Phát triển bền vững xuất khẩu điện năng của nước cộng hòa dân chủ nhân dân lào TT TIENG ANH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE WORK IS ACCOMPLISHED AT NATIONAL NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY Scientific supervisor: Associate Prof.Ph.D Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai Phitsanoukone Phonevilaysack Opponent 1: SUSTAINTABLE ELECTRICITY EXPORT Opponent 2: DEVELOPMENT OF LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Major : International economic ID : 9310106 Opponent 3: The thesis is defended before the Thesis Evaluation Board of National Economics University At: date month year 2021 SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS The thesis is available at: - National library - Library of National Economics University HANOI - 2021 PREFACE Rationale The thesis selection originates from the following reasons: Firstly, stemming from the location and geography of Lao PDR Laos is a country located deep in the mainland, with no road to the sea and mainly hills and mountains, 47% of the area is forest Laos is located in the middle of the Mekong subregion, bordering Cambodia, China, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam 2 Research objectives and tasks of the thesis 2.1 Research objectives The research objective of the thesis is to propose viewpoints and solutions to Lao's sustainable eletricity export development to 2025, with a vision to 2030 2.2 Research tasks - To systematize and contribute to clarifying the theoretical and practical basis for the sustainable development of a country's electricity export Secondly, stemming from the economic development policy of Laos Laos has - To scientifically and comprehensively analyze and evaluate the status of changed its economic policy from a centrally planned to a market economy since sustainable electricity export of Laos in the period 2007-2019, to specify the results 1986 Over the past decade, Laos has achieved remarkable economic growth in achieved, the shortcomings and the reasons for those shortcomings ASEAN, with an increase in average economic growth of 7.7% and GDP per capita - To propose a number of key perspectives and solutions to develop the reaching US$2,577 in 2018 However, Laos is still largely dependent on the sustainable electricity export of Laos in the context of international economic agricultural sector (accounting for 17.3% GDP and 70% population - 6.85 million integration until 2025 with a vision to 2030 people in 2018) Thirdly, stemming from the advantages of Laos, especially in the electricity production and export Laos has a special terrain, so Laos is rich in hydropower Research questions To achieve specific research objectives, the thesis focuses on answering the following main research questions: resources, and Laos is increasingly urbanizing and integrating better in ASEAN, in the (1) What does sustainable eletricity export development of a country mean? Mekong sub-region as well as Besides, with the advantage of many rivers, (2) What lessons learned abroad can be applied to Lao's sustainable electricity mountainous terrain (accounting for 80% of the entire country's area) and low population density (27 people/km2); Especially, with the tropical monsoon climate, heavy rainfall, Laos has favorable conditions to produce hydropower In addition, the Mekong River flows through Laos, contributing an estimated 35% of the river's total flow, and is, therefore, one of the main sources for hydropower exploitation Laos currently has many power plants with an installed capacity of 9,971 MW and a production capacity of 52,211 GWh/year Producing and exporting electricity is also one of the fields considered by the Lao Party and State as a political and strategic task in the national socio-economic development and maintaining foreign political relations export development? (3) What is the status of sustainable eletricity export development in Laos in recent years? What are the achievements, shortcomings and causes? (4) For Lao's sustainable eletricity export development in the future, what viewpoints, policies and solutions are needed? The research object and scope of the thesis 4.1 Research objects Research on theoretical and practical issues of Lao's sustainable electricity export development 4.2 Research scope Finally, stemming from the research gap on sustainable electricity export - Regarding the content: The thesis studies sustainable eletricity export development of Lao PDR Up to now, there has been no work that deeply focuses on development in the sense that it is the process of mobilizing export growth in the comprehensively substantiating the theoretical and practical basis, objectively direction of achieving three basic objectives: economic, social and environmental evaluating the sustainable electricity export development of Lao PDR sustainability Sustainable development through the export of electricity, contributing to the sustainable development of the country in general and the electricity industry in particular The thesis only focuses on research on policy solutions, not deep into For primary information and data, after collecting, the author re-checks the survey technical solutions related to sustainable electricity export development questionnaires to check the completeness of the information; then, the author - Regarding the space: Lao's sustainable electricity export development rearranges the information according to the problem tree (based on research objectives, - Regarding the time: Analyze and evaluate the current situation of Lao's theoretical framework and analytical framework) For the information collected from sustainable eletricity export development in the period 2007-2019 and propose the survey forms, the author processed on SPSS 20 software viewpoints and solutions to 2025 with a vision to 2030 Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, and list of references, appendices, the - Regarding the subject of the research: The subject carries policies and solutions is the Lao government and local authorities (the directly under provinces and cities) structure of the thesis consists of chapters: Research methodology - Chapter 1: Overview of research works related to the topic 5.1 Methods of collecting information and data - Chapter 2: Some general theoretical issues about sustainable electricity export - The thesis collects information and secondary data mainly from textbooks, development books, legal documents, official reports of the General Statistics Office of Laos, the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Laos, the Lao Electricity Lao PDR, Jaica Laos - Chapter 3: Analysis of the current situation of sustainable eletricity export development of Lao PDR in the period 2007-2019 Office, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), - Chapter 4: Forecasts, perspectives and solutions for sustainable eletricity export development of Lao PDR to 2025 with a vision to 2030 Statistics Report, the website of Lao Electricity and other documents directly related to the thesis topic - The thesis collects primary information and data mainly from direct CHAPTER OVERVIEW ON THE RESEARCH WORKS RELATING TO THE THESIS observation of power plants in Laos, interviews with experts from Head of Department level and above and working in a number of ministries, sectors and 1.1 The research works on sustainable development and sustainable eletricity departments and results of survey questionnaires delivered to 220 state managers, 314 export development managers at 68 Lao's electricity production and export businesses (accounting for 1.1.1 The research works on sustainable development 95.8% of the total 71 businesses of Laos in 2019), and 210 residents in the area where - Concept and connotation of sustainable development the power plant of Laos is located The subjects were selected for interview by the In the Brundland report (1987) of the World Commission on Environment and decentralized random method according to the list provided by the ministries, local Development (WCED) of the United Nations, it is specified that: “Sustainable authorities and businesses development is development that can satisfy the needs of the present without 5.2 Methods of synthesizing and processing information and data compromising affect the competency of future generations to satisfy their own needs” For secondary information and data, after collecting documents, information This concept of sustainable development is inclusive, not limited in scope, or certain and data, the author removes unnecessary or unreliable documents, information and rules, and is not particularly specific data At the same time, the author collects additional information and data necessary Holden et al (2014) relied on Brudtland's Report (1987) to give a more specific for the research process Then, the author rearranges and presents the information in concept of sustainable development, that is: Sustainable development is development order to solve the research tasks that satisfies current needs without affecting the competency of future generations to satisfy their own needs Sustainable development should ensure economic growth; ecological sustainability in the long term; satisfy basic human needs; promote social surveyed developing countries Of which, the growth process in East Asian and justice on a national and global scale Southeast Asian countries is not the same - The criteria for evaluating sustainable development - Evaluation criteria for sustainable development of commodity exports Some typical international organizations have published a set of criteria for Roberts S and Robins N eds., (2000) argue that sustainable trade occurs when sustainable development, such as: The set of criteria of the Global Reporting Initiative the international exchange of commodity and services results in positive social, (GRI) which was published in 2002, and revised, supplemented in the following years; economic and environmental benefits, reflecting the four core criteria of sustainable The United Nations Sustainable Development Commission's set of criteria was development are trade: creating economic value, reducing poverty and inequality, published in 2001; The set of criteria for evaluating sustainable development by Dr Le rationally exploiting resources, and implemented within an open and responsible Anh Son and research team (2006) within the framework of research project VIE1/021 institutional system on Agenda 21 The set of indicators for evaluating sustainable development of Laos includes 17 general indicators and regional specific indicator 1.1.2 Research works related to sustainable electricity export development - The relationship between electricity export and sustainable energy development According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 2001, sustainable energy development represents the competency to provide a full range of energy services at a reasonable cost, ensuring a safe and healthy environment, suitable for in line with the needs of socio-economic development (IAEA, 2001) Ho Trung Thanh (2009, 2012) has given a set of criteria to evaluate sustainable export of commodity in general, including: (i) Group of criteria for evaluating the stability and quality of export growth; ii) Group of criteria to evaluate the level of economic sustainability; (iii) Group of criteria for evaluating environmental sustainability; (iv) Group of criteria for evaluating the level of social sustainability 1.1.3 Research works related to Lao's sustainable electricity export development Laos is a country rich in hydroelectric, mineral and forest resources thanks to its topographical advantage, having many rivers and being located in the center of the Greater Mekong Sub-region Therefore, Laos also has considerable potential to develop the production and export of electricity from renewable energy sources (in addition to the great potential for hydropower development), especially solar, According to UNECE (2020), sustainable energy development is demonstrated biomass, and small hydropower and wind power, and play an important role in through connecting and ensuring the harmonious development of the three pillars of promoting electricity exports in the region (Maunsell Limited & Lahmeyer GmbH, sustainable development, which are: (i) energy security; (ii) energy and quality of life; 2007, ADB, 2019) (iii) energy and environment - The relationship between commodity/electricity export and sustainable development International organizations such as WB, WTO, UNCTAD show the linkage between international trade through export, import of commodity in general, export of Leechuefong, P (2006) mentioned the impact of electricity export on the sustainable development of Laos, especially on socio-economic issues In particular, the Lao Government has acknowledged that electricity exports play an important role in the national budget revenue, especially while oil and gas prices are high, and help the country get out of a difficult economic situation electricity in particular and sustainable development These studies all argue that trade According to Yoshida et al (2020), the construction of irrigation dams has plays an important role, as a driving force for economic development (Mounir caused the loss of biodiversity and fisheries in the Lower Mekong region, and this Belloumi and Atef Alshehry, 2020) impact is even greater than that of Climate Change Laos is likely to benefit the most Ghirmay et al (2001) used a vector error correction model (VECM) to evaluate in terms of production revenue and foreign exchange earnings from electricity exports the impact of exports on economic growth in 19 developing countries Research results compared to other countries in the region as most of the proposed dams have been show a positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth in the built in this country 7 1.2 Conclusions and research gaps value of exported electricity is increasing day by day, contributing to economic growth Through an overview of research works at home and abroad related to the and stability; improve people's lives to ensure social stability and justice; preserve and sustainable development of export in general and export of electricity in particular, it protect the ecological environment According to this understanding, sustainable can be seen that, up to now, there has not been any research that has comprehensively eletricity export development represents a harmonious, flexible and reasonable studied electricity export of Laos, has not indicated the sustainability and combination between the goal of export turnover growth associated with the goal of unsustainability in the development of electricity export of Laos in the past time as a economic growth, social stability and eco-environmental protection basis for proposing appropriate solutions in the coming time Therefore, the thesis will 2.1.2 The role of sustainable electricity export development inherit the above research results and continue to solve some problems for Lao's Consisting of: Exploiting the country's potential and advantages effectively; sustainable eletricity export development in the near future Increasing foreign currency revenue for the state budget; Creating jobs and Sub-conclusion of chapter contributing to increase income for people; Contributing to the protection of the ecological environment; Assisting countries in the region to develop, thereby creating CHAPTER close and sustainable relationships and linkages for economic benefits SOME GENERAL THEORETICAL ISSUES ON SUSTAINABLE 2.2 Characteristics and classification of exported electricity supplies DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRICITY EXPORT 2.2.1 Electricity production and consumption characteristics - It is almost impossible to store electricity produced 2.1 The concept and role of sustainable electricity export development - It is impossible to make direct electricity transmission and distribution to 2.1.1 The concept of sustainable development and sustainable electricity export individual customers, but should be carried out through electricity transmission and development distribution system - The concept of sustainable development Although the concept of sustainable development has different conceptions regarding the extent and scope, but it is understood as a harmonious development with a close and reasonable combination between economy, society and environment in a country development process, ensuring that the needs of the present generation are met without causing harm to the needs of future generations Economically, it is fast, stable and efficient economic growth; Socially, it is improving people's living standards, reducing the poverty rate, implementing social progress and justice; Environmentally, it is biodiversity, conservation of natural resources, and prevention of polluting activities - Electric energy source is an important and basic source of energy in the economy of a country - Electric energy is a clean and finite source of energy - Electricity loss is an important economic - technical indicator in the business management of the electricity industry - The power sector infrastructure system is very complex, consisting of many components - Electricity is a special commodity that has impact on the economic, political, social situation and international cooperation and diplomacy - The concept of sustainable electricity export development 2.2.2 Classification of electricity supplies: - Hydropower; - Thermal power; - Applying the general concept of sustainable development of commodity exports Recycled energy; - Atomic energy (nuclear) in previous studies, such as: UNFSS (2018, 2019), Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai (2011), Ho 2.3 Content of sustainable electricity export development Trung Thanh (2012) , further considering specific characteristics of electricity, we 2.3.1 Building up sustainable eletricity export development strategies can understand the concept of sustainable eletricity export development of a country, Originating from Agenda 21 on Sustainable Development and the Millennium which is maintaining a high and stable electricity export growth rate, ensuring that the Development Objectives, from September 25-27, 2015, the 2030 Agenda set out 17 general objectives and 169 specific objectives for sustainable development in all economic - social - environmental fields Based on practical conditions, execution capacity and development priorities of countries in each development stage, many countries have developed national action plans related to sustainable development of exports in general, including exporting 10 - The level of concern for the life, health and safety of employers and employees related to electricity export activities 2.4.3 Exporting electricity with environmental issues Evaluating the environmental sustainability of electricity exports through the following criteria: electricity to implement the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development - The level of environmental pollution generated by the export of electricity, 2.3.2 Building up sustainable eletricity export development strategies this level is measured by the concentration of environmental components of air, water, - Electricity export policy with economic growth - Electricity export policy with solving social problems - Electricity export policy with environmental protection 2.3.3 Preparing conditions and implement the policy of sustainable electricity export development - The Government needs to ensure sufficient resources to implement policies in soil, solid waste treatment - The level of exploitation and use of natural resources for electricity export, the maintenance of renewable resources and the level of exploitation and use of nonrenewable resources - The extent to which electricity exports contribute to the cost of protecting the environment as well as technologies both quantity and quality, especially ensuring the quality of human resources and 1.5 Factors affecting sustainable electricity export development management skills for policy execution staff 2.5.1 Subjective factors - Along with preparing resources, organizing the management and regulation of - Natural condition; - Cultural and social conditions; - Technical level, the electricity export market to ensure the operation of the electricity supply market in technology of electricity production and export; - Economic development and energy a continuous, safe, balanced manner, and satisfying the needs of the market is also market development policy situation factor affecting the effectiveness of policy execution 2.5.2 Objective factors 2.4 Criteria for sustainable eletricity export development evaluation - Electricity supply - demand in the region 2.4.1 Electricity export with economic issues - International cooperation and international economic integration - Scale and average growth rate of electricity export turnover in a certain period of time - The ratio between the growth rate of exports and the growth of electricity imports shows the degree of macroeconomic stability of the economy - The share of electricity exports in GDP growth 2.4.2 Exporting electricity with social issues 2.6 International experience in sustainable electricity export development 2.6.1 Experience of China: China, with its ever-rapid growth, has become the "world's factory", which has led to an increase in the country's energy consumption demand Currently, China has become the world's largest energy producer and consumer, demonstated through: - The level of employment increase from the expansion of electricity exports energy supply - demand; Energy export; China's energy development policy (energy - The level of improvement in people's living standards and income from saving policy; strengthening domestic energy reserves; focusing on developing new exporting electricity - The extent to which electricity exports contribute to poverty alleviation - Ensure equal benefits between actors participating in/affected by electricity export activities energy sources; diversifying imported energy sources, especially oil); expanding the energy sector to the world; China has implemented many policies aimed at promoting electricity exports in a sustainable manner 11 2.6.2 Experience of Thailand 12 as businesses to invest in solar energy production themselves Thailand has potential and favorable conditions to generate electricity from Fifthly, from the lessons of Thailand and China, Laos needs to improve the renewable energy sources and has the competency to make the country one of the leading overall structure of the renewable energy program from legal/regulatory, ecological countries in Southeast Asia in terms of electricity production from renewable energy and economic perspectives sources In order to achieve success in restructuring the use of energy sources for electricity production in the direction of sustainable power sector development, the great role of the Thai Government in implementing reform policies since the 1990s should be mentioned, Sixthly, the characteristic of the electricity sector in developing countries is high demand but limited supply, paving the way for Laos to promote electricity exports in a sustainable way to satisfy the growing demand in the region Sub-conclusion of chapter specifically as follows: Firstly, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) is the state regulatory agency that takes primary responsibility for electricity generation and CHAPTER ANALYSIS OF REALITY OF SUSTAINABLE ELETRICITY EXPORT transmission, and for regulating the entire electricity system in Thailand DEVELOPMENT OF LAO PDR FOR PHASE 2007-2019 Secondly, Thailand sets a national energy development plan, with the goal that by 2036, renewable energy sources will account for 30% of total renewable energy 3.1 Overview of the development of electricity sector in Laos consumption 3.1.1 Electricity production and consumption situation Thirdly, in order to enhance electricity production from renewable fuels, Thailand has implemented a renewable energy program: "Energy for everyone" Fourthly, Thailand was one of the first countries in Asia to introduce a policy to support the selling price of electricity produced from solar energy (feed-in tariffs - FiT) in 2012, and is the first country in the world It is the first in the ASEAN region to apply this tariff for electricity produced from renewable energy sources in 2016 Currently, Laos has 65 power line systems As of September 2018, a total of 1,092,622 families (94.23% of households nationwide have electricity) Total domestic electricity supply is 3,650.07 million kWh, worth about $323.15 million, up about 3.80% over the same period last year In the period 2016-2020, Laos has completed 64 projects (including Fifthly, the Thai Government prioritizes and encourages the development of hydropower and thermal power), with a total designed capacity of 5,299 MW, renewable energy sources, reduces coal-fired power to replace electricity imports from Laos producing 25,469 KWh/year, exceeding the set target (57 projects, installed capacity and Myanmar, towards ensuring national energy security and exports 8,943.38 MW, production 46,441 KWh/year) Sixthly, remunerations such as the FiT rate are reviewed on an ongoing basis to ensure that they are economically sustainable 2.6.3 Experience lessons withdrawn for Lao Firstly, use energy economically and efficiently Secondly, the Lao government needs to have supportive policies, such as quota mechanism, fixed price mechanism, bidding mechanism and certification mechanism Thirdly, diversify supply sources, focus on developing new alternative energy sources Fourthly, the Lao government needs to have policies to encourage people as well Power transmission system has also attracted concern in terms of construction and development In the 2016-2020 period, Laos has built a power transmission line system with a total length of 65,563 km, exceeding the plan by 13,186 km (the plan is 52,377 km) 3.1.2 The situation of Lao's electricity import-export In the period 2007-2019, Laos' electricity production tends to increase, mainly to supply domestic consumption demand Electricity exports tend to grow with 13 14 electricity production and increase more than electricity imports addition, the promotion of the construction of power plants in Laos has contributed to 3.2 Analysis of the sustainable export of electricity of Lao PDR according to the a significant increase in employment in the construction industry, creating about criteria of sustainable export development 113,000 jobs (an increase of nearly 50%) in the period 2003-2013 alone (WB, 2017) 3.2.1 Exporting electricity with economic issues - Regarding export turnover and electricity export growth rate of Laos In terms of value and growth rate, in the period 2007-2019, electricity export turnover has increased continuously, from $82 million in 2007 to $1,351 million in 2019 The proportion of electricity exports/total exports of Laos has also changed a lot In 2007, the proportion of electricity export/total export turnover was 4.67% In 2019 reached 15.45 % The highest increase was in 2011, reaching 24.81% - Regarding the ratio between the export growth rate and the electricity import growth rate Export growth rate is always higher than import growth rate Specifically, in - Level of improvement in people's living standards and income from exporting electricity: The expansion of production and export of electricity has contributed to improving people's lives and their livelihoods The percentage of households with electricity supply in Laos has increased rapidly, from 78.5% of households in 2011 to 82.25% in 2012, and continued to increase sharply to 94.23% in 2017 The income level of workers working directly in Laos' electricity industry has increased rapidly; At the same time, the average real income of people living in the power plant area also increased, reaching 1,491 USD/person/year in the 2016-2020 period, nearly 2.5 times higher than the average income of residents outside the power plant area - The extent to which electricity exports contribute to poverty alleviation and 2007, Laos' electricity exports reached 1,741GWh, with $82 million, and imports income inequality The poverty rate in the areas with power plants has decreased from reached 793GWh, with $48 million Thus, Laos' electricity exports are higher than 50.6% in the 2006-2010 period to 37.4% in the 2016-2020 period Laos' electricity imports, 2.2 times higher in output and 1.7 times higher in value By 2019, Laos' electricity exports reached 24,302GWh (3.2 times higher than imports, - The level of concern for the life, health and safety of employers and employees related to electricity export activities 3.2.3 Electricity export with environmental issues reaching only 7,539 GWh) with $1,351 million (3.3 times higher than imports, - The level of environmental pollution generated by electricity production and reaching $412 million) export activities, this level is measured by the concentration of environmental 3.2.2 Electricity export with social issues components of air, water, soil, solid waste treatment - The level of employment increase from the expansion of electricity production and export The expansion of electricity production (especially irrigation works), and the export of electricity in Laos in recent years has created more jobs for employees The total number of jobs in Laos' electricity sector alone has increased rapidly, from 2,591 people in the period 2006-2010, increasing to 4,275 people in the period 2011-2015, and continuing to increase to 12,250 people in the period 2016-2020 In During the construction process as well as the operation of power plants, construction activities will generate dust which is a factor causing air pollution, such as: dust generated from excavation and construction of ports and project items; dust generated from transportation, loading and unloading of construction materials and equipment - The contribution of electricity exports to to sustainable environmental protection is also reflected in the level of restructuring of electricity production and export according to Laos' electricity source 15 - The level of contribution of electricity exports to the environmental protection budget 16 recommendations to overcome the shortcomings, solve the causes of the shortcomings to contribute to sustainable eletricity export development in the coming time The growth of electricity exports over the years has made a significant - Likert scale: The research uses the Likert scale (evaluating for points) to contribution to the maintenance and development of the country's biodiversity express the level of evaluation of the content of sustainable electricity export However, the push to export electricity is depleting biodiversity resources development; with points used, from (Strongly disagree) to (totally agree) in 3.3 Analysis of Lao PDR's sustainable export of electricity through surveys each indicator as follows: (1) Totally disagree; (2) Disagree; (3) Normal; (4) Agree; 3.3.1 General information about survey subjects (5) Totally agree The survey content related to sustainable eletricity export development was conducted on three groups of subjects, including: State officials, electricity production - Data analysis method: Descriptive statistical method; Comparative method; Expert method and export businesses, and farmers in the area where the power plant is located 3.3.2 Survey methods and data analysis - Secondary data sources are collected through statistical reports of the General Statistics Office of Laos, the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Laos, electronic reports 3.3.3 Survey results and general conclusions Evaluation of sustainable eletricity export development in Laos among target groups has differences, as follows: of international organizations, ministries, agencies, corporations Electricity of Laos, a) For State officials and electricity production and export businesses and data of scientific works on energy research related to the thesis topic - The need for sustainable eletricity export development should ensure economic, - Primary data is collected mainly through surveys, direct surveys by questionnaires for the above three groups of subjects social and environmental factors The survey results show that, 100% of the surveyed Specifically as follows: opinions from government officials believe that sustainable eletricity export + State officials: The number of questionnaires delivered is 225, the number of development should ensure economic, social and environmental factors collected and valid returns is 220 (accounting for 97.8% of the total number of questionnaires delivered) + Businesses producing and exporting electricity: The number of questionnaires delivered is 318, the number of collected and valid returns is 314 (accounting for 98.7%) + Residents in the power plant area: The number of questionnaires delivered is 216, the number of collected and valid returns is 210 (accounting for 97.2%) - Content of the survey: To evaluate Lao's sustainable eletricity export development in recent years, the content of the survey collected opinions from - Awareness of the content of sustainable eletricity export development in terms of economy, society and environment Economically, over 70% of the respondents agree that the development of electricity exports should be associated with economic issues such as increasing export turnover, developing new and renewable energy sources, and increasing efficiency using investment capital of the power sector; at the same time should be associated with increasing budget revenue for the State groups of respondents (State management officials, businesses, and residents) consists Socially, over 80% of respondents agree that the development of exporting of three main contents, which are: (i) The main factors affecting the sustainable export electricity needs to be associated with increasing income for workers, ensuring of electricity in Laos; (ii) Main difficulties and challenges (about the legal system, mechanisms and policies, human resources, technology, ) in the process of sustainable production and export of electricity; (iii) propose solutions and publicity and social justice Regarding the content of sustainable eletricity export development in terms of 17 18 environment, the percentage of respondents agreeing and completely agreeing is quite also very diverse and highly appreciated by most businesses, with a average score of balanced, of which about 60% of respondents rate it in agreement and about 40 % rate 3.5, in which, the level of agreement and completely agree are approximately the same totally agree and account for over 97% of the surveyed opinions - Necessity to use renewable energy in electricity production and export - Difficulties and challenges in sustainable electricity export development According to the evaluation of State officials and businesses producing and The survey shows that government officials and businesses assessed that most of exporting electricity, the issue of using renewable energy in electricity production and the difficulties and challenges does not have much impact on electricity production export is at a necessary and very necessary level and export; For difficult factors such as labor recruitment, unstable input supply, and incomplete legal and policy system on sustainable development electricity, they are - Evaluation of factors hindering the application of energy-saving technologies/materials in electricity production and export assessed as normal by businesses, with highest grade point average b) For residents in areas with power plants The survey results show that there are only a few key factors that make influence The survey results show that the level of approach to information of residents in Specifically, State officials said that the main factor causing obstacles is the the area with power plants about the Government's supportive policies is very low The application of energy-saving technologies/materials in production and export, which majority of people said that they rarely or sometimes only knew about supportive reduces competitiveness in the market policies through various channels However, people in the area with power plants are - Understanding and level of approach to regulations and supportive policies of the State The survey results show almost all surveyed businesses fully understand the State's regulations for businesses producing electricity; only 0.3% of people surveyed satisfied and very satisfied with some of the State's supportive policies for them Solutions to contribute to the development of electricity production and export To develop sustainable production and export of electricity in the coming time, all three survey respondents believe that it is necessary to improve the legal and policy system related to the electricity industry said that they not know the regulations on the major transport system and solve social problems caused by immigration Besides, all businesses producing and exporting electricity are entitled to enjoy the supportive policies of the State However, the satisfaction level of businesses receiving support with supportive policies is different - Evaluating forms of support Because supportive policies are being urgently implemented by the Lao Government to complete the set plan, the forms of support from the Government are 3.4 Content of policies and solutions for sustainable eletricity export development of Lao PDR in the past time 3.4.1.Strategies for sustainable electricity export development As a member of the United Nations, Lao PDR implements international commitments on Agenda 21 and participates in international conventions adopted at the United Nations Conference, including: United Nations Conventions on climate change, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, United Nations Convention against Desertification 19 20 At the IX Congress (2011), the Lao People's Revolutionary Party set out a policy - In addition, the Lao government has implemented a number of measures to for the country's socio-economic development in the direction of socialism The support the production and export of electricity, including: cutting administrative Government has implemented the Party's leadership line into the National Socio- procedures related to granting investment licenses, accessing preferential finance, Economic Development Strategy for the period 2011-2020 customs procedures when exporting commodity in general and exporting electricity in In the Seventh Socio-Economic Development Plan (2011-2015), the Lao particular Government has set the common goal of achieving sustainable economic growth and 3.4.3 Preparing conditions and implementing policies for sustainable development poverty reduction, gradually turning Laos into a more open country , strengthening the electricity productive capacity of the private sector, and prioritizing the United Nations Millennium Development Objectives by 2015 To prepare resources for policy execution, Laos has mobilized resources (including: human resources, funding sources ) from the central, local, and The Lao National Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the period 2011- international organizations At the same time, promote propaganda and policy 2020 and the Seventh Five-Year Plan (2011-2015) also set out directions for industrial dissemination to relevant subjects and people of all classes; publicize the policy so that development in Laos everyone may know, discuss, and check the policy, thereby creating public opinion In the Long-term Socio-Economic Development Plan, Laos has identified a 10year socio-economic development strategy (2016-2025) and a vision to 2030 3.4.2 Policy of sustainable electricity export development and a favorable environment for policy execution 3.5.1 Achievements Firstly, Laos' electricity export has made an important contribution to the - National electricity development planning including power source and grid country's export growth, is the main driving force of economic growth, and contributes - Policies to encourage the attraction of domestic and foreign investment in the to macroeconomic stability energy industry - The export support tax policy is one of the important policies in the international trade policy of Lao PDR in order to regulate the management of export and import activities in general and the electricity industry in particular for each stage of development - Credit policy to support export of goods - Policy on market development, trade promotion Secondly, developing electricity export in a sustainable way contributes to promoting scientific and technological research and application of scientific and technological achievements to the field of electricity production and export in Laos Thirdly, the growth of electricity export contributes to increasing per capita income, people's living standards are improving day by day Fourthly, the growth of electricity exports contributes to the maintenance and development of biodiversity Fifthy, the legal and policy system for the development of electricity export is - Commodity policy to support export of goods gradually being built to orient and support Lao PDR's electricity export towards - Policy to encourage and support the development of the electricity sector sustainable development 21 3.5.2 Existing shortcomings Firstly, the legal system is not yet complete, and the effectiveness of implementing supportive policies is still limited Secondly, the electricity sector development planning is not clear, not serving the export orientation towards sustainable development Thirdly, the execution of the policy of developing new and renewable energy still faces many difficulties Fourthly, the policy to develop the consumption/export market is still limited, the 22 Fourthly, human resources in the electricity industry are still disqualified and there is a shortage of highly qualified staff; Fifthy, the quality of the grid system has not satisfied the requirements, is unsafe and unstable; Sixthly, the shortage of mechanisms and tools for monitoring and evaluation and human resources in monitoring and management of sustainable electricity export development Sub-conclusion of chapter growth of electricity export is not high compared to the potential and the market is not really stable CHAPTER Fifthy, the investment policy of the power grid system has not met the requirements, lack of safety and unstable power quality FORECASE, VIEWPOINT AND SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE ELETRICITY EXPORT DEVELOPMENT OF LAO PDR TO 2025 AND Sixthly, the work of inspection and checking is still overlapping VISION TO 2030 4.1 Forecast of international and domestic context affecting sustainable 3.5.3 Causes of shortcomings Firstly, there is still a shortage of information on the Government's supportive policies for businesses and people; eletricity export development of Lao PDR On the following issues: Industrial Revolution 4.0; ASEAN Energy Cooperation; The topic of Energy Security in ASEAN; Covid-19 pandemic; Secondly, the infrastructure is still weak; Characteristics of energy sources and the competency to produce and export electricity Thirdly, potential electricity export markets in the region have not been exploited in Laos well; 4.2 Perspectives on sustainable eletricity export development of Lao PDR Fourthly, human resources in the electricity industry are still weak and there is a shortage of highly qualified staff; Fifthy, the quality of the grid system has not met the requirements, is unsafe and unstable; Sixthly, shortage of mechanisms and tools for monitoring and evaluation and human resources to implement sustainable electricity export development monitoring Viewpoint 1: Sustainable eletricity export development aims to contribute to the realization of Laos' social objectives such as creating jobs, eradicating poverty and ensuring equity in society Viewpoint 2: Sustainable eletricity export development on the basis of rational exploitation of natural resources and protection of the ecological environment Viewpoint 3: Sustainable eletricity export development on the basis of the and management State's supportive policies and solutions in line with the sustainable development 3.5.3 Causes of shortcomings strategy, meanwhile taking into account regional and international commitments Firstly, there is a shortage of information on the Government's supportive policies for businesses and residents; well; Viewpoint 4: Sustainable eletricity export development on the basis of mobilizing maximum domestic resources for electricity production and export, and Secondly, the infrastructure is still weak; meanwhile enlisting the support of domestic and foreign organizations Thirdly, potential electricity export markets in the region have not been exploited 4.3 Some solutions for sustainable eletricity export development of Lao PDR - To perfect the legal policy system to orient and support Lao PDR's electricity 23 export towards sustainable development - To review and adjust the electricity sector development planning to ensure sufficient power sources to serve domestic and export demand - To enhance investment in development of new and renewable energy sources of the power grid, transmission and distribution system for export - To research and develop export markets and diversify services and payment methods 24 Besides, by different approaches, the thesis has used the theoretical basis to analyze and properly evaluate the situation of sustainable electricity export of Laos in recent years At the same time, the author also carried out a survey related to sustainable eletricity export development, conducted on three groups of subjects, including: State officials, electricity production and export businesses and farmers in areas with power plants The survey results have received many positive reviews from the survey respondents - To invest in human resource training for the electricity industry - To develop a system of national standards for electricity for export in the direction consistent with international standards - To enhance the checking inspection, supervision and strengthen international cooperation on environmental protection - To enhance the propaganda and dissemination of supportive policies to businesses and people However, the sustainable electricity export of Laos still has shortcomings, such as: the level of approach to Government's supportive policies for electricity exporting businesses as well as for the residents is still limited; the planning for development of the electricity sector is not clear; new and renewable energy development policies still face many difficulties; The policy of developing the consumption/export market is still weak Based on scientific theoretical ground, and the direction and objectives of Lao's sustainable eletricity export development in the coming time, the thesis has proposed Sub-conclusion of chapter some viewpoints and systematized solutions for sustainable electricity export CONCLUSION development, contributing to the socio-economic development of Laos in the context The thesis has properly analyzed and evaluated the current situation, found out of international economic integration These solutions are all highly feasible, because the causes, thereby come up with effective solutions, to improve the sustainable they are closely tied to the necessary conditions for execution, in line with the trend of electricity export competitiveness of Lao PDR This is also a very important issue not electricity production and export development in the context of international economic only in terms of awareness, theory, but also practical significance in the condition of integration Therefore, it is necessary to perform these solutions synchronously international economic integration Stemming from this point of view, the thesis has because they have a close relationship and create a premise for each other The author focused on solving the following issues: strongly hopes that the thesis will make a small contribution to Lao's sustainable The thesis has systematized and further clarified some basic theoretical issues about sustainable development and sustainable development of commodity exports The thesis provides the basic criteria to evaluate the sustainable electricity export in terms of economics, society and environment The thesis also affirms the important role of sustainable electricity production and export for the socio-economic development of Laos, in order to exploit the country's strengths and adapt to the impacts of international economy integration Through studying the experiences of sustainable eletricity export development solutions of some countries, such as Vietnam and Thailand, the thesis has withdrawn useful lessons for Laos eletricity export development to a new height in the context of current international economic integration./ LIST OF AUTHOR’S RESEARCH WORKS WHICH RELATE TO THE THESIS Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai, Phitsanoukone Phonevilaysack (2019), ‘Lao PDR’s electricity production and export with environmental sustainabaility’, Part 5: Environmental Economics and Management, Page:958-959-960-961-962-963964-965-966 Ha Noi, 10th NEU-KKU International conference: Socio-Economic and environmental issues in development, Labours-Social publishing house 0910 May Phitsanoukone Phonevilaysack, Chansamay Denphoulouang, Bounsanong Silavy (2019), ‘Solutions for sustainable development of electric power export of Lao PDR’, Economics and Forecasting Journal, Publication.36 (ISSN 0866-7120), Pages: 65-66-67, Hanoi Phitsanoukone Phonevilaysack (2019), ‘Evaluating the level of approach to the State’s supporting regulations and policies for electricity production enterprises in Lao PDR’, Economics and Forecasting Journal, Publication.30 (ISSN 08667120), pages 129-130-131, Hanoi  ... following main research questions: resources, and Laos is increasingly urbanizing and integrating better in ASEAN, in the (1) What does sustainable eletricity export development of a country mean?... development by Dr Le rationally exploiting resources, and implemented within an open and responsible Anh Son and research team (2006) within the framework of research project VIE1/021 institutional... environment, suitable for in line with the needs of socio-economic development (IAEA, 2001) Ho Trung Thanh (2009, 2012) has given a set of criteria to evaluate sustainable export of commodity in general,