English nominal clauses and their vietnamese translation version in “gone with the wind” novel

Those types are the That-clauses, the wh-interrogative clauses, the yes-no interrogative clauses, the nominal relative clauses, the to-infinitive nominal clauses, the –ing nominal clause

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

LÊ THÁI HÒA

ENGLISH NOMINAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION VERSION IN “GONE

WITH THE WIND” NOVEL (MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TÍNH TIẾNG ANH VÀ BẢN DỊCH TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG CỦA CHÚNG TRONG CUỐN TIỂU

THUYẾT “CUỐN THEO CHIỀU GIÓ)

M.A THESIS Field: English Language Code: 8220201

Hanoi, 2018

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

LÊ THÁI HÒA

ENGLISH NOMINAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION

VERSION IN “GONE WITH THE WIND” NOVEL (MỆNH ĐỀ DANH TÍNH TIẾNG ANH VÀ BẢN DỊCH TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG CỦA CHÚNG TRONG CUỐN TIỂU THUYẾT “CUỐN THEO CHIỀU GIÓ)

Field: English Language Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr HOANG TUYET MINH

Hanoi, 2018

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled

the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof Dr Hoàng Tuyết Minh of Ha Noi Open University for her enormously helpful advice, constant and tireless help and support throughout this study

I would also thank the organizers of this master course, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Văn Đạo, the Head of the Department of Post –Graduate Studies, My sinsere thanks go to

Ms Lê Phương Thảo and the whole staff of the department of Post Graduate Studies of Ha Noi Open University for their help, encouragement, assistant and valuable advice

I wish to acknowledge my gratitude to the teachers teaching at at the Department of Post Graduate Studies of Ha Noi Open University, whose helpful and interesting lectures

on the area of valuable knowledge have enlightened the arguments in the study

I highly appreciate the helpful advice, assistance and participation from my colleagues, friends and students at HOU My work could not be in good progress without them

Finally, I am so indebted to my parents, my wife and my family for the support and encouragement the provided during the course

However, the study still has limitations, so all suggestions and recommendations would be welcomed

Hanoi, November 2018

Lê Thái Hòa

TABLE OF CONTENT

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRACT vii

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 11

1.1 Rationale 11

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 11

1.3 Research questions 12

1.4 Methods of the study 12

1.5 Scope of the study 12

1.6 Significance of the study 12

1.7 Structure of the study 13

CHAPTER II: LITTERATURE REVIEW 14

2.1 Previous studies 14

2.1.2 An overview of clauses in English 15

2.1.3Types of clause 16

2 2 An overview of English Nominal clause 17

2.3 Realization of nominal clauses in English 18

2.3.1 That-Clauses 18

2.3.2 Wh-Interrogative Clauses 19

2.3.3 Yes-No and Alternative Interrogative Clause 20

2.3.4 Nominal Relative Clause 20

2.3.5 To-Infinitive Nominal Clauses 22

2.3.6 Nominal – ing clauses 23

2.3.7 Nominal bare infinitive clauses 25

2.4 Summary 25

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 27

3.1 Setting of the study 27

3.2 Methods of the study 27

3.3 Data collection and analysis 28

3.4 Procedures 28

3.5 Summary 29

CHAPTER IV 30

4.1 That – Clause 30

4.2 Wh – interrogative clauses 34

4.3 Yes - No and Alternative interrogative clauses 38

4.4 Nominal relative clauses 41

4.5 To-Infinitive nominal Clauses 45

4.6 –ing Clauses 49

4.7 Bare Infinitive 53

4.8 Implications for teaching English nominal clauses 54

4.9 Summary 55

CHAPER V: CONCLUSION 59

5.1 Summary 59

5.2 Concluding remark 59

5.3 Limitations and suggestions for further study 61

ABSTRACT

This graduate thesis analyzes the occurrence of the nominal clauses in “Gone with the wind” novel Nominal clauses were chosen because the writer tried to give understanding about the types and functions of nominal clauses and extra knowledge to avoid ambiguity

in comprehending long and sophisticated sentences Nominal clauses have seven types and

eight different functions Those types are the That-clauses, the wh-interrogative clauses, the yes-no interrogative clauses, the nominal relative clauses, the to-infinitive nominal clauses, the –ing nominal clauses and bare infinitive clauses As for function, they can be a

subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, a prepositional complement, and an adjectival complement Each type has a role as a sub-clause in the sentence In this thesis, there are two problems to study The first problem deals with the types of nominal clauses used in “Gone with the wind” novel This problem examines the data from a syntactic perspective The second problem deals with the stylistic functions of those in the sentence For the second problem, a stylistic perspective will be the core of the analysis The research is an empirical research The writer collected data of the nominal clauses from the “Gone with the wind” novel From the data, the research has drawn out the concluding table for each function with the aim at clarifying the similarities as well as differences between the two languages In order to conduct the study, Descriptive, Comparative, Quantitative and Qualitative methods are used to fulfill the duty of the research and to simplify the reader in understanding the novel

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 English That – clauses Subject in English and their Vietnamese equivalents 30

Table 4.3 English that – clauses Subject Complement and their Vietnamese

Table 4.5 English that – clauses Adjectival Complement and their

Table 4.6 The English Wh – Interrogative Clauses Subject and

Table 4.7 The English Wh – Interrogative clauses Direct Object

Table 4.8 English Wh – Interrogative Clauses Subject Complement

Table 4.9 English Wh –Interrogative Clauses Appositive and their Vietnamese

Table 4.10 English Wh –Interrogative Clauses Adjectival Complement

Table 4.11 English Wh –Interrogative Clauses Prepositional

Table 4.13 English Yes /No Interrogative Clauses Subject Complement

Table 4.14 English Yes /No Interrogative Clauses Direct Object and

Table 4.15 English Yes /No Interrogative Clauses Prepositional

Table 4.16 English Yes /No Interrogative Clauses Adjectival

Table 4.17 English Nominal Relative Clauses Subject and their Vietnamese

Table 4.18 English Nominal Relative Clauses Direct Object and

Table 4.19 English Nominal Relative Clauses Indirect Object and

their Vietnamese equivalents 43 Table 4.20 English Nominal Relative Clauses Subject Complement and

Table 4.21 English Nominal Relative Clauses Object Complement and

Table 4.22 English Nominal Relative Clauses Prepositional Complement

Table 4.23 English To-infinitive Nominal Clauses Subject and

Table 4.24 English To-infinitive Nominal Clauses Direct Object and

Table 4.25 English To-infinitive Nominal Clauses Subject Complement

Table 4.26 English To-infinitive Nominal Clauses Adjectival Complement

Table 4.28 English Nominal –ing Clauses Direct Object and their

Table 4.29 English Nominal –ing Clauses Subject Complement and

Table 4.30 English Nominal –ing Clauses Prepositional Complement

Table 4.31 English Nominal –ing Clauses Adjectival Complement and

Table 4.32 English Nominal bare infinitive Clauses Subject Complement

Table 4.33 English Nominal bare infinitive Clauses Object Complement

Table 4.34 Summary the similarities and differences between English nominal clauses and

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

English nominal clauses play a very important role in studying and translating English in general and they appear frequently in stories, novels, textbooks There were writers did researches about English nominal clause in the world such as: Yeremia Listyagung a student in Sanata Dharma University in Yogyakarta in 2008 about “A study

of Nominal clauses in Joseph Conrad‟ Youth” and Lucie Reitrová a student of Facculty of Arts and Philosophy in University of Pardubice in Republic of Czech about “Comparison

of approaches to nominal and relative clauses” in 2008 In Vietnam, a student Cao Thi Phuong at Vietnam National University Hanoi took an investigation on “Clauses of nominal status a contrastive analysis of English and Vietnamese” in 1998 However, There has been no one considering about syntactic and semantic features in comparison with Vietnamese translation version in a novel “English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese translation version in “Gone with the wind” novel was chosen to help learners of English realize the types and functions of English nominal clauses as well as their Vietnamese translation version so that they can overcome difficulties in learning, reading, writing and translating from English nominal clauses to Vietnamese By studying this subject, the study is to help learners of English who has difficulty on reading literary works because anyone, after reading this thesis, is expected to be able to recognize and identify the occurrence of nominal clauses in the particular literary work and solve the ambiguity problem in long sentences English nominal clauses have seven types and nine functions and they may appear in “Gone with the wind” novel

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study

This study is aimed at describing the features of English nominal clauses in “Gone with the wind”and their Vietnamese translation versions to find out the differences and similarities of nominal clauses in the two languages in order to offer suggestions for teaching English nominal clauses to Vietnamese learners

To fulfill the aims, the objectives of the study are as follows:

1 What are features of English nominal clauses in “Gone with the wind”and their Vietnamese translation versions in terms of their syntactic and semantic features?

2 What are implications for teaching and learning English nominal clauses for Vietnamese learners of English?

1.3 Research questions

Determined by its aims at carrying out a research on “English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese translation version in an English novel” in order to help students and learners of English master the syntax, the functions and the meanings in Vietnamese of nominal clauses, there will be three research questions for exploration:

- What are syntactic and semantic features of nominal clauses in English in “Gone with the wind” novel?

- What are the implications for teaching and learning English nominal clauses?

1.4 Methods of the study

To conduct this thesis, the writer has a need of using three mainly methods

Descriptive method is used to describe the syntactic and semantic features of nominal clauses in English, Comparative method is used to find out the similarities and differences between nominal clauses in English with reference to the Vietnamese equivalents, and Quantitative and Qualitative method is used to investigate theoretical background and framework of the study, as well as to collect the data

Basing on that, the study analyzes and explains its classifications and functions Moreover, the study also gives out many useful examples from books and novels for clearness and focuses on some areas where learners often make errors for finding suitable solutions

1.5 Scope of the study

The clause matter is rather complex and there are different types of clause in English We all know the dependent clause is important element in complex sentence Because of the framework, the writer could not take a study on all related to subordinated clausesin English: therefore, Only English nominal clauses are put into consideration English nominal clauses will be picked out from “Gone with the wind” novel and classified into types and functions.The study only covers the occurances of English nominal clauses in part one of “Gone with the wind” novel and examples about types and functions of English nominal clauses in the novel demonstrated in the study are considered

as model ones because they appear so many times in the “Gone with the wind” novel and there is no need to take the consideration all of their appearences

1.6 Significance of the study

Theoretically, this study seeks to contribute to the theoretical basis of the characteristics of the syntax and semantics of the clauses in general and nominal clauses in particular and the similarities and differences in their Vietnamese equivalents in “Gone with the wind” novel

Practically, the study is expected to be used as a good reference for learning and researching language The result of the study through analysis and comparison between two languages may be of great benefits for teachers and learners of English, as well as helpful in using the language effectively in life Suggestions for teaching and learning from nominal clauses are given more effectively Besides that, this research is conducted with the hope that in the foreseeable future, teachers of English will get to know more about nominal clauses and realize the importance of them in teaching these clauses so that they can adapt them to their own teaching conditions

1.7 Structure of the study

To gain the above goals, the study is divided into five chapters:

Chapter I, Introduction, deals with the rationale to choose the thesis, the aims, the objectives, the scope, the significance of the thesis

Chapter II, Literature Review, summarizes the results of the previous studies in order to build the theoretical background for the study

Chapter III, Methodology, points out the research orientations, describes the methods and materials used in doing the research including data collection and analyzing techniques Chapter IV, Findings and discussion, points out syntactic and semantic features of nominal clauses, and comparison between syntactic and semantic features of English nominal clauses and the Vietnamese equivalents is made Implications for teaching nominal clauses and difficulties in teaching and learning English nominal clauses are given

Chapter V, Conclusion, summaries the whole contents of the study, indicating the limitation, thus giving some recommendations and suggestions for a further study

References and Appendix come at the end of the study

CHAPTER II: LITTERATURE REVIEW

This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical background as well as relevant knowledge and summaries of previous research‟s findings and conclusion associated with the theme of the investigation In other words, the review is to explain several related terms and definitions as to syntactic, semantics, an overview of clause in English and the theory of English nominal clauses; classification of types and functions These theories are the basis of the study in chapter IV

2.1 Previous studies

Clauses are a very important part of every sentence Particulary, the main features

of clauses or nominal clauses are dealt with in every grammar book such as (Quirk, et al, 1985), Leech and Svartvik, 1992), (Halliday, 1985), Huddleston, 1975), and (Jacob, R.A, 1995) etc

A nominal clause is a frequent topic which was taken into the investigation by many authors such as Herning Retnowati, a student of the English Education study program of Sanata Dharma University limited her undergraduate thesis in nominal and relative clause Entitled “A study on The Mastering of Wh-and That-clauses found in

students of English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University in mastering

the usage of wh-and that-clause

The other research thet mentioned a kind of nominal clause aspect is done by Diane Hudson, a researcher at the department of English Language and Linguistics at Chemnitz

focused her field on the Kenya English Her thesis, Nominal that-clauses in Three Regional Varieties of English: A study of The Relevance of the Text type, Medium, and Syntactic Function, examined the distribution of subordinate clause that was nominal clauses in Kenyan sub corpuses She analysed the four text types of English from Kenyan section of the East African components of the International Corpus of English as the

Next, Yeremia Listyagung a student in Sanata Dharma University in Yogyakarta in

2008 about “A study of Nominal clauses in Joseph Conrad‟ Youth” and Lucie Reitrová a student of Facculty of Arts and Philosophy in University of Pardubice in Republic of Czech about “Comparison of approaches to nominal and relative clauses” in 2008 In Vietnam, a student Cao Thi Phuong at Vietnam National University Hanoi took an investigation on “Clauses of nominal status a contrastive analysis of English and

Vietnamese” in 1998 However, there has been no one considering about syntactic and semantic features in comparison with Vietnamese translation version in a novel Therefore,

“English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese translation version in “Gone with the wind” novel was chosen to help learners of English realize the types and functions of English nominal clauses as well as their Vietnamese translation version so that they can overcome difficulties in learning, reading, writing and translating from English nominal clauses to Vietnamese

2.1.2 An overview of clauses in English

Therearemany definitionsofclausewhicharewritten bymany authors,wewill consider some definitions of clausebelow

In the traditional view, “clauses” are “sentences that are part of larger sentences” That is to say, clauses are seen as the “minimal” sentence (Palmer 1994) To put it in another way, the “traditional” clause is a component of the sentence Through arbitrary, this conception has indicated what is meant and illustrated a very important characteristic

of natural language

Quirk et al (1985) give a simple explanation, more structurally biased, of the clause

A clause is a unit that can be analyzed into the elements S, V, O, C and A (Subject, Verb, Object, Complement and Adverb, respectively)

Later Leech and Svartvik (1992) modify this conception, proposing that clauses are the principle structures of which sentences are composed They also put forward three important ways in which clauses may be described and classified (a) in terms of clause elements (S, V, etc.) from which they are constructed, (b) in terms of the amount of use which a clause makes of verb phrase structure to help distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses and verbless clauses and (c) in terms of clause function (the function the clause performs in a sentence), for example, nominal clauses, adverbial clauses, etc Thus Leech and Svartvik work out some criteria for their explanation of clause on the ground proposed by Quirk et al The formal and structural view of clause prove to be clearer and more precise than the traditional one for it also touches other aspects of linguistics and serves as a better tool to do linguistic research More concern with language function, Halliday (1985) define a clause as a functional unit with a triple construction of meaning

In his explanation, a clause function simultaneously (a) as the representation of the phenomena of experience; (b) as the expression of speech function; and (c) as the bearer of message, which is organized in the form of theme plus exposition In the view of speech function, Halliday‟s “clause” has a two –part structure consisting of Modal element and propositional element

In whichever approach, traditional, structural, or functional, a clause may be considered, there is always a widespread agreement that a clause typically consists of five elements: S, V, O, C and A and that it should not be investigated in isolation function Also, clauses are said to belong to the three types : adverbial clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses An adverbial clause is considered as modifying the verb of the main clause

or sometimes as modifier of the entire sentence The adjective clause modifies a preceding noun or pronoun and a noun clause can function as Subject, Subjective Complement, Object of verb, Object of preposition and appositive In this study, we are going to deal with noun clauses but under a more functional label “Nominal Clauses” More about noun clauses will be mentioned in the next section

Analysed by structural type, clauses are of three main clauses: finite clause, finite clause and verbless clause Leech and Svartvik (1992) A finite clause is defined as one containing a finite verb while one containing a non-finite verb named a non-finite clause The non-finite verb can be an infinitive with “to”, an infinitive without “to” and –ing participle or –ed participle A clause has no verbal element at all is a verbless clause One of the main differences between the finite clause and other two is that the former always contains a subject while there is frequent absence of a subject in the later The kind

non-of ellipsis found in non-finite clause and verbless clauses serve stylistic purposes, especially in the written language

The clause can also be viewed in another perspective, in the light of functional approach Halliday‟s idea (1985) is a typical of this view In his opinion, “ every clause is also structured as a message It consists of two parts : a Theme, which the point of departure – what the message is about; and another element that constitutes the body of the

message, known as the Rheme” And the Theme usually comes first in the message structure When we extend our analysis beyond the syntactic scope, though only occasionally, the Theme-Rheme structure is based on to work out a sound explanation Because the clause is quite large and sophisticated, so this study only focuses on Nominal clauses The Comprehensive Grammar Book by Randolph Quirk (1985) was chosen as the theorical background for the study

2 2 An overview of English Nominal clause

The following is an overview of English nominal clauses based on Randolph Quirk

et al (1985)‟s point of view: Nominal clauses have functions that approximate to those of noun phrases: Subject, Object, Complement, Appositive, and Prepositional Complement Every nominal clause may function in some or all of these functions Unlike noun phrases, however, nominal clauses may also function as adjective complementation without a preposition

I’m not sure that I can remember the exact details

(Quirk et al, 1985:1047)

The privilege of occurrence of nominal clauses is more limited than that of noun phrases because semantically the clauses are normally abstract; They refer to such abstractations as events, facts, dates, and ideas rather than to perceptible objects The one exception to this generalization is the nominal relative clause, which may refer to object (including person) and which have some of the properties of a noun phrase consisting of head and postmodifying relative clause, the head and relative pronoun coalescing to form a single wh-element Compare the equivalent sentence

What please one party infuriates the other

That which pleases one party infuriates the other (formal)

Since indirect objects normally refer to persons, we can see why the nominal relative clause is the only type of clause that can normaly function as can indirect object

Nominal clauses fall into six major categories: that-clause, or subordinate declarative clauses; subordinate interrogative clauses, subordinate exclamative clauses; nominal relative clauses; to-infinitive clauses; and –ing clauses Nominal clauses may take

“it” or “that” as pro-forms:

I know that you mean well, but THEY don’t know it

How a book sells depends on the author, but it also depends on the publisher

I hope to see you tomorrow, but that depends on the weather

Collecting stamps was her hobby, but she has given that up

2.3 Realization of nominal clauses in English

2.3.1 That-Clauses

A nominal clause that introduces its clause by adding word that in front of the

clause This clause may function as a subject, a direct object, a subject complement, an appositive or adjectival complement It cannot, however, occur as prepositional

complement or as object complement (Quirk et al, 1985:1049).The conjunction that may

be omitted when it is placed as an object and a complement

Subject: That the invading troops have been withdrawn has not affected our

government’s trade sanctions

Direct object: I noticed that he spoke English with an Australian accent

Subject Complement: My assumption is that interest rates will soon fall

Appositive: Your criticism, that no account has been taken of psychological factors,

I know it’s late

It is similarly omitted frequently when a subject that-clause (with anticipatory it) is

extraposed

It’s a pity you don’t know Russian

But otherwise that cannot be omitted in a subject clause, since without the

subordinate maker the clause would be initially misinterpreted as a moin clause

* You don’t know Russian is a pity

Subject that-clause are usually extraposed Extraposition is particularly preferred

when the superodinate clause is interrogative or passive

Is it possible that they can’t afford to rent that apartment?

It was thought that the cease-fire still held

If the superordinate clause is exclamatory, extraposition is obligatory:

How strange it is that the children are so quiet!

Object that-clauses are nomarlly extraposed when they cooccur with an object complement:

Their daughter’s success makes it very likely that she will return to California

2.3.2 Wh-Interrogative Clauses

Subordinate wh-interrogative clauses may occur in several position such as subject,

direct object, subject complement, appositive, adjectival complement and prepositional

complement And as regard to the meaning, these clauses resemble wh-question in that they leave a gap of unknown information, represent by the wh-elements (Quirk et al.,1985:1050)

Subject: How the book will sell depends on the reviewers

Direct Object: I cannot imagine what they want with your address

Subject Complement: The problem is who will water my plants when I am away Appositive: Your original question, why he did not report it to the police earlier, has not yet been answered

Adjectival Complement: I am not sure which she prefers

Prepositional Complement: They did not consult us on whose names should be put forward

These subordinate clauses resemble wh-question semantically in that they leave a gap of unknown information, represented by the wh-element Contrast the unknown information expressed in the that-clause with the unknown information in the wh-clause:

I know (that) Caroline will be here

Do you know who will be here?

I’m sure (that) Ted has paid

I’m not sure who has paid

The type of subordinate interrogative clause that most closely resembles questions is the indirect wh-question

wh-She asked me who would look after the baby

Compare the direct question:

She asked me, ―who will look after the baby?‖

But we can claim a chain of resemblance from the request for an answer to a question ( as in the indirect question) though uncertainty about the answer (as in I‟m not sure who will look after the baby), certainty about the answer (It‟s obvious who will look after the baby), expression of other mental states or process about the answer ( I found out who will look after the baby, It‟s irrelevant who will look after the baby), and informing about the answer (I told you who would look after the baby) In all instances a question is

explicity or implicity raised, a question focused on the wh-element

There are also grammatical similarities to independent wh-question

The element is placed first in its clause, as in all the examples in this section If the element is a prepositional phrase, we have the same choices as for the wh-element in wh-

wh-question

I asked them on what they based their prediction (formal)

I asked them what they based their prediction on

The elements have the same range of functions as the elements in

wh-question

Although the subordinate clause usually does not have subject operator inversion, such inversion may occur, particularly when the clause functions as complement and the superordinate verb is BE or when it functions as appositive:

The problem is who can we get to replace her

Your original question, why did he not report it to the police earlier, has not yet been answered

2.3.3 Yes-No and Alternative Interrogative Clause

Subordinate yes-no interrogative clause and subordinate alternative interrogative clause occur in the whole range of functions available to subordinate wh-interrogative clauses, and may include infinitive clauses The yes-no clause is introduced by the

subordinators whether or if

Do you know whether the banks are open?

I wonder if you can help me

The alternative clauses are formed with the correlatives whether….or, or if …or

I can’t find out whether/ if the flight has been delayed or whether/ if it has been

cancelled [1]

If, as in [1], the second unit is a full clause, the subordinator is repeated It is not repeated in [2-4], where the second unit is an abbreviated form:

They didn’t say whether it will rain or be sunny [2]

I asked them if they wanted meat or fish [3]

I don’t care if they join us or not [4]

The abbreviated forms parallel those for independent alternative yes-no question

Repeation is optional with to-infinitive clauses: (Quirk et al, 1985:1053)

He didn’t tell us whether to wait for him or (whether) to go on without him

2.3.4 Nominal Relative Clause

Nominal relative clauses resemble wh-interrogative clauses in that they are also introduced by a wh-element In need, a major reason for including nominal relative clauses

in chis chapter is that it is often difficult to distinguish them from the interrogative clauses

On the other hand, in some respects nominal relative clauses are more like noun phrases, since they can be concrete as abstract and can refer even to persons In fact, we can paraphrase them by noun phrases containing a noun head with general reference that is modified by a relative clause:

Whomevr did that should admit it frankly

[The person who did that ….]

I took what they offered me

[……the things that they offered me.]

Macy’s is where I buy my clothes

[….the place where I buy my claothes]

Compare also the paraphrase when the wh-element is a determiner:

I took what books she gave me [… the book that she gave me.]

Futhermore, nominal relative clauses share with noun phrases a wider range of functions than are available to other nominal clauses In addition, like noun phrase, they may display number concord with the verb of the sentence

Contrast for example:

What ever book you see is yours to take

Whatever books I have in the house are borrowed from the public library

The nominal relative clause is basically a noun phrase modified by an adnominal relative clause, except that its wh-element is merged with its antecedent In that respect the nominal relative clause is more selt-contained than the adnominal relative clause and can fuction as an element in a superordinate clause

Compare the nominal relative clause in [1] with the noun phrase in [1a]:

I eat that which I like, (formal) [1a]

In [1a], which has approximately the same meaning as [1] , the antecedent of the

nominal relative clause is that

The wh-item may be a pronoun, such as what in [2], a determiner, such as what in [3], or an adverb, such as where in [4]:

Here is where I bought I bought the food [4]

The wh-element may function within the nominal relative clause as subject, direct object, subject complement, object complement, adverbial, or prepositional complement

Suject: What happened (upset him)

(They welcome) whatever visitors came their way

Direct object: What he saw (upset him)

(She took) what she need

Subject complement: What she became in later life (distressed her friends)

(I am happy with) what I am

Object complement: (That’s) what she calls her sister

Adverbial: Where she went (was Manchester)

(Now is) when I need you

Prepositional complement: (I’ll show you) what you can open the bottle with

Nominal relative clauses have the same range of functions as noun phrases In addition to the functions available generally to nominal clauses, they can function as indirect object and object complement

Subject: What I want is a cup of hot cocoa

Direct object: You should see whoever deals with complaints

Indirect object: He gave whoever asked for it a coppy of his latest paper

Subject complement: April is when the lilacs bloom

Object complement: You can call me what(ever) you like

Appositive: I’ll pay you the whole debt; what I orinally borrowed and what I own you in interest

Prepositional complement: You should vote for which(ever) candidate you think best

2.3.5 To-Infinitive Nominal Clauses

The next type is to-infinitive nominal clauses The type is indicated by the appearance of the to-infinitive after the head and it can occur as:

Subject: To be neutral in this conflict is out of the question

Direct Object: He likes to relax

Subject Complement: The best excuse is to say that you have an examination tomorrow morning

Appositive: Your ambition, to become a farmer, require the enegy and perseverance that you so obviously have

Adjectival Comp: I am very eager to meet her

The presence of a subject in a to-infinitive clause normally requires the presence of

a preceding for When the subject is a pronoun that distinguishes subjective cases, it is in the objective case:

For your country to be neutral in this conflict is out of the question

For us to take part in the discussion would be a conflict of interest

I am eager for them to meet her

When the clause is a direct object, however, for is generally absent before the

subject

He likes everyone to relax

2.3.6 Nominal – ing clauses

Nominal-ing clauses ( or more fully, nominal-ing participle clauses) may function as:

Subject: Watching television keeps them out of mischief

Direct Object: He enjoys playing practical jokes

Subject Complement: Her first job had been selling computer

Appositive: His current research, investigating attitudes to racial stereotypes, takes

up most of his time

Adjectival Complement: They are busy preparing a barbecue

Prepositional Complement: I’m responsible for drawing up the budget

If the-ing clause has a subject, the item realizing the subject may be in the genitive

case or otherwise in the objective case (for pronoun having a distingtive objective case) or common case (for all other noun phrases) In general, the genitive is preferred if the item is

a pronoun, the noun phrase has personal reference, and the style is formal

I intend to voice my objections to their receiving an invitation to our meeting [1]

Contrast the preference for the common case in [2], where the item is a nonpersonal noun phrase and not a pronoun and the style is not formal

I didn’t know about the weather being so awful in this area [2]

Traditional stipulation of the genitive case is based on the assumption that the-ing orm in such clauses is a verbal noun That assumption is incorrect, as we can see from the direct object (an invitation to our meeting) that follows the-ing form in [1], which demonstrates that the-ing form has the force of a verb On the other hand, the use in [1] of genitive itseft provides the-ing form with a nominal characteristic

The genitive is avoided when the noun phrase is lengthy and requires a group genitive

Do you remember the students and teachers protesting against the new rule?

On the other hand, the genitive case is preferred when the item is initial in the sentence:

My forgetting her name was embarrassing

Some are troubled by the choice of case here In some instances, an acceptable

alternative is a that-clause, which is normally extraposed

It was embarrassing that I forgot her name

Unlike subject that-causes and to-infinitive clauses, subject-ing clauses are not

normally extraposed The superordinate clause can be interrogative or passive without the extraposition:

Will our saving money reduce the budget deficit?

Postponing the proposed legislation is being considered by the subcommittee

A nomina- ing clause may refer to afact or an action:

Fact: Your driving a car to New York in your condition disturbs me greatly [1]

An action: Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected [2] When an –ing form occurs alone or preceded just by a genitive noun phrase, the construction is syntactically ambiguious beween an -ing clause and a noun phrase with a verbal noun in –ing as its head

Our singing in [5] can refer either to the action of singing or to the mode of singing Without further expansion by an object or ab adverbial, the genitive biases towards a mode interpretation In contrast, The objective in [5a] allows only an action interpretation:

They liked us singing (while they worked) [5a]

Since the-ing clauses in [1] and [2] do not allow a mode interpretation, it appears

that this interpretation belong to the noun phrase structure rather than to the clause

structure Simularity, when we expand [5] by adding an object and thereby making the-ing

construction unambiguously a clause, the mode interpretation is no longer available In

[5b] the-ing clause refers to an action:

They liked our singing folk songs [5b]

Conversely, where only the mode interpretation is available, we may assume that the construction is a noun phrase:

Your driving has improved considerably since I last saw you [6]

Contast also [7] and [8], distinguished only by the position of fast:

In [7] fast is an adjective premodifying the noun driving, which is the head of the noun phrase In [8] the adverb fast is an adverbial in the –ing clause driving fast Compare the analogous contrasting pair in [7a] and [8a]:

I warned him against careless driving [7a]

I warned him against driving carelessly [8a]

2.3.7 Nominal bare infinitive clauses

Based on the Quirk et al theory (1985:1067), the nominal bare infinitive clause

(without to) is severely limited in its function It may be the subject complement or (rarely) subject in a pseudo-cleft sentence:

Subject complement: What the plan does is ensure a fair pension for all

Subject: Mow the lawn was what I did this afternoon (rare and informal)

It may also be the subject or subject complement of a variant of the pseudo-cleft

sentence, where a noun phrase of general reference replaces what:

Turn off the tap was all I did

The best thing you can do now is write her an apology

The to of the infinitive is abligatorily absent when the infinitive clause is subject in

these constructions, but it is optionally present when the clause is subject complement:

What they must do is (to) propose an amendment to the resolution

The thing you should do is (to) show them your diploma

The bare infinitive requires the substitute verb DO in the other subordinate clause

Contrast the obligatory to in [1] with the optional to in [2]:

All I wanted to do was (to) help him [2]

A bare infinitive clause may function as object complement with a relatively few superordinate verbs:

They made her pay for the damage

Finally, the bare infinitive clause may follow prepositions of exception

She did everything but make her bed

All the realizations and syntactic functions of nominal clauses are considered as theoretical frame work of the study in order to investigate these clauses in “Gone with the wind” novel

2.4 Summary

In summary, this chapter has provided an overview about clauses of some famous authors in the world to determine what the key elements of a clause are and how to be considered a clause Besides, it is mainly emphasized and presented the types and functions of English nominal clauses arcording to (Quirk et al, 1985) as the theory background for the next chaper of the study Although the previous reseachers mentioned

to English nominal clauses, there have never been any authors taking the investigation on

“English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese translation version in “Gone with the wind” novel That is the reason for the writer to choose the tittle for the study

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Setting of the study

As the source of analysis, the writer uses a work of literature in it The work that

is going to be used is one of the literary works by Margaret Mitchell The work is a novel named “Gone with the wind” entitled “The greatest love story of all time…” published by arrangement with the Macmillan Publishing Company “Gone with the wind” consists of two part: The study only focuses on types of nominal clauses appearing in part one of the novel and they will be translated into Vietnamese in turn with the reference book of Vũ Kim Thư translator (Published by Literary Publishing House in 2012) so that the readers can understand English nominal clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents as well as about the differences in syntactic and semantic features “Gone with the Wind”, first published in

1936, is a romantic novel written by Margaret Mitchell, who won the Pulitzer Prize in

1937 The story is set in the background in Georgia and Atlanta, southern United States during the civil war and reconstruction It revolves around Scarlett O'Hara, a powerful Southern girl who must find a way to survive in the war and overcome a difficult post-war life The novel was adapted into a film in 1937

3.2 Methods of the study

The major method of the study is descriptive method Descriptive method is used to describe the syntactic and semantic features of nominal clauses in English qualitatively and qualitatively

Quantitative method relates to the techniques of using statistics, variables, reliability of data, describing data, analyzing data, testing hypotheses and dealing with problematic data

Qualitative methodis concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour Such an approach to research generates results either in non-quantitative form or in the form which are not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis Generally, the techniques of focus group interviews, projective techniques and depth interviews are used

Therefore, in this study, quantitative and qualitative methods are used to investigate theoretical background and framework of the study, as well as to collect the data The thesis is based on A comprehensive Grammar of English language Framework of Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik published in1985 From the data English nominal clauses in the „Gone with the wind” novel, the writer will classify them into functions and draw out the structures of both English and Vietnamese translation version so that Vietnamese learners can understand how to understand and translate English nominal clauses in the most natural way

Comparative approachis a diachronic comparison of two or more linguistic systems with a view to classifying languages into families It is concerned with the history and evolution of languages A comparative study is interested in establishing the similarities or correspondences between languages.In this study, comparative method is used to find out the similarities and differences between nominal clauses in English with reference to the Vietnamese equivalents

3.3 Data collection and analysis

There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ considerably

in context of money costs, time and other resources at the disposal of the researcher

There are two main types of data in this study: Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and are always given in the form of raw materials and originals

in character It can be collected either through experiment or through survey on types of

nominal clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Secondary data are those

which have already been collected by someone other than the researcher himself Itcan be synthesized from primary data and may be collected directly either form published or unpublished sources

The data required for the analysis were complex sentences containing nominal clause The data were taken from the “Gone with the wind” novel, one of the most famous novel written by Margaret Mitchell The thesis only covers the part 1 of the “Gone with the wind” novel with 955 pages without two pages for preface The data were only taken from page 3 to page 955 Then, the data were classified according to their functions toward nominal clauses by selection The data about nominal clauses appear so many times in the novel so the writer can‟t list all of them in turn from page 3 to page 955 Instead, each function of nominal clause will be selected from one to three as model examples according

to the type of nominal clause and their Vietnamese translation version At the end of each type of nominal clause, there will be a table concluded from the examples as the form and their Vietnamese version as translation suggestion for learners

3.4 Procedures

Firstly, sentences containing English nominal clauses in “Gone with the wind” novel will be picked out into types and functions and then their Vietnamese translation versions are provided, too English nominal clauses occur whether in the That-clause or dependent declarative clause, the dependent interrogative clause, the nominal relative clause, the infinitive clause and the-ing clause Then, readers are also expected to recognize several functions of nominal clause such as functioning as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive, prepositional and adjectival complement At the end of each function of nominal clause, there will be a

structural table drawn out from the above examples to help learners of English determine the similarities as well as the differences between the two languages toward syntactic and semantic features In the other point of view, after knowing the types and function of nominal clauses, anyone who read this thesis are expected to understand the implicit messages that might be delivered by the occurrences of those clauses Moreover, anyone will get a little information about the Gone with the wind‟s writing style not be confused

by the complex story

Secondly, to collect data for this study, the thesis was conducted as follows:

Allypes of English nominal clauses were analyzed based on Randolph Quirk et al (1985)‟s point of view

The seven types and the 4 major functions of English nominal clause were presented with examples as the background of the study with explanation of all aspects of nominal clauses

Nominal clauses will be investigated in the “Gone with the wind” novel for each type of their functions for translation into Vietnamese Because there are many types of English Nominal Clauses in the “Gone with the wind” novel, the writer only took some typical examples which are considered the representatives for each function as models for translation At the end of each type, there will be a table for comparison between the structures and meaning of English Nominal Clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents

3.5 Summary

This chapter has provided the steps that will be used to conduct the study and how

to carry it First, the setting of the study focuses on “Gone with the wind” novel with the very shrort introduction of the author, the main content and the publisher To conduct the study, three mainly methods: Descriptive, Comparative and Qualitative are used Examples containing nominal clauses toward functions and types will be picked out and classified into catergories so that the similarities as well as the differences between the two languages are clearly exposed

CHAPTER IV

ENGLISH NOMINAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETAMESE TRANSLATION

VERSION IN „GONE WITH THE WIND‟ NOVEL

In the chapter IV, English nominal clauses will be picked out from “Gone with the wind” novel into types Each type has certain functions as Subject; Object; Complement and Appositive Each function of its type will be searched and selected from the novel to present with their Vientnamese translation version as the model representative for the function and the type At the end of the function, there will be a table sumarying the structures of the English nominal clause and their Vietnamese equivalent to the function

4.1 That – Clause

4.1.1 Subject

That-clauses are used as subjects of sentences only with certain verbs; the most common

of these verbs are the copulas, especially “BE” Other common types of verbs occurring with that-clauses as subject are: Causative verbs including: make, have, get, help… and verbs expressing emotion: like, love, irritate, disturb, interest…

Let see the following

Examples from “Gone with the wind” novel and their Vietnamese translation version

That everyone who met him did discover his kindly heart within five minutes was

unknown to him [page 31]

Ông không làm sao biết được rằng long nhân ái của ông chỉ trong vòng năm phút là

bị phát giác ngay bởi những kẻ ttiếp xúc với ông [page 30]

That there was truth in his last words did not occur to her [page 228]

Cho dù có sự thật trong câu sau cùng của Rhett, nàng cũng không chấp nhận [page 235]

That Scarlett did not know what was in her sister’s heart did not seem odd to him

Causative Verb expressing emotive

Examples from “Gone with the wind” novel and their Vietnamese translation version

Being the least analytic of people, she did not realize that this was because she

possessed in some degree these same qualities, despite sixteen years of effort on the part

of Ellen and Mammy to obliterate them [page 32]

Là người kém óc phân tích nhất, nàng khôngbhiểu được rằng đó là cảm giác nảy sinh từ chỗ nàng và cha có quá nhiều điểm phù hợp với nhau về bản chất, mặc dầu đã được Ellen và Mammy cố gắng uốn nắn tính tình liên tục trong mười sáu năm trời Nàng nói với cha [page 31]

Scarlett knew that Mammy was seething over something of which she did not

approve [page 38]

Scarlett hiểu ngay là Mammy đang bực tức về một chuyện nào đó [page 38]

As usual in the very young, she marveled that people could be so selfishly oblivious

to her pain and the world rock along just the same, in spite of her heartbreak [page 62]

Cũng như những cô gái trẻ khác, nàng lạ lung chẳng hiểu tại sao người ta lại quá ích

kỷ đến nỗi quên luôn sự đau đớn của nàng và tại sao trái đất cứ tiếp tục quay không chút ngó ngàng tới tâm trạng đau xót của nàng [page 63, 64]

From those ones can formulate the structural patterns and their Vietnamese equivalents as follows:

Table 4.2 English that – clauses direct object and their Vietnamese equivalents

Vietnamese … V + (O) + rằng + Clause

4.1.3 Subject Complement

That-clause functioning as Subject Complement has a fixed position in the

sentences, it always follows a link verb with which it forms a Subject Complement The link verbs used with that-clause as Subject Complement are far less numerous than those

used with that-clause as Direct Object The most common are “be, feel, look, seem,

appear, mean, remain, become, sound…”

Examples from “Gone with the wind” novel and their Vietnamese translation version

The only trouble with him is that he owns the three of us, body and soul, and he

knows it [page 133]

Chỉ phiền một điều là ông chiếm trọn cả ba người chúng anh, cả thể xác lẫn linh hồn Chắc ông cũng biết rõ điếu ấy [page 140]

The result is that you are unendurably uppity You should be kissed and by someone

who knows how [page 284]

Kết quả là cô kiêu căng Tôi biết là cô cần hôn và cần một người biết cách hôn [page 288]

―The inference is that you should have starved genteelly and with pride.‖ [page

Vietnamese

S + V + Clause (Sự thực/ là/

Thực tế/ có nghĩa là) ………)

4.1.4 Appositive

In that-clause functioning as Appositives, the particle “that” is not an element in the clause structure such as Subject, Object Also the head of the noun phrase must be a factive abstract noun such as fact itself, proposition, reply, answer, remark, and the like.Similar to those in English, in Vietnamese, these clauses are used for explaining and giving more details about the meaning of the words and groups in the sentences And they often come after the words and the groups …that they semantically relate to

Examples from “Gone with the wind” novel and their Vietnamese translation version

Even the fact that René immediately asked for her hand did not improve matters

[page 202]

Chuyện René ngay lúc đó ngỏ ý cầu hôn con gái bà cũng không làm bà thôi ngơ ngác.[page 211]