Mi^c tieu giang d^y va hgc ngon ngu* Canale and Swain [10] dinh nghia khd nang giao tilp ngdn ngft (Communieatve TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Competence) ngft cdnh giang dgy ngdn ngu thtt hai la: "su tong hap kien thiec vi cdc nguyen tdc ngii phdp ca bdn kien thuc ve viic su dung chiec ndng ngon ngu giao tiep thu&ng ddm" Noi cdch khdc, kha nang giao ttep ngdn ngtt Id kha nang stt dyng ngdn ngu dung vd thich hgp nham rayc tidu hoan giao tiep ngdn ngtt, khdng phdi la kha nang stt dung ngdn ngft chinh xdc nhu ngudi bdn xtt Kha ndng giao tiep ngdn ngft bao gdra bdn ITnh vuc: quy tac ngdn ngtt, quy tdc ngdn ngu hgc xa hgi, quy tac tiiudng dam, va chiln thugt giao tiep ngdn ngft Quy tac ngdn ngft bao gdm ngtt phdp, cfl phap va ttt vung: Su dyng ttt gi? Dflng cau ttflc cau ndo?; Quy tac ngdn ngu hgc xa hdi bao gdm each stt dung ngdn ngu thfch hgp ttong xa hdi: Tu nao, cym ttt ndo thfch hgp vdi bdi canh va chfl de? Ldra va ttong tmdng hgp nao de dien dgt dugc thai cua ngudi ndi (lich sy, than tinh, tdn trgng, quyen lye, )? Quy tac thudng dara bao gdra phuong thtte diln dat ngdn ngu ngu cdnh rdng ldn hon: Lam cdch ndo de ket hgp cdu, ttt thich hgp de tgo nen cudc dam thogi thich hgp, bdi dien van, thu dien tu, hoac bai bao thdng thudng hodc khoa hpc; Chiln thudt giao tiep ngdn ngtt bao gdm cac each thttc ddra thogi vd ttdnh dugc viec dd va hoac tidu cyc giao tiep Ttt thdp nidn 1980 thd ky XX din nay, quan dilra ky nang ngdn ngtt (Linguistic Corapetence) vd ky nang stt dyng ngdn ngft (Perforraance Competence) efla Chomsky dupc Hymes [22] va Canale vd Swain [10] phat triln khd nang giao tilp ngdn ngft ELT Dieu dang chfl y Id cac quan dilm dua tren khd nang giao tidp Phan The Himg ngdn ngft cfla ngudi bdn dja Ndi cdch khdc, quy luat su dyng ngdn ngu cua ngudi hgc tidng Anh nhu Id ngdn ngu thfl hai dlu phdi dya vao tidng Anh cfla ngu'di ban dja nhu Anh hogc My Tuy nhien, vao dau the ky XXI, nhieu hpc gid nhdn thay rang giao tidp ngdn ngu thd gidi toan edu hda can chfl y nhieu ban den ban chdt lien van hda vd da van hoa, vdy cd ngudi ban ngtt va khdng phai ban ngu rdt edn cde ky nang giao tiep lien van hoa stt dyng ngdn ngtt; quan diem tac ddng rdt ldn den vide giang dgy tieng Anh Byram [4], [5] dl xudt kha ndng thfch hgp: khd ndng giao tiep ngdn ngu lien van hoa (Intercultural Communicative Competence - ICC) ICC bao gdm 04 ylu td: (1) Thai do: kham phd vd cdi md, san sang hda dong van hoa efla ngudi khdc vd van boa cua chfnh rainh; (2) Hidu biet: cdc nhdm xa hdi khac nhau, each ttng xu cfla cdc ndn van hda khac xd hdi cung nhu tiJmg ca nhan; (3) Ky ndng didn djch va ndi ket: CO kha nang diln dich cae tai lieu, van ban hodc eac sy kien tu ndn van hoa khac, gidi thich vd ndi kit phfl hgp vdi van hda cua chinh minh; (4) Ky ndng kham pha vd tuong tdc: co khd ndng tiep nhdn van hda radi va the hien qua tuong tdc ttong giao tiep thyc sy Canagarajah [9] dl xudt mOt djnh hudng khac lien quan ddn khd nang hge tiing Anh: Idid ndng stt dung phuong ngu hodc da dang tieng Anh Nhu da ban d tren, tiing Anh da dgng chu khdng chi Id tiing Anh ban ngu vay vide ddnh gia thdnh thgo ngdn ngft (tieng Anh) cung la mdt vdn de phuc tap rat can chfl y Canagarajah cho rdng: "Trong mot bdi TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG cdnh ehiing ta thu&ng xuyin giao tiep tiing Anh da dgng v&i nhiiu cgng dong khdc vigc thdnh thgo tieng Anh tr& nin phirc tgp, Ngu&i ta cdn phdi cd khd ndng ung xie da dgng di thdnh cdng giao tiep ngdn ngu" [9, tt.233] XU HirdNG GIANG D^Y TIENG ANH TOAN CAU NGAY NAY 4.L Thay d6i quan diem v^ mye tieu ve gidng dgy va hoc tiing Anh Hon 50 nam qua, nhat la nhung nam ddu the ky XXI, cde nha gido due da cd nhilu thay ddi quan dilm gidng day tiing Anh Nhflng chuydn gia vl l^ thuyet gidng dgy tieng Anh dd nh^n rdng, ngudi hge tiing Anh ngdy thudng dd biet hai ngdn ngtt ttd ldn, v^y tiing Anh khdng cdn Id ngdn ngtt thtt hai nhu tmdc ddy: chuyin ddi nhung thu^t ngft nhu ESL (English as a Second Language) ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages), tu TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) thdnh TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of OUier Languages), ttt WE (Westem English) English as an Intemational Language (EIL), tijr CLT (Communicative Language Teaching, Contextualized Language Teaching) thdnh CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Leaming) Ngdy ELF (English as a Lingua Franca) chi cdc logi tieng Anh ngodi cdc nude Anh, Uc, My, vd Canada thay cho EFL (English as a Foreign Language) hoac ESL (English as a Second Language) Trong till chuyin doi ttt ndng ngdn ngft ngudi ban xtt ky XXI, myc tieu ELT dd viec chi phat ttiln cdc ky va bat chude dm gigng cua sang viec cung cd trach So 09, Thang - 2018 nhi^m va mye tieu viec hgc tieng Anh cfla ngudi hgc, ngudi hgc trd thdnb ngudi su dyng ngdn ngtt Ngdy nhilu nha gido dye y thttc dugc rdng, ELT khdng thd thdnh cdng neu ngudi hgc khdng cd hidu biet ve cdc vdn dd todn cdu hodc quan tdm den cae vdn dl xd hdi, thdm ehi stt dyng k5' ndng ngdn ngtt dd tao nen cdc hogt dgng tieu cyc, phgm tdi qua cdc mang xa hgi hogc phd hogi mdi tmdng Vi vay, ELT khdng chi c h u ^ bj cho ngudi hgc dat dugc tieng Anh nhu ngudi bdn xtt ma tham gia ddo tgo nhihig ngudi stt dyng ngdn ngft thgo, cd ddu dc phe phdn, bign luan, tich cyc thay ddixdhgi[13], [14],[7] 4.2 Thay ddi phuong phdp giang day tiing Anh LTnh vyc TESOL ngdy da chuyen tiJr phuong phdp tmydn thong nhu ngu phdp - djch (Grammar - Translation), luyen tap nghe - ndi (Audial - Lingual) sang cac phuang phap va ky thugt mang tinh giao tiep (Communicative Language Teaching CLT), chfl ttgng din vide su dung ngdn ngft cd ,0.(l(W),Bilir^tdedux^nintlw2fceraiiry:A^bcdperspeci^ [18] Graddol, D (2000), The Future of English, UK, The English Company (UK) Ltd [19] Holyk, S (2005), Language Variation and Grammatical Change, Ukraine: Uzhhorod National University, https://www.pulib.sk [20] Honna, N (2005), English as a multilingual language in Asia and intercultural studies Intercultural Communication Studies 14(2) [21] Hundt, M (2001), Grammatical variation in national varieties of English - The corpusbased approach Revue beige de philologie et dhistoire, tome 79, fasc 3,2001 [22] Hymes,D (1972), On Communicative Competence in J.B.Pride and Holmes, (eds.): Sociolinguistics, Harraondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Education [23] Kachm, B B Standards (1985), codification, and sociolinguistic realisra: Tlie English language in the outer circle In: Quirk, R and H, Widdowson, (eds.) English in the World: Teaching and Learning the language and the literature, Cambridge: Cambridge Univemity Press [24] Kirkpatrick, A (2007) Setting Attainable and Appropriate English Language Targets in Multilingual Settings: A Casefor Hong Kong, Intemational Joumal of Applied Linguistics 17(3) [25] Kirkpatrick, A (2016), English as an Asian Lingua Franca: the 'Lingua Franca Approach' and implications for language education policy, Griffith University, Australia [26] Kumaravadivelu, B (2001), Towarc^ apostmethodpedagogy, TESOL Quarteriy, 35(4) [27] Kumaravadivelu, B (2006), Understanding language teaching: From method to postmethod New York, NY: Routledge [28] Larsen-Freeman, D (2000), Techniques and principles in language teaching (2nd ed.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press [29] Lawson, J (2018), London Accents^ Retrieved Feb 5.2018 www.dailystep.com [30] Mahboob, A (2004) Native or nonnative: What students enrolled in an intensive English pro-am think? In L KammhiStein (Ed), Leaming and teaching f-om experience: Perspective on nonnative English speaking professionals, MI: University of Michigan Press [31] McKay, S L (2009, Pragmatics and EIL pedagogy In Faizad Sharifian (ed.) English as an intemational language, Bristol: Multilingual Matters [32] Medg-^^-s, P (1992), Native or nonnative: who's worth more? ELT Joumal, 46(4) [33] Medgyes, P (1999b) The non-native teacher (2ndEd.) Germany: Hueber [34] Mellow, J D (2002), Towards principled eclecticism in language teaching: The twodimensional model and the centring principle, TESL-EJ, 5(4), http://tesl-ei.org [35] Mott, B., (2012), Traditional Cockney andpopular London speech, Dialectologia, RACO, TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG s609.ThAng S - 2018 [36] Moussu, L (2006), Native and nonnative English speaking English as a second language teachers: Student attitudes, teacher self-perceptions, and intensive English program administrator belief andpractices (Doctoral dissertation) [37] Ngoc, L V C (2009), Teaching efficacy of native and non-native teachers of English in Viemam: A triangulation of student and teacher perceptions (Master's thesis), Southem Illinois University, Catbondale, IL [3 8] Phan Thi Hung (2017), Gmng day tieng Anh theo xu hu&ng hiin dgi Tap chf Khoa hge dgi hgc Van Lang, 2,3-2017 [39] Richards, J C , & Rodgers, T S (2001) Approaches and methods in language teaching (2nd ed.), New York, New York: Cambridge University Press http://dxdoi org [40] Shaw P A (1979), Handling a language component in a teaehertraining course Modem English Teacher [41] Swain, M., Andy Kirkpatrick & Jim Cummins (2011), How to have a ^ilt-free life using Cantonese in the English class Hong Kong: Research Centt^ for Language Education and Acquisition in Multilingual Societies, Hong Kong histittite of Education [42] Tang, C (1997), The identity of the nonnative ESL teacher: On the power and status of nonnative ESL teachers, TESOL Quarterly, 31(3) [43] Wen, Q (2013), What kind of English Chinese students need to leam in the fiiture? Presentation at TESOL Intemational Symposium: Envisioning and Creating the Future for English Language Teaching and Leaming, Guangzhou, China [44] Zienehuk, J (June 2013), An Introduction to Singaporean Kopi Culture, Epicure & Culture, Rettieved 25/1/2016 Ngdy nhdn bai; 28-02-2018 Ngdybidn tap xong: 02-4-2018 Duyet dang: 19-5-2018 ... nghien cuu tieng Anh bdn ngft ddu cd the biet mdt sd khac bidt gitta tiing Anh- Anh, Anh- My va Anh- Uc vd phdt dm, tu vung, va ed ngft phdp Sau ddy cbi neu mdt sd chu y ttong tidng Anh- Anh (ndi dja)... tieng Anh Djnh hudng tiing Anh Id ngdn ngft tmng gian viec gidng dgy tieng Anh lien quan din ngudi gidng day tieng Anh Cau hdi Id ngudi dgy tiing Anh nen Id ngudi ban ngft hay da ngdn ngft bdi canh... Vi du, ngudi An Dd ndi ttdng Anh c6 the khdng hoan toan hieu dugc tidng Anh cua ngudi Ma-lai Thdm chi sy khdc bidt gifta tieng Anh- Anh (British English) vd Udng Anh- My (American English) cung