V. LYT HUY ^X UNG DOT (CONFUC TT HEORY)
1. Nho giao nguyen thuy
V d i ba danh nho la dai bi^u 1dm: Khdng Tu, M a n h Tir, Tuan Tir.
1.1. K h o n g tijr (551 - 479 trudc COng nguyen): hg Khdng, ten Khau,
ttr Trgng N i , ngudfi áp Trau, lang Xugng Binh, nude L6 thcfi xuan Thu (thuCc vijng d6ng nam Khuc Phu, Son Dong ngay nay). Khdng Tir ké thira
n^n van minh truy^n th6'ng Hoa Ha la kinh thi, kinh thu, kinh le, kinh
nhqc, kinh xudn thu, t6n siing vua Nghieu, vua Thuán, Van Vuong, Vu
Vuong, Chu C6ng, sang lap nen hgc thuyét Nho gia láy "le", "nhan" lam trgng tam. Sinh thdi 6ng n6 lire tuyen truy6n eho hgc thuyet cua minh
nhung It thanh c6ng nen tr6 v€ day hgc. 6ng c6 3.000 hgc tro, trong do co
72 "ngu5i h i ^ n " la nhirng ngudi ti'ch cue truy6n ba t u tuong ciia th^y cho
thien hạ Hgc thuyet ciia Khdng T i i the hien d l y du trong sach L u a n NgOf- Ong la nha t u tuong, nha chinh t r i , nha triét hgc va nha gido due vT dai-
Khac vdi nhi^u thé he nho giao sau nay, quan didm ciia Khdng T u \i quan
he vg chdng la kha tién bd. Chang han "phu phu, phu phu" nghia la vc?
chdng CO nghia vu nhu nhau; "phu bat phu, phu bat phu" nghia la chdng
kh6ng lam nen chdng thi vg cung kh6ng lam nen vg; "phu phu tuong kinh nhu tan" nghia la hai vg chdng kinh trgng nhau nhu hai ngudi khach...
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1.2. M a n h T u (372 - 289 trudc C6ng nguyen): co ten la Manh Kha, ten chil la T u Du, sinh d huyen Trau, nude L6, rat gSn vdi Khuc Phu la
Q^yt hugng Khdng Tu, thdi Chien Qudc. ngudi dugc ngudi đi sau tdn la
\, la nha t u tudng, nha giao due Idn trong lich su Trung Qud'c.
jlpc thuyét cua dng da bd sung cho hgc thuyet ciia Khdng T i i va dugc đi
§u tdn la Dao K h d n g M a n h . Tac ph^m dé lai ed bd M a n h T i l gdm bay ien. Quan didm chinh la "nhan nghia", hgc thuyét chinh la "luong tam" yjl "tinh thien": M u d n cho luong tam trudng tdn, tat nudi no bang ly nghia, ngudi ta sd di dén ndi mat luong tam, chi vi khdng cd ly nghia ma
nu6i no" {Khong hgc dang, Phan Bgi Chdu, 2000).
Quan diem cua dng vd con ngudi "nhan chi so, tinh ban thien", con ngUdi ban chat la thien, giao due se giup cho con ngudi tang tinh thien. 5ng cung la ngudi de xudng dan quyen.
Quan diem ve phu nu": ngudi me phai day con gai trudc k h i ve nha chdng ve dao lam vg (tam tdng, tur dure), phai thu ven nha ciia, lam cho chdng va gia dinh chdng hai long.
1.3. T u a n T u (334 - 226 trudc Cdng nguyen): ngudi nude Trieu, hg Tuan, ten Huong, ten chu la Khanh, edn ggi la Tuan Khanh, hau thdi ky Chien Qudc. Hgc thuyét ciia dng rat mdi me, thudng chu truomg mdt ly tirdng doc lap, mdt ly luan tu do, khdng chiu nuong dua vao tudng vach ngudi đi xuạ Ong la thSy cua Han Phi T i i va Ly T u d hau thdi ky Chien Qudc. Tac ph^m de lai chu yeu cd bd T u a n T u gdm 322 thien, sau dugc
Luu Hudng thdi Han chinh ly lai thanh 32 thien (Tri Tue, 2003). Ong cd
hoc thuc uyen bac, nghien cuu sau K i n h Dich, K i n h Le va K i n h Xuan Thu, la bac dai nho sau Khdng T i i va Manh Tiị M d t sd quan diem chinh cua ong gdm: tinh ac luan, phi menh thuyet.
Trai vdi Manh Tir, Tuan T i i dua ra quan diem "nhan tinh ac", con ngwdi sinh ra cd ban tinh ac, ngudi thien la gia tao, long ham mudn cua con ngudi la can nguyen ciia tinh ac, vi vay phai diing le de quy pham va than de khac ehé ban tinh ac. Ong nhán manh vai trd ciia le vdi tu than, gia tri qudc binh thien ha se la bien phap can ban de hoan thien ban 'h^n, giup hoa hop giua ngudi vdi ngudi, thuc hien xa hdi ly tudng. MSu
dinh cua dng la "Lam cha nen khoan hue ma c6 li, lam con nen kinh ^' tna tri van, lam anh nen tit di ma kien hitu, lam em nen kinh khud't ma '^hdng can nẹ (Tri tue, 2003).
Neu Manh T u ndi "tinh thien" la trdng mong cho ngudi ta theo " t i n h " lam "thien" thi Tuan T i i ndi "tinh ac" la trdng mong cho ngudi ta chua
" t i n h " m a k h 6 n g l a m "ac". H a i q u a n d i d m t u y t r a i n g u o c n h a u nhung c u n g m o t m u c d i c h .
N h o g i a o n g u y f i n t h u y d u o c c o i la g i a i doan k h a i s i n h ra N h o giao nen ft t i n h cue doan.
2. HauNho
G o m H a n n h o , Duofng n h o , T6'ng n h o ( D o n g T r o n g T h u , T r i n h y X u y ^ n ) , N g u y e n n h o , M i n h n h o , T h a n h nhọ D a y la g i a i d o a n N h o giao m a n g t i n h cue doan ch6'ng p h u niJ triet de d o ehu n g h i a p h u q u y i n phat t r i d n den cue d i e m . Co n g u d i h o i T r i n h Y X u y f i n , m 6 t n h o gia d d i T6'ng: Co n h u n g n g u 5 i goa e h d n g , nha ngheo, k h 6 n g n o i n u a n g tua, vay c6 the tai gia d u g c k h o n g ? V a dugfc tra l o i r a n g : D o la sof sau d o i ret cho nen mdfi n o i n h u vaỵ N h u n g chét d o i la c h u y e n cue n h o , that tiet m 6 i la chuySn cue I o n .
N h o g i a o anh h u o n g den V i e t N a m c h i i yéu la H a u N h o va nhung n g u d i hoc d u g c n g u d i dod g o i la "eCra K h d n g , san T r i n h " ( 6 day n o i den T r i n h Y X u y e n dcji T d n g ) .
IỊ C A U T R U C C U A N H O G l A O
N h o g i a o t r i n h bay xa h o i tren nen tang eua m 6 t c a cáu x a h 6 i gdm CO cac c h i 6 u n h u sau:
- C h i 6 u n g a n g :
T h a n N h a Nude - > T h i e n ha
T u than T6 gia T r i q u 6 c B i n h t h i e n ha
N g a y tir n h i r n g n a m 500 trude C 6 n g n g u y e n , cac nha k i n h dién eua
N h o g i a o da c o i nha la mat xich quan trong nhd't noi ket con ngudi vdi
đ't nuac va the giaị N h o g i a o da c o i m6'i q u a n he g i u a Than - Nha - Nucrc - Thien hq la nen tang ciia cáu t r i i c x a h o i . M a n h Tir cho rang: thien hq goc a nudc, nuac goc a nha, nha goc a thdn minh ( t h i e n ha chi
ban tai qudc, qu6'c c h i ban tai gia, gia c h i ban tai than).
C o n n g u 5 i trudc het cSn phai hoc tap, t u d u o n g {Tu thdn theo chudn
muc nhdn, nghJa, le, tri, tin), sau d o p h a i x a y d u n g va q u a n l y nh a m i n h
cho that td't (Te gia) r 6 i v u o n l e n q u a n l y dát nude {Tri quoc) va cai t r i nuac khac (Binh thien hq). T h e o k h u y n h hudrng do, n h u n g n g u d i n a m gicfi se dori nÓi m x a y d u n g va 6 n d i n h xa h d i .
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f u y chua c6 su phan biet rach r o i gitta cac quan he Nha nude, chlnh t r i va gja dinh nhung N h o giao da gop phSn xay dung xa hoi c6 trat t u , k y cuong.
- C h i e u doc: ' ' i i
T h e o q u a n d i d m cua H a u n h o t h i Tarn cuang la ba m6'i quan he co
ban t r o n g xa h o i :
Vua-Toi Cha-C^n Chong-Va
Quan v i than c u o n g la vua l a m g u o n g cho t 6 i .
Phu v i tir c u a n g la cha l a m g u o n g cho con.
HHl Phu v i the c u a n g la c h 6 n g l a m g u o n g cho vg. , ; ^,
Nam ludn