English adverbial clauses and their vietnamese equivalents = mệnh đề trạng ngữ trong tiếng anh và các cấu trúc tương đương trong tiếng việt

English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents VINH UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES == LÊ THỊ TRÂM NGUYÊN ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (mệnh đề trạng ngữ tiếng anh cấu trúc t-ơng đ-ơng tiếng viÖt) GRADUATION THESIS Field: Linguistics VINH, MAY, 2009 == Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents PART A: INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the study English usage is a subject as wide as the English language itself By far the greater part of usage raises no controversies and poses no problems for native speakers of English, just because it is their native language However, there are certain problems for learners of English as a foreign language, especially English constructions Since plenty of them often fail to recognize kinds of adverbial clauses For example: Working all day, he felt tired They think that this sentence may be an adverbial clause of time “After he worked all day, he felt tired” or “When he worked all day, he felt tired” This sentence may also be an adverbial clause of reason “Because he worked all day, he felt tired” Adverbial clauses are very important parts in English grammar but they are not easy to use and usually cause difficulties for learners English adverbial clauses have been dealt with by numerous grammarians But until recent years, there have no research works on English Adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents and the ways to help learners overcome the confusion Aims of the study The above – mentioned background shows that the status of adverbial clauses in English needs more detailed study not only in structure but also in uses as well With this trend, this study is aimed at: - Giving the description and features of English adverbial clauses and their equivalent realizations in Vietnamese to illustrate the differences and similarities of adverbial clauses in the two languages - Offering suggestions for teaching adverbial clauses to Vietnamese learners Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents * Research questions Determined by its aims, this paper tries to find the answers to the following questions: What is an adverbial clause? What are the features and classifications of adverbial clauses? What are the differences and similarities between English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents and how they serve the teaching of English grammar to Vietnamese students? What are the predicted errors Vietnamese students may make when learning English adverbial clauses? How are these errors eliminated? Scope of the study These thesis are about adverbial clauses, especially, we focus on the kinds of adverbial clauses, adverbial clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents In addition, we will provide learners how to overcome errors in using adverbial clauses Methods of the study i Comparative and contrastive method ii Statistical method iii Analytical method Design of the study: This subject consists of three main parts and references Part A: The Introduction outlines the reasons, the aims, the research questions, the scope, the methods, and the design of the study In addition, the organization of the thesis is introduced Part B, entitled “Investigation”, is divided into three chapters Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents The first one, “Theoretical preliminaries” supplies an over view of sentence, clause, and adverbial clauses in English The second chapter, “Concrete cases of adverbial clauses In English and their Vietnamese equivalents”, presents English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents The presentation focuses on syntactical features, functional roles and Concrete cases of each kind of adverbial clauses in the sentence The last chapter is about the applications of the study to the teaching of English adverbial clauses to Vietnamese students Part C is the conclusion summarizing the main point discussed in previous parts Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents PART B: INVESTIGATION CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES 1.1 Sentence and general knowledge of adverbial in sentence 1.1.1 Definition of sentence Sentence, which is usually considered the largest syntactical unit, is one of the problems taking up a large portion of grammar books It is quite easy to understand why so much attention has been paid to the study of sentence The term sentence is so familiar to everyone, from a learner who has just started a language course to a linguist, yet its definitions are far from homogeneous, they are even very confusing, instead In traditional grammars, sentences are simply defined as “composed of words” and it is function of syntax to state what words can be combined with others to form sentences and in what order A linguistic definition of the sentence must be in terms of it internal structure A sentence will be composed of certain specified elements in a certain order, ultimately, of course, of word, or parts of word According to G Leech and J Svartvict (1992), “Sentences are units made up one or more clauses Sentence containing just one clause is called simple, and sentences containing more than one clause are called complex” 1.1.2 Parts of sentence Randolph Quirk et al (1972) said that sentence usually has two main parts: Subject and predicate in which subject is a word or a phrase indicating people, things, or events but predicate is the rest That means, “The subject of the sentence has a close general relation” to “what is discussed”, “the theme”, of the sentence with the normal application that something new The predicate is being said about a Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents “subject” that has already been introduced in an earlier sentence The elements of a sentence can be expressed clearly by chart and example below: Sentence Subject predicate Auxiliary and operator Eg He had predication given the girl an apple 1.1.3 Functions of adverbials in sentence  Adverbial is a part of sentence It can be an adverb phrase, preposition phrase, or noun phrase They can tell us something about the action in the sentence by modifying a verb Eg: Adverb phrase: You are going very slowly We wanted to get back Preposition phrase: Cathelin wasn’t at home You saw the police car in front of you Noun phrase: We wanted to get home It happened last week  Adverbial modifies different parts in the sentence Eg The car in front of us was a police car You were getting really impatient They are going very slowly Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents They inspected the car thoroughly Then you decided to overtake 1.2 Clause 1.2.1 Common features A clause is normally understood as a group of words containing a subject and finite verb, forming a sentence or part of sentence, and often doing the work of a noun, adjective or adverb In the traditional view, clauses are sentences that are part of larger sentences That is to say, clauses are seen as the minimal sentences while the term sentence is used for the larger or maximal sentence (Palmer (1994: 11)) To put it in another ways, the “traditional” clause is a component of the sentence Though arbitrary, this conception has indicated what is meant and illustrated a very important characteristic of natural language Quirk et al (1972: 42) give simple explanation, more structurally and formally biased, of the clause A clause is a unit that can be analyzed in to the elements: S, V, O, C, and A (subject, verb, object, complement and adverb) Later Leech and Svartvick (1992) modify this conception, proposing that clauses are the principal structures of which sentence are composed They also put forward three important ways in which clauses may be described and classified  In terms of clause elements (subject, verb etc.) from which they are constructed and the verb patterns which are formed from the elements  In terms of the use in which a clause is made by verb phrase structure to help distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents  In terms of clause function (the function of a clause performs in a sentence), such as nominal clause, adverbial clause, etc Thus, Later Leech and Svartvick work out some criteria for their explanation of clause on the ground proposed by Quirk et al, the formal and structural view of clauses proves to be clearer and more precise than the traditional one for it also touches other aspects of linguistics and serves as a better tool to linguistic research More concerned with language function, Halliday (1985: 67) defines clause is a functional unit with a triple construction of meaning In his explanation, a clause functions simultaneously  As the expression of the phenomena of experience  As the expression of speech function  As the bearer of message, this is organized in the form of theme plus exposition In the view of speech function, Halliday’s “clause” has a two-part structure consisting of modal element and proposional elements In whichever approach, traditional, structural or functional, there is always a widespread agreement that a clause typically consists of five elements: S, V, O, C and A In addition, clauses are belong to the three types: adverbial clause, adjective clauses and noun clauses An adverbial clause is considered as modifying the verb of the main clause or sometimes as modifier of the entire sentence The adjective clauses modifies a preceding noun or pronoun and a noun clause can function as subject, subjective complement, object of verb, objective of preposition and apposite In this study, we are going to deal with adverbial clause with the features, functions of each kind of them 1.2.2 Clause elements A clause can be analyzed into five different types of clause elements: (subject, verb, object, complement and adverb) Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Eg Suddenly, I (A felt tired S V C) I quickly shut (S A the door V O) When a clause is considered as a sentence, it may have following patterns: S + V (transitive) She smiled S V (E.Segal (1993: 105)) Oliver bowed S V ( Charler Dicken, 32) S + V + C Hary is kind S V C (Quirk and Greenbaum (1973: 167)) S + V + O (transitive) He unlocked the drawer S V O (Charler Dicken, 38) S + V + A Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Morning arrived fast S V A (Charler Dicken, 53) S + V + O + O She gave Oliver a hard blow S V O O (Charler Dicken, 42) S + V + O + A He left the room quickly S V O A (Charler Dicken, 25) S + V + O + C We have proved him wrong S V O C (Quirk and Greenbaum (1973: 168)) 1.2.3 More about clauses Clauses are classified into two main categories: Independent clauses and dependent clauses They are also called “main clause” and “subordinate clause” An independent clause is a clause “capable of constituting a simple sentence” (Quirk, Randolph et al (1972: 721)) or “that can start alone as a sentence” (Bửu (1994: 65)) A dependent clause is a clause “which makes up a grammatical sentence only if subordinate to a further clause” (Quirk, Randolph et al (1972: Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 10 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents  More + long adj / adv +than:  I practices more carefully than my sister does (H V Bửu, 83) Tôi thực hành cẩn thận chị gái (H V Bửu, 83) less + adv/ adj +than: She sang less beautifully than i expected (H V Bửu, 83) Cơ ta hát hay tơi ước tính (H V Bửu, 83) 2.2.10 Abbreviated Adverbial clauses 2.2.10.1 Common features Abbreviated Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses, introduced by: “- ing clauses, -ed clauses, verbless clauses, -ing clauses without a subject”, deleting the subject and the verb after subordinators Eg While (she was) college, Delia wrote a novel Where (it is) necessary, improvement will be made He act as if (he was) certain of success Though (he was) exhausted, he went to bed very late If (it is) possible, please tell me know by this evening 2.2.10.2 Functions Abbreviated Adverbial clauses are adverbial clauses talk about (time, place, manner…) Eg After listening a little, the postmaster got up and said (Time) Wherever possible, all moving parts should be tested (Place) Even though the twilight, they could see the lone ivy leaf climbing to it’s stem against the wall (Concession) 2.2.10.3 Some concrete cases of Abbreviated Adverbial clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Abbreviated Adverbial clauses are introduced by concrete main structures  Subordinators + Ing clauses, main clause: After listening a little, the postmaster got up and said Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University (Dhuketu, 88) 33 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Nghe chuyện lúc, ơng chủ bưu điện đứng đậy nói (N Tâm, 89) The man stood till for fully a minute as though debating with himself, he called out (J LonDon, 8) Anh đứng yên đến chọn phút tựa tranh luận với thân gọi (Đ Lê, 9) to  Subordinators + Verbless clauses, main clause: After breakfast, I took some money and set out for Lambeth (M K Prabhat, 70) Sau bữa sáng, đem tiền đến khu Lambớt (N Tâm, 71) After a tiring day, I was standing on the road, waiting for some conveyance (G Balwant, 38) Sau ngày mệt nhọc, tơi ®ứng bên đường chờ xem có phương tiện để lại  (N Tâm, 39) -Ing clauses without a subject, main clause: Having listened the story, the magistrate ordered the boy to be realized (M Vince, 46) Sau nghe câu truyện xong, quan to cho phộp cu c t (Đ Lê, 46)  Subordinators + -Ed clauses, main clause: Though (he was) exhausted, he went to bed very late (H V Bửu, 30) Dù kiệt sức, anh ngủ muộn (H V Bửu, 30) Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 34 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents CHAPTER APPLICATIONS TO TEACHING ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TO VIETNAMESE STUDENTS 3.1 Some predictions of errors made by Vietnamese students when learning English Adverbial clauses The results of the contrastive analysis done above make it possible to predict the following errors that Vietnamese learners may commit of when learning adverbial clauses In this chapter, we will focus our study on learners’ confusions and give some suggestions for solving this problem 1) Misuse of tenses in adverbial clauses of time Very often, students will use the simple future tense in adverbial clauses of time when talking about the future (*) I will tell you my news when I will come back in 10 minutes (*) We will wait here until the rain will stop Instead of: (*) I will tell you my news when I come back in 10 minutes (*) We will wait here until the rain stops This may be because there is no equivalent tense between Vietnamese and English 2) Using two conjunctions for two clauses Vietnamese students usually transfer their mother tongue into foreign language while Vietnamese students usually use many conjunctions in a sentences, therefore they may use two conjunctions for both the adverbial clause and the main clause For example: (*) Although my grandmother is old, but she is still active Instead of: (*) Although my grandmother is old, she is still active Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 35 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents These sentences are not acceptable in English because “Although” and “but” are never used at the same time in a sentence They may translate from the Vietnamese sentence Mặc dù bà già bà nhanh nhẹn 3) Misrelated participles In abbreviated adverbial clauses, There is no subject The subject of the abbreviated adverbial clauses is understood the same as the subject in the main clause When two clauses not share a common subject, we call the abbreviated adverbial clauses an illogical participle clause, or misrelated participle For example: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man This sentence makes the listeners or the readers think that “the shark jumped out of the boat and then bit the man” But the actual subject of the verb “Jumping” is the “man” therefore immediately after the comma, we must mention “the man” Vietnamese students usually make this mistake because they transfer from Vietnamese to English and they are influenced by their mother tongue In Vietnamese, they may say: “Khi người đàn ông nhảy khỏi thuyền, cá mập đớp ông ta miếng” and they translate it into English like this: After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man The correct sentence is: After jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by the shark For clarity, introductory abbreviated adverbial clauses must be followed immediately by the noun, which is logically responsible for the action of abbreviated adverbial clauses Other examples: Incorrect: While sailing along the coast, a group of dolphins followed us Correct: While we were sailing along the coast, a group of dolphins followed us Incorrect: After printing the final version of my essay, several typing errors were noticed Correct: After I had printed the final version of my essay, I noticed several typing errors Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 36 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Misunderstanding of the meaning of conjunction in adverbial clauses of condition Vietnamese students often confuse with the use of “Unless” when learning about adverbial clause of condition Because they have the habit of translating foreign language into Vietnamese to exercises “Unless” mean “Trừ phi” or “Trừ khi” For example: Incorrect: Unless she follows a stricter diet, she will lose any weight In Vietnamese they may say: “Trừ cô áp dụng chế độ ăn kiêng nghiêm ngặt hơn, cô giảm cân” It is logical and acceptable meaning in Vietnamese grammar; however it is wrong in English and the correct sentence Correct: Unless she follows a stricter diet, she won’t lose any weight 3.2 Some actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English Adverbial clauses For finding out actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English adverbial clauses, a survey was carried out with the help of 50 students at pre intermediate level of English at Yen Dinh high school in Thanh Hoa province These students were asked to five exercises dealing with some major types of adverbial clauses (See Appendix) Type of errors Frequency of occurrences % Misuse of tenses in adverbial clauses of time 21 22.1 Using two conjunctions for two clauses 29 28.4 Misrelated participles 35 34.3 Misunderstanding of the meaning of 17 15.6 conjunction in adverbial clauses of condition Table1: Summary of the Frequencies of occurrence of errors that the students committed when doing the survey Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 37 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents The result showed that the highest percentage of errors (34.3%) that 50 students make when doing the exercises was Misrelated participles in abbreviated adverbial clauses As we have predicted in 3.2 This is because they transfer from Vietnamese to English and they are influenced by their mother tongue These fifty students committed 29 errors Making up 28.4% when they translate from Vietnamese into English because of the interference between L1 (Vietnamese) and L2 (equivalent structure): (” Mặc dầu……………., + clause”) while “but” in English structure with Although/ Though can not exist The result also showed that 20.1 % of the errors in using tense in adverbial clause of time 15.6 % of the total errors was the use of structure “Unless…………, + clause” There are mistakes about meaning between English and Vietnamese 3.3 Suggested ways of overcoming the problems of student’s errors Errors should not occur if the uses of correct constructions become automatic and habitual; and habit comes from practice Drill can’t avoid To help student used adverbial clauses correctly, the teacher are expected to the following activities: Point out the differences between adverbial clauses and nominal clauses or adverbial clauses and adjective clauses In addition, point the different kinds of adverbial clauses about functions, features and concrete cases of them Explain them clearly to help them distinguish Help students by preparing some type of exercises covering areas of difficulties that students may commit errors when learning English adverbial clauses The types of exercises in appendix may be suggested helping student practice making sentence with adverbial clauses 3.4 Some suggestions for teaching English Adverbial clauses One of the aims of this contrastive analysis is that teachers should make use of the results of study in their teaching The differences as well as the similarities pointed out in the study will point to some extent, help the teacher Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 38 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents to predict those areas of English adverbial clauses, which will cause many difficulties for Vietnamese learners They may also help him to diagnose errors by pinpointing the sources of errors that have been committed by the learners when learning The contrastive analysis may provide the Teacher with understanding of the nature of the mother tongue and the foreign language and it will enable him to find ways to deal with any problems raised by the nature of the differences and similarities and to take account them when teaching It is a fact that not all students learn in the same way Neither all teachers teach in the same way However, teachers should teach what the students need not what he knows When teaching English adverbial clauses, together with teaching the ten major’s types of it, teachers should point out the differences and the similarities between English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents This will help the learners avoid committing intralingua errors The teacher should also help the learners avoid committing developmental errors by pointing out the differences between English adverbial clauses and the structures that they have learned before, it could be the teacher who should help the learners to overcome the above – mentioned confusion The teachers should make English grammar structures communicative, only use situation to explain them, no translation from English in to Vietnamese Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 39 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents PART C: CONCLUSION Like other languages, grammar of English is not very important in speaking but in writing it is It expresses one's understanding about the language Adverbial clause is one of the most important parts in English Grammar In our study, we give out the definitions of English adverbial clauses, the features and clasification of them We also find out the concrete cases of English Adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents Some errors made by Vietnamese students when learning Adverbial clauses are predicted and a survey is carried out out in order to find out actual errors that learners commit And we give some suggested ways for teaching English adverbial clauses for Vietnameses students The following are the similarities and differences between the English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents that are found out in our study: Similarities: Adverbial clause is formed by subordinators in each kind of adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses of time: “When, Before, Since, After, Till/ Until, As, As Soon As + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese structure: “Khi, Trước khi, Từ khi, Khi mà, Ngay + Clause, + (Thì) Clause” Adverbial clauses of place: “ When, Where, Whenever, Wherever + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Khi, Nơi mà, Bất nào, Bất nơi + Clause, + Clause” Adverbial clauses of manner: “Clause+ As if, As though, As + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Clause + Tựa như, Cứ thể, Như thể + Clause” Adverbial clauses of concession: “Though, Although, Even though, Even if + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Mặc dù, Tuy, Thậm trí, Dù cho + Clause, + Clause” Adverbial clauses of result: “S + V + So + Adj/ Adv + to, So + Adj/ Adv + Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 40 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents (That), Such a, an + Adj/ Adv + Noun + (That), Such +Adj/ Adv + (That), + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “S + V + Adj/ Adv + (Quá) Đến nỗi, + Mà + Clause” Adverbial clauses of reason and cause: “Because, Since, As + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Bởi vì, Vì + Clause, + (Nên) Clause” Adverbial clauses of purpose: “Clause + So That, In order That + Clause”, “ Clause + In order to, So as to, + V + O + C” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “S + V + C + Với mục đích là, Để + Clause, (+ V + O + C) Adverbial clauses of condition: “If, Unless, As long As + Clause + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Nếu, Trừ phi, Ngay + Clause, (Thì) + Clause” Adverbial clauses of comparison: “S + V + As + Adj/ Adv + As + Clause”, “S + V + Not as/ so + Adj/ Adv + As + Clause”, “S + V + short Adj/ Adv + -er + Than + Clause”, “S + V + more + Long adj/ adv + Than + Clause”, “S + V + Less + Adj/ Adv + Than + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Bằng + Clause”, “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Không + Clause”, “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Hơn + Clause”, “S + V + Kém + Adj/ Adv + Hơn + Clause” Differences: Vietnamese is typical of isolating and analytic language It does not have the exact equivalents of English “- Ing clauses, -Ed clauses, Verbless clauses, -Ing clauses without a subject”in the tenth kind (Abbreviated adverbial clauses): “Subordinators + - Ing clauses, + Main clause”, “Subordinators + -Ed clauses, + Main clause”, “Subordinators + Verbless clauses, + Main clause”, “Subordinators + -Ing clauses without a subject, + Main clause” Finally, we have finished the study with our best attempt though errors are unavoidable In addition, we would be grateful to receive every suggestion, comment, as well as advice from all of you Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University 41 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents REFERENCES English : Abbar, Kwaja Ahmad Et al (1987) The Umbrella and Three Other Indian Short stories Nhà xuất hà nội Alexander, L G (1998) Longman English Grammar LonDon: Longman group Ltd Eastwood, J (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University press Halliday, M A K (1985) Spoken and Written English Oxford: Oxford University press Hewings, M (2004) Advanced Grammar in Use Hà nội: nhà xuất trẻ Jacob, R, A (1995) English Syntax Oxford University press Leech,G & Startvik, I (1992) A Communicate Grammar of English Longman group Ldt Noelw Schutz, Jr et al Breaking the TOEFL Barrier Prentice hall regents Quirk, Randolph et al (1972) A Grammar of contemporary English Longman group Ltd, Essex 10.Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1976) A University Grammar of English : Longman group Ldt 11.Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1973) A University Grammar of English, work book: Essex: Longman group Ltd 12 Palmer, F (1994) Grammar.2 edn Lon Don: Pengiun 13 Segal, E (1993) Love story HàNội: Nhà xuất Thanh niên 14 Vince, M (1994) English Grammar and Vocabulary Oxford Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Vietnamese: Bửu, H.V (1993) Sentence Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà xuất Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Chiến, N V (1992) Ngôn Ngữ Đối Chiếu Đối Chiếu Các Ngôn Ngữ Đông Nam Á HàNội: ĐHSP Ngoại Ngữ Lê, § (1994) Tuyển tập truyện ngắn mỹ Hànội: Nhà xuất Thế Giới websites : Http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause Http://www.towson.edu/ows/AdvAdjNomClause.htm2 Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Appendix Exercises in the survey of students’ errors in using English adverbial clauses Type 1: Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense (All sentences refer to future time) a) When I (see) you tomorrow, I (tell) you my news b) As soon as we (get) there, we (phone) for a taxi c) I (go) to the library before I (do) the shopping d) We (wait) here until the rain (stop) e) I (get) some money from the bank when it (open) f) After you (take) the medicine, you (feel) better g) You have to stay until you (finish) your work h) I (let) you know the minute I (hear) the results i) Before we (paint) the wall, we (have) a cup of tea j) We (climb) over the wall as soon as it (get) dark Type 2: Rewrite the sentences with the words in the bracket He is very rich He isn't happy (Though)  She can't answer my question She is very intelligent (Although)  He tried He was not successful (Though)  His life is hard He is determined to study well (Even though)  He often tells lies Many people believe him (Although)  Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents He got good jobs He was not satisfied (Even though)  It was cold He didn't wear warm clothes (Though)  He encounters difficulties He always studies hard (Although)  The weather is bad; we are going to have a picnic (Even though)  10 He had not finished the paper, he went to sleep (Though)  Type 3: Translate these sentences into English Trừ phi Tom quay trở trước 10 giờ, anh bị phạt Bạn hồn thành cơng việc sớm, bạn lười nhác Trong ta ngồi tán gẩu thịt hầm cháy khét lò Mười năm trước sài tiền triệu phú Hảy bình tỉnh có chuyện sảy Anh ta khơng dừng lại, dù có gặp đường Nếu khơng có trận bảo tơi đến sớm Trừ phi anh cho biết thật việc anh làm, đưa anh đến sở cảnh sát Thậm chí anh ngan cản tơi, Tơi vẩn Singapo 10 Ơng ta cười điều mà tơi nói với cô hôm qua Type 4: Correct these misrelated participles (you may have to reword the main clause and add a subject ) Being thoroughly dissatisfied with the picture, it was hidden in the closet Since the advancing army, all valuables was hidden under the stairwell Plunging into the water, the drowning child was rescued Criticizing the defendant for his cruel behavior, the sentence was handed down by the judge Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents After painting the car, it was given to the man's wife by the man Being an early riser, it was easy for Edna to adjust to her company's new summer schedule After winning the tennis match, the victory made Nancy jump for the joy Having wandered through the mountain passes for day, an abandoned shack where they could take shelter was discovered by the hikers Being very protective or its young, all those who approach the nest are Attracted by the mother eagle 10 Before playing ball, a two-minute-period of silence was observed by the baseball players for their recently deceased teammate 11 Getting out of bed, a scorpion bit him 12 Sitting in the dentist's chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me 13 Driving to work, the traffic jams infuriated him 14 Wondering where to go, an advertisement caught my eyes 15 When driving carelessly, it is easy to have an accident 16 Misunderstanding the question, the wrong answer was send in, 17 Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room., 18 Passing under the ladder, a pot of paint fell on my head 19 Reading in my bed, my hands often get very cold 20 Riding in his first race, his horse fell at the last jump Type 5: Rewrite sentences without changing the meaning The company will refund the money if you change you mind Unless…………………………………………………………………………… If he fails the final examination, he won't be able to graduate Unless …………………………………………………………………………… If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation Unless …………………………………………………………………………… Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Unless we knew her number, we could not phone her If………………………………………………………………………………… Unless you use high quality material, you can't build a good house If………………………………………………………………………………… If you finish work early, we can play tennis Unless …………………………………………………………………………… Unless Mr Jones comes to visit us we won't have a party If………………………………………………………………………………… If you tell me what you want I can get it for you Unless …………………………………………………………………………… Unless you study hard, you won't get a scholarship If……………………………………………………………………… 10 If he advertises in the newspaper he will sell a lot of goods Unless …………………………………………………………………………… Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University ... University 22 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents 2.2.3.3 Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of manner in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Adverbial clauses of... University 26 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents 2.2.5.3 Some concrete cases of adverbial clauses of result in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Adverbial clauses of... 23 English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents Anh bng xuống thể bị in git (Đ Lê, 93) Adverbial clauses of manner with subordinator: “as though” in English and their Vietnamese equivalents: