Topic 4 English in Canada AustraliaNew Zealand Group 5 Trieu Thi Mai Hien Kiem Hoang Oanh Nguyen Thi Ngoc Thanh Mai Tung Vi Cao Thi My Duyen ENGLISH IN CANADA AGENDA 1 The country and its settlement.Topic 4 English in Canada AustraliaNew Zealand Group 5 Trieu Thi Mai Hien Kiem Hoang Oanh Nguyen Thi Ngoc Thanh Mai Tung Vi Cao Thi My Duyen ENGLISH IN CANADA AGENDA 1 The country and its settlement.
Topic English in Canada/ Australia/New Zealand Group Trieu Thi Mai Hien Kiem Hoang Oanh Nguyen Thi Ngoc Thanh Mai Tung Vi Cao Thi My Duyen ENGLISH IN CANADA AGENDA The country and its settlement history Canada as a linguistic area Canada English – a descriptive account The country and its settlement history Area: 9,984,670 sq.km Canada is the second largest country Population: About 32 million Capital: Ottawa The country and its settlement history The name ‘Canada’ is derived from the indigenous Iroquois Indian word Kanata ‘village’, ‘settlement’ It was taken up in the sixteenth century by the first French explorers In 1763 the French were forced to cede all their North American colonies to Britain with the exception of the small islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon south-west of Newfoundland, which still belong to France Canada as a linguistic area Multilingualism, with special reference to French–English bilingualism Conflicting norms and standards in anglophone Canada Regional diversity Multilingualism, with special reference to French–English bilingualism The Canadian government’s support of multiculturalism naturally includes a celebration and promotion of multilingualism, that is ‘the ability to speak, at some level, more than one language’ Multilingualism, with special reference to French–English bilingualism At the federal level, Canada has two official languages: English, which is the mother tongue of almost 60 percent of the population (the anglophones), and French, with about 22 percent native speakers (the francophones) At the provincial level, New Brunswick is officially bilingual and Quebec monolingual French At the grassroots level, Canadian bilingualism is characterized by fluctuation rather than stability Conflicting norms and standards in anglophone Canada In Wells (1982:496) presentation of Canadian phonology, he accounts for examples of hypercorrection not heard anywhere else in the English-speaking world: words such as moon, noon, too are pronounced with /-ju/, that is mistakenly adhering to a perceived British norm without yod dropping Example: The word colour, for example, was spelt with -our by more than 85 percent of Ireland’s informants in Ontario, but only by 30 per cent of those in Alberta Conflicting norms and standards in anglophone Canada A less obvious but equally important reason for the existence of double, even conflicting, standards is of an attitudinal rather than regional character Until fairly recently, it has been fashionable to imitate British, or rather EngE, speech as well as manners The hypercorrect pronunciation of moon highlights this fashion In part, the marked pro-British preferences had to with antiAmerican attitudes - > establishing an identity clearly distinct from the USA Spelling New Zealand English – a descriptive account Phonology Grammar Lexicon A ‘shortlist’ of particularly salient features o o o o o The centralized quality of the KIT vowel: [ə] rather than [i] The merging of the diphthongs in NEAR and SQUARE The front [a:] in BATH, PALM and START The rounding and fronting of the NURSE vowel; in some broader accents it is also raised and realised as [ø:], as in German Möwe The Maori element in the lexicon, increasingly used in everyday conversation NZE spelling, as codified in DNZE, follows British conventions Alternative spellings are only given for certain nonstandard entries and Maori words Such as early forms of the word Maori itself: Mahrie, Mao ́ di, Mowrie Spelling It is in the phonetic realisation that we find the differences, but they are indeed considerable, at least among the vowels PHONOLOGY Changing attitudes to the ‘mother country’ and increased awareness of national identity Attitudes to American accents are positive, but have not resulted in major influence on NZE phonology Such as : schedule with initial [sk] and research with the stress on the first syllable The symbols used for NZE phonology, as found in Wells (1982:609), look deceptively similar to those used for RP with regard to the short front vowels, which are closer in NZE than in AusE and very much closer than in RP PHONOLOGY Example: TRAP is realised as [ε] rather than [æ] and DRESS is often closer than [e], which means that it approximates to [i] The ONZE group has demonstrated that the vowels were in a relatively close position in the input dialect Yet the fact that they have become closer over time, that is that we are indeed dealing with a kind of shift As in present-day RP and Estuary English, the final unstressed vowel in words PHONOLOGY Such as happy is realised as [i], even [i:] The diphthongs in FACE, PRICE, GOAT and MOUTH are variable, especially along a social continuum In comparison with RP they are generally wider, although less so than in AusE The quality of the merged diphthong of NEAR and SQUARE is variable, approximating either to /iə/ or to /eə/ The ‘Scottish area’ used to be characterised by rhoticity Another Scottish-like feature that used to be heard in New Zealand is the realisation of as [hw] PHONOLOGY Example: making a distinction between words such as wine and whine, wail and whale (see also AmE and CanE phonology) In contrast with RP, /l/ is always dark in presentday NZE As in Cockney and Estuary English, it may be vocalised at the end of a word or before a consonant, as in pull, children In particularly, /v/, so that the stressed vowel in a word like vulture is realised as [ɒ] Grammar ‘NZE is different from other national varieties of English in terms of preferences for certain variants rather than categorically different grammatical rules.’ NZE constitutes a typical mix of variants available in General English and it cannot be described as definitely British or American Grammar Some of the preferences/characteristics of NZE grammar are: • -ves plurals rather than -fs in words such as hoof, roof, wharf • Increasing use of unmarked plurality in words of Maori origin (the word Maori itself and iwi ‘tribe, tribes’ (the two local iwi), but the plural of Kiwi is Kiwis) • The use of the indicative in mandative sentences ( I recommend that this meeting passes a motion tonight commissioning me to travel to Wellington) (Hundt 1998a:166) Grammar Nonstandard features include the use of plural yous(e), especially frequently used in representations of the language of Maori speakers of English LEXICON One of the salient features of NZE must be the impact of Maori on its lexicon The Dictionary of New Zealand English (DNZE) contains some 6,000 main head- word entries, providing a historical record of New Zealand words and phrases from their earliest use to the present day Yet the bulk of the vocabulary used by New Zealanders is definitely shared with other inner-circle varieties, especially Standard EngE Next to the Maori language, American English is probably the most obvious source of new lexical items in NZE LEXICON One of the most interesting aspects of NZE, as richly documented in DNZE, is the alteration of form and extension of meaning affecting general English words Example: the clipped form bach ‘a holiday house’, probably derived from bachelorize ‘to live alone’ LEXICON A great many words relating to NZ society, topography, flora and fauna have developed additional, new meanings of the BONFIRE NIGHT or CHIPS types And countless names of plants and animals are of the ROBIN type A great deal of the material presented in DNZE also demonstrates that this is an extremely innovative variety of English Distinctively NZ lexical items have been created from a wide range of domains and many are related to present-day LEXICON Among its 6,000 headwords, DNZE includes 700 Maori words The Maori borrowings relate to a variety of domains: flora and fauna, obviously, but increasingly also to social and cultural concepts THANKS FOR YOUR LISTENING! ... tense (that man bin come inside bar) Aboriginal English Aborigines living in urban settings, who have generally lost their indigenous languages, speak varieties even closer to the ? ?English end’ Their... France Canada as a linguistic area Multilingualism, with special reference to French? ?English bilingualism Conflicting norms and standards in anglophone Canada Regional diversity Multilingualism,... well as aubergine, Australians exclusively used the American term ENGLISH IN NEW ZEALAND AGENDA The country and its settlement history The emergence of New Zealand English New Zealand English –