lam dugc (Luat Binh dang gidi, 2007). , , Dac biet, Luat da dua ra cac "Bien phap thuc diy binh dang gidi" Dac biet, Luat da dua ra cac "Bien phap thuc diy binh dang gidi"
(Di^u 19, chuang 3), chiu anh hudng ciia Dieu 4 - "Cac bien phap dac biet tam thdi" cua CEDAW, de khac phuc tinh trang bat binh dang gidi biet tam thdi" cua CEDAW, de khac phuc tinh trang bat binh dang gidi hien tai va thuc hien binh dang gidi thuc chat. Ly do dua ra cac bien phap nay dua tren ca hai phuang dien sinh hgc va xa hdi: Do phu nCr cd dac diem ca the khac nam gidi, phai mang thai, sinh con, cham sdc con nhọ.. Do phu nu bi phan biet đi xir tir hang ngan nam theo phong tuc, tap quan, hg it cd ca hdi hgc tap, phai lao dong nhieu va dugc thu hudng cac san pham lam ra it han nam gidị Vi vay, Nha nude cd chinh sach uu
tien cho phu nii trong cham sdc y té khi hg cd thai, sinh va nudi con nhd,
iru tien cho phu nir di hgc, dugc de bat, dugc tham gia boat dong xa hdị Luat yeu cau gia dinh, nam gidi phai cham sdc phu nu khi hg mang thai Luat yeu cau gia dinh, nam gidi phai cham sdc phu nu khi hg mang thai va sinh con. Hg phai dugc an udng td't han va lam it han... Day la cac chinh sach thuc hien cong bang cho phu niị
Cac bien phap thuc daiy binh dang gidi dugc thuc hien trong mot thdi gian nhát dinh va cham diJt khi muc dich binh dang gidi da dat dugc. Nha gian nhát dinh va cham diJt khi muc dich binh dang gidi da dat dugc. Nha nude cung chii truang long ghep gidi trong xay dung van ban quy pham phap luat de viec thuc thi binh dang gidi cd hieu qua han.
Do Luat mdi ra đi han hai nam nen chua cd dieu kien kiem churng tir thuc té. Hien nay Bd Tu phap mdi dang hoan thanh Nghi dinh hudng dan thuc té. Hien nay Bd Tu phap mdi dang hoan thanh Nghi dinh hudng dan 3 cua Luat Binh dSng gidi, nhieu to chuc xa hdi dan suf dang tich cue dua Luat vao đi song.
4-2. Luat Phong, chong bao lire gia dinh >
Thang 11/2007, Qudc hgi thong qua Luat Phong, chd'ng bao luc gia ^inh (BLGD), Luat cd hieu lire thi hanh iir ngay 1/7/2008. Luat bao gdm ^inh (BLGD), Luat cd hieu lire thi hanh iir ngay 1/7/2008. Luat bao gdm ^ chuang va 46 dieụ Chuang 1: Nhung quy dinh chung; Chuang 2:
Phong ngira BLGD; Chuong 3: Bao ve h6 tro nan nhan BLGD; Chuoiij. 4: Trach nhiem ciia ca nhan, gia dinh, ca quan, to chuc trong phoiig 4: Trach nhiem ciia ca nhan, gia dinh, ca quan, to chuc trong phoiig chdng BLGD; Chuong 5: Xu ly vi pham phap luat v6 phong, chóng
BLGD va khiéu nai, to cao; Chuong 6: Diiu khoan thi hanh.
Lan dau tien a Viet Nam c6 luat rieng quy dinh ve giao due, phong
ngiia va xu phat mot toi ac da dugfc che d6 phii quySn che cha tir hang nghin nam va coi do la viec "khong quan trong", viec "noi b6 ciia gi;, nghin nam va coi do la viec "khong quan trong", viec "noi b6 ciia gi;, dinh", la "quyen day vg, con" ciia nguofi nam gidị Luat phii hop vcfi Dicu 3, phSn 1, 5a, 6 va khuyen nghi ehung so 19 ciaa CEDAW.
Trong Chuong 1, Dieu 2, Luat Phong, chong BLGD da quy dinh cac
hanh vi BLGD, do la: '-^^ '
a) Hanh ha, ngugc dai, danh dap.
b) Lang ma, xuc pham danh dir, nhan ph^m;
c) Co lap, xua dudi hoac gay ap lire thudng xuyen v^ tam lỵ
d) Ngan can viec thire hifin quyfin, nghla vu trong quan he gia dinh. c) Cudng ep quan he tinh duẹ c) Cudng ep quan he tinh duẹ
g) Oiong ep tao hon; cudng ep ket hdn, li hdn hoac can trd hdn nhan tu nguycn, lien bd. tu nguycn, lien bd.
h) Chiem doat, huy hoai, dap pha lam hu hong tai san rieng hoac tai
san Chung cua gia dinh. y ^i, ^,5,. .
i) Cudng ep lao đng qua sire, kiem soat thu nhap cua thanh vien
trong gia dinh.
k) Budc thanh vien gia dinh ra khdi chd d bat hop phap.
Dieu 3 dira ra cac nguyen tac phong, chdng BLGD; Dieu 4 ve nghia vu cua ngudi cd hanh vi bao lire; Dieu 5 ve quyen va nghia vu ciia nan vu cua ngudi cd hanh vi bao lire; Dieu 5 ve quyen va nghia vu ciia nan nhan bao lirẹ Mot diem dang chii y la Luat da the hien tinh binh dang- khdng phan biet gidi linh ciia ngudi gay bao lire hay nan nhan ma chi tinh dén trijrng tri, giao due ke tdi pham va cuu giup nan nhan.
Khac vdi Luat Hong Dure chi neu cac bien phap trimg phat, Luat Phong, chdng BLGD da nhan manh den edng tac thdng tin tuySn truyen phong- chdng BLGD da nhan manh den edng tac thdng tin tuySn truyen phong- chdng BLGD va lay phuong cham phdng ngCra, giao due la chinh. Ben canli eac bien phap trimg phat thi cac bien phap hoa giai cung 'duge d6 cao trong nhung irudng hop khdng qua nghiem trong. Luat eon neu rd trach nhiem cu^' ca nhan, gia dinh, co quan, to chuc trong phdng chdng BLGD. Rd rang, Luai ra đi la mot budc tien Idn ciia Viet Nam trong viec thue hien CEDAW.
188
Trong nhung nam qua, ben canh nhung thanh tich to Idn cua cac pUdc trong viec thuc hien CEDAW la sir ton tai dai dang tu 'udng va pUdc trong viec thuc hien CEDAW la sir ton tai dai dang tu 'udng va jthudn mSu ciia ché do phu quyen. CuOc dáu tranh vi binh dang gioi con gap jihieu khd khan. Trong hoan canh do, viec thuc hien CEDAW va luat phap
Qii-d Viet Nam ve binh dang gidi mang y nghia dan dudng quan trong.
Chinh sach binh dang gidi eon duge de cap trong cac luat khac nhu
Luat Qudc tich, Bd Luat Lao đng, Phap lenh Thira ké va Bg Luat Hinh sir. Bang luat phap, Nha nude da edng nhan quyen binh dang ciia nam va sir. Bang luat phap, Nha nude da edng nhan quyen binh dang ciia nam va
d ca hai noi trong xa hdi va gia dinh. Ngoai ra, Viet Nam da cd nhieu nghi quyet, chinh sach rieng cho edng tac phu nir nhu Nghi quyet sd 152 nghi quyet, chinh sach rieng cho edng tac phu nir nhu Nghi quyet sd 152 mot sd van de ve to chuc lanh dao edng tac phu van (1967); Nghi
quyet sd 153 ve edng tac can bg nu; Chi thi sd 44 v6 mdt sd ván de ca'p
bach trong edng tac can bd nir (1984); Nghi quyét sd 04 ve đi mdi va tang cudng edng tac van đng phu niJ trong tinh hinh mdi (1993); Chi thi tang cudng edng tac van đng phu niJ trong tinh hinh mdi (1993); Chi thi sd 37 ve mdt sd ván de ve edng tac can bd nu trong tinh hinh mdi (1993); Chi thi sd 28 ve đi mdi va tang cudng edng tac van đng phu nu trong tinh hinh mdi (1994).
Tir sau nam 1985, Chinh phu nhidu nude trong đ cd Viet Nam da sira đi phap luat cho phii hgp vdi chien luge Nairobi (Chien luge nay la sira đi phap luat cho phii hgp vdi chien luge Nairobi (Chien luge nay la Icel qua ciia Thap ky phu nu 1975 - 1985). Trong chien luge nay cd cac chuong trinh phd'i hgp giira Chinh phii va cac to ehiic phi Chinh phiị Viet Nam da thanh lap cac co quan chuyen mdn ngoai Hdi Lien hiep phu nu nhu Uy ban vi su tien bd ciia phu nu, cac co quan nghien cuu, cac chuong trinh dac biet ve phu nir, gidi cd sir hgp tac trong va ngoai nudẹ
B A I e)pC V A NGHltN CLjru
T\iu eil mdt êv\h dao phu nu V\Bt Ham
mi ,
I 1. B a Hoang Ngan (1921 - 1949)
Ba Hoang Ngan, ten that la Pham Thj V a n (tCrc Sau), sinh nSm 1 9 2 1 , tai
^•^g V u Lao, huyen Nam TrUc, -tinh Nam Dinh. Ba tham gia hoat dong trong to '^hCfc Phu n u giai phdng tai khu ChO Sat - Hai Phong khi mdi 15 tudi va 17 tudi 9'a nhap Dang Cong san D d n g DUOng. Ba bi giSc Phap bat nSm 1 9 4 1 , bj ket an 2 nam tu va giam giijf tai nha lao Hoa Ld - Ha Noị Trong tu, ba da to chCrc dáu 9nh bao ve cac quyen cua tu nhan, giiip hp g i u vijfng y chi doan ket trong dau
Jl^Ụ Ba da trdn khoi nha lao nSm 1945, tiep tuc hoat đng each m a n g . Sau °fig khdi nghla, ba la uy vien Thanh uy thanh p h d Ha Noi, Bf thU Doan Phu nU
C t r u q u o c t h a n h p h o H a N o i . TCr n S m 1 9 4 6 d e n t h a n g 4/ 1 9 4 7 , Id T i n h u y vier, T i n h u y H a i D i r o n g , Bf t h i / D o a n P h u nur CLTU q u o c t i n h H a i D u ' o n g . T h a n g 4 / 1 9 4 7 d e n t h a n g 1 1 / 1 9 4 7 , b a la K h u uy v i e n K h u B a , p h u t r a c h c o n g t a c dan v a n , B i XhU P h u nOr CLTU q u o c K h u B a . B a d a s a n g l a p ra t d b a o Tieng goi pt^j nur, t i e n t h a n cCia t d Phu nCr Viet Nam n g a y n a y . C u o i n a m 1 9 4 7 d e n n a m I949
b a la Bf t h u d o a n P h u nuf CLfu q u o c , t o chCrc s a u n a y hdp n h a t v 6 i H o i l i e n hiep P h u nijf V i e t N a m ( t h a n h l a p n g a y 2 0 / 1 0 / 1 9 4 6 ) t h a n h m o t t o chLrc. 2. B a N g u y e n T h j T h a p ( 1 9 0 8 - 1 9 9 6 ) B a N g u y i n T h i T h a p t e n t h a t la N g u y i n T h i N g o c T o t , s i n h n g a y l O - l Q . 1908, tai x a L o n g H i / n g , h u y e n C h a u T h a n h , t i n h M y T h o ( n a y la t i n h Tien G i a n g ) . B a t h a m g i a e a c h m a n g n S m 1 9 2 9 v a n a m 1 9 3 5 d i / o c b a u v a o XCr Gy N a m K y . N a m 1 9 4 0 , b a t h a m g i a l a n h d a o c u p c khcJi n g h l a N a m K y v a nam 1 9 4 5 t h a m g i a c h u a n b i c h o c u o c k h d i n g h l a t h a n g 8 n a m 1 9 4 5 . N a m 1 9 4 7 , ba p h u t r a c h c o n g t a c p h u v a n c u a xCr u y N a m K y v a la C h u t j c h H o i L i e n h i e p Phu nu" giai p h o n g m i e n N a m d a u t i e n tCr n a m 1 9 5 0 d e n n a m 1 9 5 2 . TLT n a m 1956 d e n n a m 1 9 7 4 , b a di/Oc b a u la C h u t j c h H o i L i e n h i e p P h u nur V i e t N a m k h o a II v a k h o a IIỊ TCr n a m 1 9 7 4 d e n 1 9 8 2 , b a la ChCi tjch d a n h d i i c u a H o i L H P N V N k h o a I V . B a la D a i b i e u Q u o c h o i ti/ k h o a I d e n k h o a IV ( 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 8 0 ) , la Pho C h u t j c h u y b a n t h i/ o n g t r i / c Q u o c h o i tCr n a m 1 9 5 6 d e n n a m 1 9 7 4 . B a la u y vien D o a n C h u t i c h U y b a n T r u n g údng Mat t r a n T o q u o c V i e t N a m XiS n a m 1 9 5 5 den n a m 1 9 8 0 . C h o n g v a h a i c o n t r a i b a hy s i n h t r o n g k h a n g c h i e n c h o n g P h a p va c h o n g M y . B a d U d c N h a n i / d c V i e t N a m t a n g t h i f c l n g H u a n chu"dng S a o v a n g , H u a n c h U d n g K h a n g c h i e n h a n g N h a t v a d a n h h i e u B a m e V i e t N a m A n h hung. B a d U d c C h u t i c h d o a n X 6 v i e t t d i c a o L i e n X 6 t a n g H u a n c h i i d n g L e n i n va C h i n h p h u B u n g a r i t a n g H u a n c h i / d n g D i m i t d r o p . 3 . B a L a T h j X u y ^ n ( 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 9 6 ) B a L e T h i X u y e n s i n h n g a y 9 - 1 2 - 1 9 0 9 , t a i x a T h a c h B o , n a y Id t h o n Hoa T h a c h , h u y e n D a i L o c , t i n h Q u a n g N a m - D a N a n g . N a m 1 9 2 8 , b a d a tot n g h i e p v a g i a n g d a y t a i t r i/ d n g D o n g K h a n h ( H u e ) , lis 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 4 5 , b a d a cung c h o n g v a m o t s o t r i thCrc y e u n i/ d c t h a n h l a p H o i , mc) m a n g n e n g i a o d u e t u va t r i/ d n g T h a n g L o n g d e b o a t d o n g e a c h m a n g t a i H a N o i . N a m 1 9 4 5 , b a d a tham g i a k h o i n g h l a v a t h a n h l a p c h i n h q u y e n x a B a o A n t a i t i n h Q u a n g N g a i , di/dc b a u l a m U ] / v i e n uy b a n n h a n d a n x a , t h a m g i a uy b a n n h a n d a n T r u n g B p , t r a c h N h a cCru t e x a h o i T r u n g B p . N a m 1 9 4 6 , b a t r u n g eCr D a i b i e u Q u o c hpi k h o a I v a tCr n a m 1 9 4 6 d e n 1 9 5 6 , b a t r d t h a n h H o i t r i / c i n g ( C h u t i c h ) H o i Lie" h i e p P h u nCf V i e t N a m d a u t i e n , k h o a Ị B a la D a i b i e u Q u o c h o i tCr k h o a I den k h o a V , u y v i e n B a n t h i/ d n g trUc Q u o c h o i k h o a I v a la u y v i e n t h i / d n g v u Q u o ^ h o i k h o a IV - V . B a c o n la u y v i e n T r u n g i / d n g Mat t r a n L i e n V i e t , M a t t r a n q u o c V i e t N a m tCr n a m 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 7 7 , u y v i e n B a n C h a p h a n h T r u n g i / d n g Dâ^ x a h o i V i e t N a m tCr n a m 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 7 9 , u y v i e n D o a n C h u t j c h u y b a n d o a n k^' . . . I / \ P h i c u a V i e t N a m tCr n S m 1 9 5 8 - 1 9 8 8 v a U y b a n V i e t N a m d o a n k e t hC/u p g h j v d i c a c n U 6 c ( 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 8 8 ) , u y v i e n B a n T h i / d n g t r i / c U y b a n T h i e u n i e n |sjhi d o n g V i e t N a m tCr n a m 1 9 6 1 d e n 1 9 7 8 . B a la P h o C h u t j c h U y b a n B a o v e H o a binh t h e g i d i c u a V i e t N a m tCr n a m 1 9 5 2 - 1 9 7 6 . TCr n a m 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 7 8 , b a la p h o C h u t i c h H o i L i e n h i e p P h u niJf V i e t N a m . B a d i / p c D a n g v a N h a n u d e t a n g H u a n chu"dng D o c l a p h a n g N h i , H u a n c h U d n g K h a n g c h i e n c h o n g M y h a n g N h a t , H u y e h U d n g v i SLT n g h i e p D a i d o a n k e t d a n t o e , H u y e h u o n g v i s U p g h i e p G i a i p h o n g p h u nuf. • A . - <. - -1 4. B a N g u y e n T h j O j n h ( 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 9 2 ) B a N g u y e n T h i D j n h s i n h n g a y 1 5 / 2 / 1 9 2 0 t a i x a LiTdng H o a , h u y e n G i o n g T r o m , t i n h B e n T r e . Tie n a m 1 9 3 6 b a d a t h a m g i a boat d o n g e a c h m a n g t r o n g p h o n g t r a o D o n g D U d n g h o i , d U d e ket n a p D a n g n a m 1 9 3 8 . N a m 1 9 6 0 , b a t h a m gia l a n h d a o p h o n g t r a o n h a n d a n d o n g k h d i t h a n g Idi tai t i n h B e n T r e v a t r 6 t h a n h B i t h i / T i n h u y t i n h B e n T r e . lis n a m 1 9 6 5 - 1 9 7 5 , b a la H o i t r i / d n g H o i Lien h i e p P h u nuf g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m , la u y v i e n Q u a n u y m i e n N a m p h u t r a c h p h o n g t r a o c h i e n t r a n h d u kíeh, dÚdc bd n h i e m l a m P h o T o n g tú l e n h q u a n g i a i p h o n g m i e n N a m v a d i / d c p h o n g q u a n h a m T h i e u túdng n a m 1 9 7 4 . TCr n a m 1976 d e n n a m 1 9 8 2 , b a la P h o C h u t i c h H o i L i e n h i e p P h u nur V i e t N a m s a u khi hdp n h a t H o i L i e n h i e p P h u nu" 2 m i e n B a e - N a m v a la ThuT t r i / d n g B o T h U d n g binh v a X a h o i . B a la C h u t i c h d a n h duf c u a H o i L H P N V i e t N a m k h o a IV. N a m 1982 d e n 1 9 9 2 , b a la C h u t j c h H o i L H P N V i e t N a m k h o a V v a k h o a V I . B a la u y vien T r u n g i / d n g D a n g C o n g s a n V i e t N a m c a c k h o a IV, V , V I , d a i bieu Q u o c h o i cac k h o a V I , V I I , V I I I , P h o C h u t i c h H o i dong N h a n i/ d c tCf n a m 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 2 , Pho C h u t i c h P h u nuf L i e n d o a n D a n c h u t h e gidi tC/ n a m 1 9 8 6 - 1 9 9 2 , C h u t j c h Hoi hufu n g h i V i e t N a m - C u B a tCr n a m 1 9 8 6 - 1 9 9 2 . B a d a d i/ d c N h a n i / d c V i e t Nam v a c a c n u d e t a n g n h i e u h u a n c h U d n g v a d a n h h i e u c a o q u ^ : 2 H u a n c h i / d n g c h d n g M y h a n g n h a t , 2 H u a n e h U d n g Q u a n e d n g h a n g n h a t , H u a n c h u d n g Q u y e t t h a n g h a n g n h a t , H u a n c h U d n g H d C h i M i n h , G i a i t h i / d n g H o a binh q u d e t e L e n i n , H u a n c h U d n g c u a L i e n d o a n p h u niJf d a n c h u t h e g i d i , H u a n chu"ong Q u d e g i a C u B a m a n g t e n H i r o n . . . N g a y 2 / 9 / 1 9 9 5 , b a dÚdc N h a n i / d c ^ruy t a n g d a n h h i e u A n h h u n g c a e li/e l i / d n g v u t r a n g n h a n d a n {Theo Website
Cfia Hoi LHPN Vi$t Nam. 2009).
C A U H O I O N T A P
1. Tai sao noi: Chinh sach va luat phap ciia Viet Nam trfin ván 66 '^'^nh dang gidi dirgrc xep vao hang cac nude tien bO tren th6' gidi ? '^'^nh dang gidi dirgrc xep vao hang cac nude tien bO tren th6' gidi ?
2. Co con khoang each giua chinh sach va thuc te \6 binh dang gidi
Oiai 15
V A N o f G i d l , GIA OINH TRONG CAC DAN TOC THIEU s6
Ị TINH H I N H C H U N G
Viet Nam c6 54 dan toe, trong do dan toe Kinh ehiém 86% dan so,
53 dan toe con lai c6 so lirgng dao dOng tren dudri mot trieu ngiroi nhu
Tay, Nung, Thai, Mudng, Kho Me cho den vai tram nguori nhir dan toe 0
Du va Braụ Cae dan toe s6'ng 6 ea ba vung: mien nui Bdc Bo, mien nui
Trung Bo va dong bang Nam B6. Cae dan t6e duge chia thanh ba nhom:
nhom pint he, nhom man he va nhom song hẹ
1. Nhom phu he 6 phia Bac: Tay, Thai, Niing, Dao, H'Mong, Mucmg...