THE POLYSEMY OF THE ENGLISH VERB OPENCLOSE IN “GONE WITH THE WIND” WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS THE POLYSEMY OF THE ENGLISH VERB OPEN/CLOSE IN “GONE WITH THE WIND” WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE (TÍNH ĐA NGHĨA CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ TIẾNG ANH MỞ/ ĐÓNG TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “CUỐN THEO CHIỀU GIĨ” CĨ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT) NGƠ THỊ PHƯƠNG Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS THE POLYSEMY OF THE ENGLISH VERB OPEN/CLOSE IN “GONE WITH THE WIND” WITH REFERENCE TO VIETNAMESE (TÍNH ĐA NGHĨA CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ TIẾNG ANH MỞ/ ĐÓNG TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT “CUỐN THEO CHIỀU GIÓ” CÓ LIÊN HỆ VỚI TIẾNG VIỆT) Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr HOANG TUYET MINH Hanoi, 2017 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled, the polysemy of the English verbs open/close in “Gone with the wind” with reference to Vietnamese, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis This thesis does not contain material which has been accepted for any other degree in any university To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by any other person, except where due reference is given in the text I agree that the Library may lend or copy this thesis on request Hanoi, 2017 Ngô Thị Phương Approved by SUPERVISOR Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Date:………………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people I would like to thank various people who provide me with considerable assistance during the whole journey of the thesis First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks and my deepest gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh, my supervisor, for her thorough instruction, precious guidance, ideas and constant encouragement during the time my research endeavors lasted Without her invaluable support on research methods and her critical comments on my writings, this thesis would have never been completed A special word of thanks goes to all my classmates and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished I am greatly indebted to all my knowledge and understanding I got at Hanoi Open University for their constant support and encouragement Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family, my husband for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABSTRACT This study is made to analyze the polysemy of the verbs open/close in English with reference to Vietnamese used in the novel “Gone with the wind” by Margaret Mitchell It is a qualitative study that focuses on the verbs open/close of the novel The data used for analysis in this study was gathered by picking up the utterances within conversation and the author started to analyze the data in conducting the analysis from the polysemy of the verb open/close Afterwards, the author classified the data into different categories where they belong to and gave a little comment on the cases As a result, the author found to advance an understanding of polysemy in the semantic field of the two verbs open and close in English with reference to Vietnamese by using statistic and descriptive method, analytic and synthetic method to help Vietnamese translators of English use these verbs effectively Therefore, the researcher feels the self struggle to construct this thesis to try and represent our translation as a result of interacting with a wide diversity of texts has been a rewarding one Hopefully, the study may help the translators of English develop polysemy in their mind as a reference to apply to our own translations iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Etc: et cetera i.e.: id est ICMS: Idealized Cognitive Models N: noun V: verb iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The English verb open in reference to Vietnamese in “Gone with the wind”… 46 Table 2: The English verb close in reference to Vietnamese in “Gone with the wind” 53 v TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACT III LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES V TABLE OF CONTENTS VI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION I 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3.Research questions 1.4.Methods of the study 1.5.Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7.Design of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.Previous studies 2.2 Cognitive linguistics vi 2.2.1 Definition of terms 2.2.2 Major principles of cognitive linguistics 2.2.3 Cognitive semantics 10 2.3 Polysemy 13 2.4 An overview of verbs 17 2.4.1 Verbs in English 17 2.4.2 Verbs in Vietnamese 19 2.5 An over view on contrastive analysis 20 2.6 Summary 22 CHAPTER 3: THE POLYSEMY OF THE VERB OPEN/CLOSE WITH REFERENCE IN VIETNAMSE FROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS……23 3.1 The polysemy of the verb open/close in English 23 3.2 The English verbs open/close and their Vietnamese equivalents 38 3.2.1 Open/close in English corresponds to mở/đóng in Vietnamese 38 3.2.2 Some other Vietnamese equivalents of the English verbs open/close 42 3.3 Comparism between the verb open/close in English and mở/đóng in Vietnamese in terms their meanings 51 3.4.Summary 54 vii CHAPTER 4: THE TRANSLATION OF THE VERB OPEN/ CLOSE IN “GONE WITH THE WIND” WITH REFERENCE …………………………………………… TO VIETNAMESE 56 4.1 The English verb open and their Vietnamese equivalents in “gone with the wind” novel 56 4.2 The English verb close and their Vietnamese equivalents in “gone with the wind” story 665 4.3 Suggestions for translators when translating open/ close in English into Vietnamese 75 4.4.Summary 75 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 77 5.1.Concluding remarks 77 5.2 Limitation of the study 80 5.3.Suggestions for further study 81 REFERENCES 82 APPENDICES 85 viii (Margaret Mitchell: 523) Scarlett nắn nót chữ cửa tiệm mở ra, gió lạnh lùa vào (Dương Tường: 535) The front door opened and the counter boy entered, picking his teeth with a quill (Margaret Mitchell: 536) Cửa tiệm mở gã bán hàng bước vào, miệng ngậm chót lơng gà xỉa (Dương Tường: 548) She opened the door a crack and saw Frank leading a heaving, stumbling horse into the carriage house (Margaret Mitchell: 546) Tony đì Scarlett mở né cửa thấy Frank uể oải dắt ngựa miệng sùi bọt mép vào chuồng (Dương Tường: 556) They invaded the house at all hours and without warning They swarmed through the rooms, asking questions, opening closets, prodding clothes hampers, peering under beds (Margaret Mitchell: 549) Họ lục sốt khắp phòng, hạch sách đủ điều, mở tủ quần áo, đồ đạc, nhìn gầm giường (Dương Tường: 558) 97 Scarlett was loath to put down the wallet Bright vistas opened before her real money (Margaret Mitchell: 369) Scarlett ghê tởm phải bỏ ví xuống Những triển vọng sáng sủa mở trước mắt cô tiền (Dương Tường: 388) Do you know that when the Yankees were marching on Milledgeville, they called out all the cadets from the military academies, no matter how young they were, and even opened the state penitentiary to get fresh troops? (Margaret Mitchell: 367) Các vị có biết quân Yankee tiến gần tới Milledgeville, bên phải gọi tới tất thiếu sinh quân nhỏ cỡ mặc, lại mở hết cửa khám để lấy tù bổ sung cho quân đội? (Dương Tường: 427) When he had finished, Ashley opened wide his sad gray eyes and looked about the crowd After a pause, his eyes caught those of Will and he said:598 (Margaret Mitchell: 598) Đọc xong, Ashley mở to đôi mắt màu xám buồn bã nhìn khắp lượt đám đơng Ngừng lát,chàng giao mắt với Uyl nói: (Dương Tường: 598) Mrs Merriwether and Rene were prospering and now had opened a bakery downtown 98 (Margaret Mitchell: 628) Bà Meriuêzơ Rơnê phát tài, mở hiệu bánh khu trung tâm (Dương Tường: 629) “Archie, open the door,” she said quietly (Margaret Mitchell: 677) Artsi, mở cửa, Melanie điềm tĩnh nói (Dương Tường: 680) Slipping his knife into his boot top and loosening the pistol in his trouser band, Archie stumped over to the door and flung it open (Margaret Mitchell: 677) Dắt dao săn vào mép ủng nơi lỏng thắt lưng đeo súng Artsi tập tễnh bước cửa mởtoang (Dương Tường: 680) She openedit at the middle and began to read in a clear monotonousvoice (Margaret Mitchell: 678) Nàng mở đoạn sách bắt đầu đọc giọng đơn điệu rõ ràng (Dương Tường: 680) The back door swung open and India entered (Margaret Mitchell: 687) 99 Cửa sau bật mở Inđiơ bước vào (Dương Tường: 690) But if Captain Jaffery wanted a drink; the bar was still open (Margaret Mitchell: 689) Nhưng đại úy Jeffơri muốn uống li " bar " mở (Dương Tường: 692) As she came up to the carriage the door was opened and she saw a woman in the diminterior (Margaret Mitchell: 693) Khi nàng tới cạnh, cửa xe mở nàng trông thấy người đàn bà ngồi bóng tối hòm xe (Dương Tường: 696) Although her door was opened, she could hear no sounds from below stairs (Margaret Mitchell: 697) Mặc dù cửa phòng để mở, nàng khơng nghe thấy tiếng nhà (Dương Tường: 699) He laughed so loudly that the sound echoed in the stillness and Scarlett heard the kitchen dooropened (Margaret Mitchell: 708) 100 Chàng phá lên cười to vang dội khắp phòng tĩnh lặng Xcarlett nghe thấy tiếng cửabếp mở (Dương Tường: 711) She opened her eyes and saw that the frightening glow had gone from his face (Margaret Mitchell: 711) Nàng mở mắt thấy ánh hừng hực biến khỏi gương mặt chàng (Dương Tường: 714) He opened the door and walked into the hall (Margaret Mitchell: 714) Chàng mở cửa bước hành lang (Dương Tường: 717) From upstairs he could hear occasionally the curt tones of Dr Meade whenever a door opened (Margaret Mitchell: 754) Từ gác, nghe thấy vọng xuống tiếng cộc lốc ông bác sĩ Miđ cửa phòng mở (Dương Tường: 757) She went up the stairs and, opening the nursery door (Margaret Mitchell: 762) Nàng lên gác mở cửa phòng trẻ 101 (Dương Tường: 766) His shirt was opened down to the thick mat of black hair on his chest (Margaret Mitchell: 796) sơ mi để mởphanh đến nạm lông đen rậm ngực (Dương Tường: 801) “Am I actually being invited into the sanctuary?” he questioned, opening the door (Margaret Mitchell: 792) - Có thật tơi mời vào thánh đường không? chàng vừa mở cửa vừa hỏi (Dương Tường: 797) She went to the store and was very sharp with everyone, for every time the door opened to admit a customer she looked up with a flutter, hoping it was Rhett (Margaret Mitchell: 803) Nàng qua nhà băng chàng khơng có Nàng đến cửa hàng gắt gỏng với tất mọingười lần cửa mởcho người khách vào, nàng ngẩng lên nhìn, tim đập xốn xang, hivọng Rhett (Dương Tường: 808) She heard him cross the floor of the hall to the children’s play room and open the door (Margaret Mitchell: 806) 102 Nàng nghe thấy tiếng chàng qua tiền sảnh đến phòng chơi bọn trẻ mở cửa (Dương Tường: 812) Rhett’s words and the children’s reactions opened her eyes to a startling, a galling truth (Margaret Mitchell: 815) Những lời Rhett với phản ứng hai đứa bé mở mắt cho nàng thấy thật đau xótđến bàng hồng (Dương Tường: 821) Whenever Scarlett opened her eyes, she said “Melly?” and the voice answered (Margaret Mitchell: 820) Bất lúc Xcarlett mở mắt, nói: " Meli?" thấy tiếng Melanie trả lời (Dương Tường: 827) The door opened quickly and Mammy, shrinking back into the shadows of the hall, saw Rhett huge and dark against the blazing background of candles (Margaret Mitchell: 851) Cửa mở liền Lùi vào bóng tối hành lang, Mammy trơng thấy Rét to lớn đen sẫm trênnền sáng rực ánh nến (Dương Tường: 858) The door of Melanie’s room opened quietly and Dr Meade came out into the hall, shutting the door behind him 103 (Margaret Mitchell: 859) Cửa buồng Melơni lặng lẽ mở bác sĩ Miđ bước hành làng, đóng cửa lại sau lưng (Dương Tường: 866) He opened the door before she could answer, pushed her into the room and closed the door behindher (Margaret Mitchell: 860) Ông mở cứa trước nàng kịp trả lời, đẩy nàng phòng đóng cửa lại.867 (Dương Tường: 867) 1) Open in English corresponds to há or há hốc in Vietnamese His passionate, drunken gaze met hers and he stopped, mouth open, as though for the first time herealized to whom he was speaking (Margaret Mitchell: 823) Đôi mắt say dữ, đắm đuối chàng bắt gặp nhìn Melanie chàng ngừng bặt, miệng háhốc, thể lần nhận nói với (Dương Tường: 830 He sat clutching her hand, his mouth wide open (Margaret Mitchell: 106) 104 Charles níu lấy tay nàng, miệng há hốc (Dương Tường: 115) Her mouth fell open with horror at the audacity of his proposal Just imagine what Pittypat and Melly cowering in their beds would think, should Captain Butler come upstairs! (Margaret Mitchell: 169) Nàng há miệng hoảng kinh lời đề nghị táo bạo Cô Pitty Melanie co rúm giường nghĩ thuyền trưởng Butler lên lầu (Dương Tường: 186) Aunt Pitty’s fat mouth popped open and Uncle Peter turned to stare (Margaret Mitchell: 191) Miệng Pitty há hốc lên, bác Peter giựt quay lại! (Dương Tường: 208) Scarlett’s mouth dropped open The line was so closely, so carefully drawn where gifts from men were concerned (Margaret Mitchell: 200) Scarlett há hốc mồm, mặt đăm chiêu lo lắng có q khơng nên nhận từ tay đàn ơng (Dương Tường: 217) The door closed behind them, leaving Scarlett open mouthed and suddenly desolate Ashley was no longer hers 105 (Margaret Mitchell: 222) Cánh cửa khép lại sau lưng họ, để lại Scarlett há hốc miệng, đón nhận trời tuyệt vọng (Dương Tường: 240) She opened her mouth to tell him why Mrs Meade could not come and then shut it abruptly (Margaret Mitchell: 300) Nàng há miệng định giải thích bà Meade khơng thể đến, kịp thời ngậm lại (Dương Tường: 313) Prissy’s mouth fell open and her tongue wagged wordlessly (Margaret Mitchell: 302) Prissy há hốc miệng, lưỡi líu lại (Dương Tường: 315) 4.2 The English verb close and their Vietnamese equivalents in “Gone with the Wind” story 1) Close in English corresponds nhắm in Vietnamese Gerald closed his eyes and, in the stillness of the unworked acres, he felt that he had come home (Margaret Mitchell: 40) 106 Gerald nhắm mắt lại, yên tĩnh vùng đất đỏ bỏ hoang, ơng có cảm tưởng vừa trở lại quê nhà (Dương Tường: 42) Ellen closed her eyes and began praying, her voice rising and falling, lulling and soothing (Margaret Mitchell: 57) Ellen nhắm mắt lại bắt đầu cầu nguyện Giọng bà lúc vượt cao, lúc hạ xuống, lúc dịu ru ngủ (Dương Tường: 61) She extended her hands slightly, closed her eyes and swayed with the sad haunting rhythm (Margaret Mitchell: 136) Nàng đưa nhẹ hai tay phía trước, nhắm mắt lại lắc lư theo nhịp nhạc buồn (Dương Tường: 149) Turning, she saw that Melly was standing with her hands clasped to her breast, her eyes closed, and tiny tears oozing from the corners (Margaret Mitchell: 138) Quay lại, nàng thấy Melanie nhắm mắt, chấp hai tay trước ngực, nước mắt ràn rụa (Dương Tường: 151) 107 Tonight when Atlanta was so quiet, she could close her eyes and imagine she was back in the rural stillness of Tara and that life was unchanged, unchanging (Margaret Mitchell: 274) Buổi tối hơm đó, Atlanta nghỉ ngơi cảnh n tĩnh hồn tồn, nhắm mắtlại, tưởng tượng hưởng lại cảnh tĩnh mịch nơi quê nhà Tara sống chưa thay đổ (Dương Tường: 291) Melanie lay in bed in her nightgown, her eyes closed and circled with black, her heart-shaped facebloated, her slender body hideous and distorted (Margaret Mitchell: 286) Melanie nằm giường với chiếuc áo ngủ, mắt thâm quầng nhắm lại, khuôn mặt trái timsưng vù lên, thân thể gầy còm, bụng phìng lên trơng ghê tởm (Dương Tường: 302) For a long time she lay back with her eyes closed, hearing his heavy breathing near her, and the glow of the brandy crept gradually over her, giving a false strength and warmth (Margaret Mitchell: 493) Scarlett nhắm mắt nằm yên thật lâu, nàng nghe rõ thở Rhett bên cạnh Men rượungấm dần vào thân thể mang lại ấm sức lực (Dương Tường: 510) 108 Melanie’s eyes opened a slit and then, as if having satisfied herself that it was really Scarlett,she closed them again After a pause she drew a breath and whispered (Margaret Mitchell: 861) Melôni mắt chút xíu rồi, n trí Xcarlét, lại nhắm mắt lại Sau lát, nàng hítmột thều thào (Dương Tường: 867) 3) Close in English corresponds khép in Vietnamese She closed the door except for a crack and tried to make her heart beat more slowly (Margaret Mitchell: 95) Nàng khép nhẹ cửa thư viện lại, cố trấn tỉnh cho tim khỏi đập mau (Dương Tường: 103) The door closed behind them, leaving Scarlett open mouthed and suddenly desolate (Margaret Mitchell: 222) Cánh cửa khép lại sau lưng họ, để lại Scarlett há hốc miệng, đón nhận trời tuyệt vọng (Dương Tường: 240) Then, at night, the door of the bedroom closed and he was alone with Melanie (Margaret Mitchell: 223) Rồi tới tối, cánh cửa phòng ngủ lại khép chặt sau lưng chàng Melanie 109 (Dương Tường: 241) Then there suddenly leaped to her mind the closed door of Melanie’s bedroom and a knifelike pain went through her, a pain as fierce as though Ashley had been her own husband and had been unfaithful to her (Margaret Mitchell: 231) Mãi đến nhớ lại hình ảnh cánh cửa phòng ngủ Melanie khép kín nàng bàng hồng, lòng đau nhói Ashley chồng nàng phản nàng (Dương Tường: 249) He took her limp hand and pressed the damp clay into it and closed her fingers about it (Margaret Mitchell: 448) Chàng cầm lấy bàn tay mềm mại cô để vào miếng đất đỏ khép ngón tay lại (Dương Tường: 470) When he had closed the door behind them, Rhett came to her swiftly and bent over her (Margaret Mitchell: 479) Vừa khép cửa xong, Rhett bước tới cúi xuống mặt nàng (Dương Tường: 497) She arose cautiously, pushed her door half- closed and then dug about in the bottom bureau drawer beneath her underwear 110 (Margaret Mitchell: 698) Nàng rón đứng dậy, khép cửa hờ hờ, thục tay vào ngăn kéo bàn giấy, quờ tìmdưới chồng quần áo lót 701 (Dương Tường: 701) 111 ... translators to find out the characteristics of the polysemy of the verbs open/close in English with reference to Vietnamese Practically, in this thesis, the polysemy of the English verbsopen/close in. .. diversity of texts has been a rewarding one The research entitled: The polysemy of the English verbs open/close in “Gone with the wind” with reference to Vietnamese with the hope to help translators to. .. in “Gone with the wind” with reference to Vietnamese to help translators use these verbs effectively Objectives of the study are: - To examine the semantic features of the verbs open/ close in