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Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine Fifth Edition Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine Fifth Edition Editors Steeve Giguère DVM, PhD, DACVIM Professor, Large Animal Internal Medicine Marguerite Hodgson Chair in Equine Studies College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia John F Prescott MA, VetMB, PhD Professor Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph Patricia M Dowling DVM, MS, DACVIM, DACVCP Professor, Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Veterinary Biomedical Sciences University of Saskatchewan This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Copyright is not claimed for chapters 3, 5, and 39, which are in the public domain Fourth edition, 2006 © Blackwell Publishing Third edition, 2000 © Iowa State University Press Second edition, 1993 © Iowa State University Press First edition, 1988 © Blackwell Scientific Publications Editorial Offices 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-47096302-9/2013 Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by health science practitioners for any particular patient The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine / [edited by] Steeve Giguère, John F Prescott, Patricia M Dowling – 5th ed p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-470-96302-9 (hardback : alk paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-67501-4 – ISBN 978-1-118-67507-6 (pub) – ISBN 978-1-118-67510-6 (pdf) – ISBN 978-1-118-67516-8 (mobi) I Giguère, S (Steeve) II Prescott, John F (John Francis), 1949- III Dowling, Patricia M [DNLM: Drug Therapy–veterinary Anti-Infective Agents–therapeutic use SF 918.A48] SF918.A48 636.089′5329–dc23 2013012731 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Cover design by Jennifer Miller Set in 10/12pt Minion by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 2013 Contents Contributors ix Preface xiii Important Notice xv Abbreviations SECTION I xvii GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY 1 Antimicrobial Drug Action and Interaction: An Introduction Steeve Giguère Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Methods and Interpretation of Results Joseph E Rubin 11 Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Epidemiology Patrick Boerlin and David G White 21 Principles of Antimicrobial Drug Bioavailability and Disposition J Desmond Baggot and Steeve Giguère 41 The Pharmacodynamics of Antimicrobial Agents Marilyn N Martinez, Pierre-Louis Toutain, and John Turnidge 79 Principles of Antimicrobial Drug Selection and Use Steeve Giguère 105 Antimicrobial Stewardship in Animals J Scott Weese, Stephen W Page, and John F Prescott 117 CLASSES OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS 133 Beta-lactam Antibiotics: Penam Penicillins John F Prescott 135 Beta-lactam Antibiotics: Cephalosporins John F Prescott 153 10 Other Beta-lactam Antibiotics: Beta-lactamase Inhibitors, Carbapenems, and Monobactams John F Prescott 175 11 Peptide Antibiotics: Polymyxins, Glycopeptides, Bacitracin, and Fosfomycin Patricia M Dowling 189 12 Lincosamides, Pleuromutilins, and Streptogramins Steeve Giguère 199 13 Macrolides, Azalides, and Ketolides Steeve Giguère 211 14 Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols Patricia M Dowling 233 SECTION II v vi Contents 15 Tetracyclines Jérôme R.E del Castillo 257 16 Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, and Florfenicol Patricia M Dowling 269 17 Sulfonamides, Diaminopyrimidines, and Their Combinations John F Prescott 279 18 Fluoroquinolones Steeve Giguère and Patricia M Dowling 295 19 Miscellaneous Antimicrobials: Ionophores, Nitrofurans, Nitroimidazoles, Rifamycins, and Others Patricia M Dowling 315 20 Antifungal Chemotherapy Steeve Giguère 333 SECTION III SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 357 21 Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobial Agents, and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for the Neutropenic Patient Steeve Giguère, Anthony C.G Abrams-Ogg, and Stephen A Kruth 359 22 Performance Uses of Antimicrobial Agents and Non-antimicrobial Alternatives Thomas R Shryock and Stephen W Page 379 23 Antimicrobial Therapy of Selected Organ Systems Patricia M Dowling 395 24 Antimicrobial Therapy of Selected Bacterial Infections Steeve Giguère 421 25 Antimicrobial Drug Residues in Foods of Animal Origin Patricia M Dowling 431 26 Regulation of Antimicrobial Use in Animals Karolina Törneke and Christopher Boland 443 SECTION IV ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG USE IN SELECTED ANIMAL SPECIES 455 27 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Horses Steeve Giguère and Tiago Afonso 457 28 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Dogs and Cats Jane E Sykes 473 29 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Cattle Michael D Apley and Johann F Coetzee 495 30 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Mastitis Sarah Wagner and Ron Erskine 519 31 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Sheep and Goats Chris R Clark 529 32 Antimicrobial Drug Use in New World Camelids Christopher K Cebra and Margaret L Cebra 541 Contents vii 33 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Swine David G.S Burch 553 34 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Poultry Charles L Hofacre, Jenny A Fricke, and Tom Inglis 569 35 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Companion Birds Keven Flammer 589 36 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Rabbits, Rodents, and Ferrets Colette L Wheler 601 37 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Reptiles Ramiro Isaza and Elliott R Jacobson 623 38 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Zoological Animals Ellen Wiedner and Robert P Hunter 637 39 Antimicrobial Drug Use in Aquaculture Renate Reimschuessel, Ron A Miller, and Charles M Gieseker 645 Index 663 Contributors Chapter numbers are in parentheses Anthony C.G Abrams-Ogg (21) Associate Professor Department of Clinical Studies Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Ontario, Canada Tiago Afonso (27) Graduate Research Assistant College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Michael D Apley (29) Professor and Section Head Department of Clinical Sciences Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine Manhattan, Kansas Christopher Boland (26) Director, Capstone Consultants Advisor to Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Group New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries Wellington, New Zealand David G.S Burch (33) Director Octagon Services Ltd The Round House, The Friary, Old Windsor Berkshire, United Kingdom Christopher K Cebra (32) Professor Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon J Desmond Baggot (4) 75 Morehampton Square Dublin 4, Ireland Margaret L Cebra (32) Private Consultant 33766 SE Terra Circle Corvallis, Oregon Patrick Boerlin (3) Associate Professor Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Ontario, Canada Chris R Clark (31) Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada ix x Contributors Johann F Coetzee (29) Associate Professor, CYCADS Section Leader Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Jérôme R.E del Castillo (15) Associate Professor of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada Patricia M Dowling (11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 23, 25) Professor, Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Veterinary Biomedical Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Ron Erskine (30) Professor Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine East Lansing, Michigan Keven Flammer (35) Professor of Avian Medicine Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Jenny A Fricke (34) Associate Veterinarian Poultry Health Services Ltd Airdrie, Alberta, Canada Charles M Gieseker (39) Office of Research Center for Veterinary Medicine U.S Food and Drug Administration Laurel, Maryland Steeve Giguère (1, 4, 6, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27) Professor, Large Animal Internal Medicine Marguerite Hodgson Chair in Equine Studies College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Charles L Hofacre (34) Professor Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Robert P Hunter (38) Principal Consultant Emerging Markets Regulatory Elanco Animal Health Greenfield, Indiana Tom Inglis (34) Poultry Health Services Ltd Airdrie, Alberta, Canada Ramiro Isaza (37) Associate Professor Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Contributors Elliott R Jacobson (37) Emeritus Professor Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Stephen A Kruth (21) Professor Emeritus Department of Clinical Studies Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Ontario, Canada Marilyn N Martinez (5) Senior Research Scientist Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation Center for Veterinary Medicine U.S Food and Drug Administration Rockville, Maryland Ron A Miller (39) Regulatory Review Microbiologist Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation Center for Veterinary Medicine U.S Food and Drug Administration Rockville, Maryland Stephen W Page (7, 22) Director Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics Newtown NSW, Australia John F Prescott (7, 8, 9, 10, 17) Professor Department of Pathobiology University of Guelph Ontario, Canada Renate Reimschuessel (39) Director Veterinary Laboratory Response Network Center for Veterinary Medicine U.S Food and Drug Administration Laurel, Maryland Joseph E Rubin (2) Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Thomas R Shryock (22) Senior Research Advisor—Microbiology Global Regulatory Affairs Elanco Animal Health Greenfield, Indiana Jane E Sykes (28) Professor Department of Medicine & Epidemiology University of California, Davis Davis, California Karolina Törneke (26) Senior Expert Medical Products Agency Uppsala, Sweden Pierre-Louis Toutain (5) Professor, Emeritus Ecole Nationale Veterinaire de Toulouse France John Turnidge (5) Clinical Professor Pathology and Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Adelaide Australia xi xii Contributors Sarah Wagner (30) Associate Professor Department of Animal Sciences North Dakota State University Fargo, North Dakota David G White (3) Director, Office of Research Center for Veterinary Medicine U.S Food and Drug Administration Laurel, Maryland J Scott Weese (7) Professor Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Ontario, Canada Ellen Wiedner (38) Clinical Lecturer in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Colette L Wheler (36) Saskatchewan Poultry Extension Veterinarian Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada ... (+ ) + (+ ) + (+ ) (+ ) + (+ ) +/− (+ ) + (+ ) (+ ) + − + (+ ) + +/− (+ ) +/– + + + − − (+ ) − − (+ ) − + (+ ) − − − + (+ ) − + (+ ) Carbapenems; chloramphenicol; third-generation fluoroquinolones; glycylcyclines... administration single daily administration twice-daily administration (every 12 hours) times daily administration (every hours) times daily administration (every hours) Every 6, 8, 12 hours, etc... may not be expressed in MRSA Increased divalent cations pH too high or too low (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) Figure 2.1 Disk diffusion: The results of the disk diffusion test can be influenced by the