... process becomes the active sky-hook suspension For semi-active suspension, this force is limited to the range of forces applicable by the semi-active devices For a semi-active damper, this is done ... secondary suspension is placed between the bogie and the car body This suspension isolates the car body from rail irregularities Semi-active suspension is usually applied in the secondary suspension ... advanced design strategies If the design methods allow, design- by-simulation can be performed, i.e., the use of the simulation model (in any desirable degree of complexity) within the design loop...