002603 TRUONG DAI HOC Y HA NOI m m • BO MON VAT LY (SACH DUNG C H O SINH VIEN HE BAC Si D A KHOA) NHA XUAT BAN Y HOC TRUONG OAI HOC Y HA NOI ■ ■ ■ BO MON Y VAT LY VAT LY LY SINH Y HOC (SACH DUNG CHO SINH VlfiN HE BAC SI DA KHOA) ^ \o U r,; !>■' -\K V IE PKU t h o T H U V i l N s e : fe * r NHA XUAT BAN Y HOC HA NOI - 2006 i& X Dong chu bien: PGS TS Nguyen VSn Thien PGS TSKH Phan Sy An Tham gia bien soan: PGS TSKH Phan Sy An PGS TS Nguyen V9n Thien TS Phan Thi Le Minh ThS Doan Thi Giang Hi/dng CN Nguyen Thanh Thuy ThS Tran Thi Ngoc Hoa ThS Ngo Dung Tuan Thu ky bien soan: ThS Doan Thj Giang Huong LOI NOI DAU Vat ly hoc la mot nganh khoa hoc tU nhien nghien ciiu nhutng dang van dong cd ban nhat cua vat chat roi tim cach ilng dung chung phuc vu ddi song Trong qua trinh phat trien, cac nganh khoa hoc dan xen vao lam sinh cac nganh khoa hoc mcfi, thi du nhU ly sinh, hoa sinh Chiidng trinh Vat ly - Ly sinh difdc day tai trUdng Dai hoc Y Ha Noi tii nam 1956 M uc tieu cua chUdng trinh la giup sinh vien: - Hieu dung cac dinh luat vat ly cd ban co nhieu ling dung sau nghien ciiu y hoc va bao ve sufc khoe cong dong - Phan tich dUdc cac qua trinh, hien tUdng vat ly cd ban xay trdng cd the song - Trinh bay dUdc nguyen ly cua cac ting dung ky thuat vat ly chinh ch&n doan va dieu tri - Phan tich dUdc cac tac dung chinh cua cac yeu to" vat ly len cd the song phuc vu muc dich bao ve moi trUdng va cd the Do do"i tUdng phuc vu chinh la cac sinh vien nam thii nhat trUdng Dai hoc Y nen giao trinh dUdc viet tUdng do"i ddn gian, khong dung nhieu cong cu toan hoc, chi yeu cau ngiidi hoc co kien thilc thong trung hoc ve vat ly va sinh hoc Giao trinh Vat ly - Ly sinh y hoc dUdc viet v6i thdi lildng mon hoc la 75 tiet theo quy dinh khung chUdng trinh cua Bo Y te va Bo Giao due Dad tao 1.1 PhUdng trinh cd ban cua thuyet dong hoc phan tti va cac he qua 55 1.2 Stic cang mat ngoai va hien tUdng mao d&n 57 1.3 Cac hien tUdng van chuyen vat chat cd the 62 1.4 Van chuyen vat chat qua mang te bao 72 Chuyen dong cua chat long va sii van chuyen mau cd the 81 2.1 Cac phan tti va ion cd the 81 2.2 Cac dinh luat ve sU van chuyen cua chat long 82 2.3 Su van chuyen mau 86 Khi va sU van chuyen cd the ngUdi 92 3.1 Hoat dong ho hap 92 3.2 Cac quy luat khuech tan 94 3.3 Su van chuyen cd the 96 3.4 Nhting yeu to' anh hUdng tdi sU trao doi cd the ngUdi 96 Chuyen dong cd hoc tren cd the song 97 4.1 Dai cUdng ve chuyen dong cd hoc 97 4.2 Chuyen dong cd hoc tren cd the song B Dao dong va song Dao dong cd hoc 103 110 110 1.1 Dao dong dieu hoa 111 1.2 Dao dong tat dan 113 1.3 Dao dong cUdng btic va hien tUdng c6ng hUdng 114 1.4 Tong hdp va phan tich dao dong 116 Song cd hoc moi trUdng dan hoi 118 2.1 Moi trUdng dan hoi 118 2.2 Song cd hoc 118 Dao dong va song dien tti 125 3.1 Mach dao dong dien tti Dinh nghia dao dong dien tti 125 3.2 Dao dong dien tti dieu hoa (khong tat) 126 3.3 Su tUdng tU gitia dao dong dien tti khong t i t va dao dong dieu hoa cua lac ddn 128 3.4 Dao dong dien tti tat dan 129 3.5 Cach tao song dien tti 131 Bien doi, khuech dai va ghi giti tin hieu 139 4.1 Bien doi tin hieu khong dien dien 139 4.2 Nguyen ly khuech dai tin hieu dien 141 4.3 Ghi va bao quan tin hieu dien 145 Am va sieu am 148 5.1 Ban chat vat ly cua am va sieu am 148 5.2 Nguon phat am 150 5.3 Cac dac trUng cua cam giac am 152 5.4 So lUdc ve qua trinh nghe 157 5.5 Cd sd vat ly cua phUdng phap am ch&n doan 160 5.6 Sd lUdc ve iing dung sieu am nganh y 162 Song va sU song 167 6.1 Sd lUdc ve tac dong cua song den sU song Tac dong cua song den sU song co loi hay co hai? 167 6.2 Sd lUdc ve nhip sinh hoc 168 Bai D ien va svf song Dien the sinh vat d te bao song 170 171 1.1 Dien the nghi 171 1.2 Dien the hoat dong 175 1.3 SU lan truyen dien the hoat dong 179 Dien the hoat dong cua to chiic song 181 2.1 Dien the hoat dong cua tim 181 2.2 Cac dien the hoat dong khac dUdc dung nhieu chan doan 187 Tac dung cua dong dien len cd the 189 3.1 Phan iing cua cd va than kinh doi vdi klch thich dien 189 3.2 Cac thong so' dien cua cd the 192 3.3 Nguv hiem dien Cac bien phap an toan dien 194 3.4 Tac dung tich cUc cua dong dien len cd the va iing dung y khoa 198 Bai Cac dinh luat quang hinh cd ban - m at Cac dinh luat cd ban cua quang hinh hoc va mot so" dung cu quang hinh 204 204 1.1 Cac dinh luat cd ban cua quang hinh hoc 204 1.2 Mot so dung cu quang hinh 207 Mat va dung cu bo trd 2.1 Quang hinh hoc cua mat 223 223 2.2 Kha nang phan ly cua m&t 226 Cac tat quang hinh cua m&t va dung cu bo trd 229 Bai Ban chat cua anh sang Thuyet song dien tti ve ban chat cua anh sang 235 235 1.1 Thuyet song dien tti ve ban chat cua anh sang 235 1.2 Hien tUOng giao thoa anh sang 238 1.3 Hien tUdng nhieu xa anh sang 244 1.4 Hien tUdng phan cUc anh sang 249 Thuyet lifdng tti ve ban chat cua anh sang 2.1 Hieu ting quang cy.en ngoai 250 250 2.2 Thuyet liidng anh sang cua Einstein va sii giai thich hien tUdng quang dien 252 Cac mtic nang liidng cua tap hdp dien tti 3.1 Mtic nang ltfdng cua tap hdp dien tti 257 3.2 Hap thu anh sang va phat sang 258 Laser 262 4.1 Khai niem ve btic xa cam ting 262 4.2 Laser va may phat tia laser 263 4.3 Sd ltfdc ve ti'nh chat cua chtim tia laser 265 4.4 n g dung cua laser Bai Tac dung cua anh sang len cof the song Dai cUdng ve tac dung cua anh sang len cd the song 265 267 267 1.1 Cac giai doan chinh cua mot qua trinh quang sinh 267 1.2 Phan loai cac qua trinh quang sinh 268 1.3 Mot so" dac diem cua qua trinh quang sinh 268 Mot so qua trinh quang sinh 257 272 2.1 Quang hdp 272 2 Sinh tong hdp sac to" va vitamin 274 2.3 Tac dung quang dong lUc (TDQDL) 275 2.4 Tac dung cua tia tti ngoai len cac he thong song 278 2.5 Thong tin thu cam anh sang 280 Bai Btic xa ion hoa va cd the song Khai niem va nguon goc cua btic xa ion hoa 292 292 1.1 Cau tao hat nhan nguyen tti 292 1.2 Hien tUdng phong xa 293 1.3 Dinh luat phan phong xa 298 TUdng tac cua btic xa ion hoa vdi vat chat 300 2.1 Ttidng tac cua hat vi mo tich dien vdi vat chat 300 2.2 TUdng tac cua photon nang lUdng cao (tia y va tia X) vdi vat chat 303 2.3 Ttidng tac cua neutron vdi vat chat 306 Su hap thu nang lUdng btic xa - Lieu lUdng btic xa 308 3.1 Su hap thu nang lUdng btic xa Su suy giam cUdng btic xa 308 3.2 Lieu ltfdng btic xa 310 3.3 Nguyen ly va cac thiet bi ghi btic xa ion hoa 312 Tac dung cua btic xa ion hoa len vat chat song 317 4.1 Cd che tac dung 317 4.2 Cac ton thUdng d cd the sinh vat dudi tac dung cua btic xa ion hoa 321 4.3 Cac yeu to" anh hUdng den hieu ting sinh hoc cua btic xa ion hoa 327 4.4 Cac nguyen tac ve kiem soat va an toan btic xa 330 Bai 10 M ot so ting dung bien cua V at ly ky thuat tron g nganh Y PhUdng phap hien vi 337 337 1.1 Nguyen ly phong dai anh vat Kinh lup 337 1.2 Kinh hien vi quang hoc trUdng sang (KHVQHTS) 338 1.3 Do phong dai Kha nang phan ly 340 1.4 Cac loai kinh hien vi khac 343 1.5 Cach kich thudc cac vat nho bang kinh hien vi 347 PhUdng phap quang hap thu phan tti 349 2.1 Su hap thu anh sang cua moi trUdng vat chat 349 2 Ung dung cua quang hap thu phan tti 352 PhUdng phap tao anh bang tia X va cong hUdng tti hat nhan 357 3.1 Thiet bi tao tia X 357 3.3 Chup hinh bang cong hUdng tti hat nhan 366 PhUdng phap phong xa 376 4.1 PhUdng phap danh dau phong xa 376 4.2 PhUdng phap dting nguon chieu xa 379 ... TRUONG OAI HOC Y HA NOI ■ ■ ■ BO MON Y VAT LY VAT LY LY SINH Y HOC (SACH DUNG CHO SINH VlfiN HE BAC SI DA KHOA) ^ o U r,; !>■' -K V IE PKU t h o T H U V i l N s e : fe * r NHA XUAT BAN Y HOC. .. 145 Am va sieu am 148 5.1 Ban chat vat ly cua am va sieu am 148 5.2 Nguon phat am 150 5.3 Cac dac trUng cua cam giac am 152 5.4 So lUdc ve qua trinh nghe 157 5.5 Cd sd vat ly cua phUdng phap am... vat chat 300 2.1 Ttidng tac cua hat vi mo tich dien vdi vat chat 300 2.2 TUdng tac cua photon nang lUdng cao (tia y va tia X) vdi vat chat 303 2.3 Ttidng tac cua neutron vdi vat chat 306 Su hap