A study on clauses of purpose in english and vietnamese=nghiên cứu các mệnh đề chỉ mục đích trong tiếng anh và tiếng việtệnh trong tiếng anh và tiếng việt

Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Vinh University Foreign languages department  Graduation thesis a study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese ( Nghiªn cứu mệnh đề mục đích tiếng Anh vµ tiÕng ViƯt) Supervisor : Dr Ngo Dinh Phuong Student : Nguyen Thi Bach Tuyet Vinh, 2008 A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Table of contents Page Acknowledgements i Table of contents ii Abbreviations iv Part I: Introduction I Reason for choosing the study II Aims of the study III Scope of the study IV Methods of the study V Design of the study Part II: Content Chapter I: Theoretical background Sentence 1.1 Definition of sentence 1.2 The classification of sentence 1.2.1 Classification of the sentence by structure 1.2.1.1 Simple sentence 1.2.1.2 Complex sentence 1.2.1.3 Compound sentence 1.2.1.4 Compound-complex sentence 1.2.2 Classification of the sentence by purpose 1.2.2.1 Declarative sentences 10 1.2.2.2 Interrogative sentences 10 1.2.2.3 Imperative sentences 11 A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết 1.2.2.4 Exclamatory sentences 11 Clause 12 2.1 Definition of clauses 12 2.2 The classification of clauses 13 2.2.1 Independent clause 14 2.2.2 Dependent clause 14 2.3 Structure of dependent clause 16 2.4 Function of dependent clauses 17 Chapter II: The study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 20 Clauses of purpose in english 20 Expressing of purpose by infinitive 20 The infinitive alone: to infinitive 20 In order or so as + infinitive with to 23 In order(not so as) used by emphasize that the subject really had this purpose in mind 25 Infinitive + noun + preposition 26 Infinitives of purpose after go and come 26 Expressing of purpose by so that/ for/ in case 27 Purpose clauses are expressed by so that + will/ would or can/ could + infinitive 27 Purpose clauses can also be formed by so that/ in order that +may/ might or shall/ should + infinitive 28 Negative purpose clauses are made by putting the auxiliary verb (usually will/ would or should) 29 In case clause 30 Clauses of purpose with for 34 Some nouns, verbs, phrases express purpose like: aim, goal, end, purpose, object, with a view to + V-ing, with the aim of + V-ing, for the sake of 34 A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Chapter III Applications to teaching and suggested exercises 38 A Applications to teaching 38 B Suggested exercises 39 Part III : Conclusion and reference 44 Abbreviations E.g: For example i.e : That is to say etc : et cetera S-V-O: subject - verb – object A.m : Ante-meridium P.m : Post-meridium A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Part I IntroductioN I Reason for choosing the subject English has become an international language, so the demand of learning is very great However, it is not easy to master unless you have real competances of grammar, vocabulary, syntax, etc Grammar is considered as an effective means to help you succeed in learning a language Adverbial clause of purpose is a type of adverbial clauses‟ system, not only does it exist in English but also in many other languages not exception in Vietnamese Purpose clauses are used popularly in every aspect of language, example: literature, communication etc They have many functions which are correspondent with a lot of different contexts The author researches the ways of expressing purpose so that the learners can use in every contexts Each country has its own cultural characteristics The culture may be shown by customs, habits, lifestyles, architectures and language well This study provides us with knowledge of Vietnamese and English culture through languages to transfer those clauses correctly from Vietnamese to English and vice versa Finally, being a student of English the author finds it useful to understand more deeply about clause of purpose in English and Vietnamese That is the reason why the author decided to go into this subject A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis – Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết II Aims of the study The study aims at widening knowledge of English grammar, researching the ways of expressing purpose clauses to help learners understand and use them correctly Through the comparison between purpose clauses English and Vietnamese, the learners can see the relevant differences between them III Scope of the study The ways of expressing purpose clauses Purpose clauses in Vietnamese and English Applications to teaching and suggested exercises IV Method of the study Explanation Translation Comparative V Design of the study This study consists of three parts: Part I: Introduction Part II: Content Content consists of three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background Sentence Clause Chapter II: Clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Chapter III: Applications to teaching and suggested exercises Part III: Conclusion and reference A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Part II Content Chapter I Theoretical Background Sentence 1.1 Definition of sentence According to Alice Oshima - Ann Hogue, world publisher, (p.7): “A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas in writing or in speech It is a complete, independent unit of thought and consists of two main parts: a subject and a predicate” The predicate is the word or words that names the person, thing, a place that a sentence is about It is usually a noun or pronoun The predicate makes a statement about the subject It consists of a verb and its modifier or complements The verb is the most important part of the predicate It expresses action or a state of being A complement is a word or words used to complete the meaning of the verb A sentence is the basic unit of written English language communication We grant poets, playwrights, and fiction writers some "literary license." These authors can experiment with the language or use the language in an unconventional manner Expository writing is conveyance of information, often necessary or even vital information, to readers who need that information If a reader misinterprets a sentence in a work of fiction, no harm results A misinterpretation of nonfiction writing A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết can cause harm Written instructions, policies, procedures, guidelines, research reports, personal communication, and news media information need to be written so that the reader understands exactly what the writer intended Eg : “Tomorrow will be a short school day The school day will terminate at 11a.m The school administrators deliver a carelessly prepared message to the school bus drivers telling them to be at the school at p.m” 1.2 The classification of sentence 1.2.1 Classification of the sentence by structure In English there are basically four kinds of sentences One traditional scheme for classifying English sentence is by the number and types of finite clauses 1.2.1.1 Simple sentence The basic English language sentence is called a simple sentence It requires a subject and a verb We ordinarily include some additional words that explain the subject The sentence or a part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb and constitutes a complete thought is called an independent clause Eg : I like English (English 10, p.20) The sentence above conveys a complete thought The subject is I, and the verb is like The word English conveys an understanding of what the subject likes The sentence has one independent clause and is a simple sentence Observe the arrangement or sequence of sentence components: subject, verb, other parts of the sentence This arrangement is not A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch TuyÕt mandatory, but sentences written in this format are usually easy to understand 1.2.1.2 Complex sentence A complex sentence contains an independent clause and a subordinate clause The independent clause can function as a complete sentence The subordinate clause also contains a subject and a verb (in finite clause) or a form of the verb without subject (in non-finite caluse) but cannot function as an independent sentence The dependent clause is introduced with a subordinator, such as who, because, as, even though, if, so that, etc The dependent clause can come at the beginning in the middleposition or end of a complex sentence When the dependent clause comes at the beginning, a comma (,) is placed before the independent clause In a complex sentence of two related ideas, one idea is generally more important than the other one The more important idea is placed in the independent clause; the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause A complex sentence is formed with: Independent clause + dependent clause Dependent clause, + independent clause Figure 1.1 Eg : We surveyed the damage as the wind subsided We surveyed the damage This is an independent clause and a complete sentence The words convey a complete thought The words as the wind subsided form a subordinate clause The words not convey an intelligent thought that can stand alone as a sentence If we modify as the wind subsided so that it becomes The wind subsided, we realize that it contains both a subject and a verb The words as the wind subsided A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết constitute an adverbial expression that describes a condition that existed when we surveyed the damage In addition, the dependent clause may be in the middle position Ex: - The girl who is sitting over there is my daughter Dependent clause - The car he bought yesterday is a secondhand one Dependent clause 1.2.1.3 Compound sentence A compound sentence contains two independent clauses Two independent clauses may be joined by a comma and a conjunction, such as and, or, nor, for, so, yet, or by a semicolon, or by a colon Each clause in a compound sentence must have a subject and a verb, is of equal importance, and can stand alone Punctuate the sentence by putting a comma (,) before the coordinating conjunction a By a coordinating conjunction: Eg : - George has applied for a scholarship, and Diane has requested financial aid (additional idea related to first idea) - Students may live in the dormitories, or they may live in off-campus housing (choice of two possibilities) - Ron completed his homework early, so he decided to go to the party (result of first clause) - Foreign students must take English classes, for they must be able to communicate easily in speaking and writing (reason for first clause) - I have taken two finals, yet I must take two more this week (contrast to first clause) - Many students not like to study for tests, nor they like to write term papers A (negative choice in the both clauses) study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 10 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết If that is omitted from purpose clauses with can/ could, the idea of purpose may disappear The sentence: He took my shoes so that I couldn’t leave the house would normally mean “He took my shoes to prevent my leaving ect.” But he took my shoes, so I couldn’t leave the house would normally mean „he took my shoes; therefore I wasn‟t able to leave‟ 2.2.2 Purpose clauses can also be formed by so that/ in order that + may/ might or shall/ should + infinitive “So that”, “in order that”, and “in order to” have the same meanings They introduce the purpose of an action, but they are used with differents grammatical structures “So that” and “in order that” introduce clauses that describe the purpose of an action or condition “So that” appears more frequently than “in order that” “In order to” introduces phrases of purpose These are merely more formal constructions than those shown in 2.2.1 above There is no difference in meaning Eg: - We carved their names on the stone so that/ in order that future generations should/ might know what they had done (Chúng ta khắc tên họ lên đá để hệ mai sau biết đ-ợc họ đà làm.) - These men risk their lives so that/ in order that we may live more safely (Những ng-ời đà hi sinh mạng sống sống an toàn h¬n.) May in the present tense is much more common than shall, which is rarely used In the past tense either might or should can be used A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 32 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết We should know the above forms but should not normally need to use them, as for all ordinary purposes so that + can/ could or will would should be quite sufficient 2.2.3 Negative purpose clauses are made by putting the auxiliary verb(usually will/ would or should) Eg: - I hurried so that I wouldn’t be late (because I didin‟t want to be late) (T«i khÈn tr-ơng để khỏi bị trễ giờ) - Leave early so that you wont miss the bus (Bạn hÃy sớm ®Ĩ khái bÞ lì chun xe bt) In addition, negative purpose clauses can, usually be replaced by to prevent + noun/ pronoun + gerund, or to avoid + gerund: Eg: - He dyed his beard so that we shouldn’t recognize him/ to prevent us recognize him/ to avoid being recognized (Anh ta nhuộm râu quai nón để không nhận anh ta/ để ngăn nhận anh ta/ để tránh bị nhận dạng.) These infinitive phrases are preferred to negative purpose clauses To make a negative sentence with in order/ so as + to-infinitive, we put not before the to-infinitive: để không, để khỏi Eg: - He kept the speech vague in order not to commit himself to oneside or the other - The land was bought quickly so as not to delay the building work - She asks him in order/ so as not to misunderstand him - He works so as not to be punished (Hắn làm việc để khỏi bị phạt) Note: In negative sentences, we normally use “in oder not to” or “so as not to” We can‟t use a negative if we use only a to-infinitive A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 33 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Besides, there are some phrases expressing negative purpose like: for fear/ lest + subject + might/ should, for fear of + noun/ V-ing Eg: - He fled his country for fear he might be arrested - He fled his country for fear of being arrested = He fled his country in order not to be arrested 2.2.4 “In case” clause An in case clause gives a reason for the action in the main clause Eg: - John might phone tonight I don’t want to go out in case he phones (= because it is possible that he will phone) - I’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our house (= because it is possible that you won‟t be able to find it) Note: Don‟t use “will” in dependent clause with in case, you should use prevent tense when talking about future In an “in case” clause, the first action is usually preparation for, or precaution against the action in the in case clause, which is possible futre action In case + present tense normally has the meaning “ because this may happen/ because perhaps this will happen or for fear that this may happen” Eg: - I take the raincoat with me in case it rains (I take rhe raincoat with me in order to cover rain.) - They leave their house in case the earthquake happens (They leave their house so as to avoid the earthquake.) - I have fitted a burglar alarm to the house in case somebody tries to break in (I have fitted a burglar alarm to the house so that someone can‟t break in.) - In case esteemed guests phone abroad, you must pay fixed telephone charges plus 10% for service A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 34 Graduation thesis – NguyÔn Thị Bạch Tuyết - I write down her address in case I forget it (I write down her address to remember it.) - He gave me his telephone number in case I wanted to call him (He gave me his telephone number to call him) In case + past tense normally means: because this might happen, because perhaps this would happen or for fear that this would happen Eg: - We bought some wine in case Tom came (because it was possible that Tom would come) - I drew a map for her in case she couldn’t find our house (I drew a map for her so that she couldn‟t find our house.) - We rang the bell again in case they hadn’t heard the first time (We rang the bell again to make them hear the first time) In case…should We often use “should” in dependent clause with “in case” to emphasize the speaker‟s uncertainly that something will happen It adds the meaning “by chance” Eg: - I wrote down her address in case I should forget it - We took the map in case we should lose our way Tenses with in case: Main verb Future + in case + Present present or should + infinitive Present perfect Conditional Past tense + in case + Past perfect Past tense or should + infinitive The meaning “by chance” can also be expressed by (should) happen to A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 35 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Eg: - We took our swimming things in case we happpened to find a fool (or…in case we should happen to find a fool) - I’ll make a cake in case someone drops in at the weekend - I carry a spare wheel in case I have/ should have puncture - I always keep candles in the house in case there is a power cut - I always kept candles in the house in case there was a power cut “In case” in English and (để) đề phòng,vì sợ, để nhằm in Vietnamese express a similar concept, the first action is a preparation for, or precaution against the next one the possible future action Eg - We took the map in case we lose our way Chúng mang theo đồ (để) phòng lạc h-ớng A preparation/ a precaution Future action In English “in case” clauses indicate the time by tenses In case + present tense Eg: - He buys some cakes in case he gets hungry Anh ta mua mét bánh để đề phòng lúc đói In case + past tense - She hesitated to ask him what he’d been about to tell them in case the suspected the movies for her sudden kindness had been mixed In Vietnamese (để)phòng doesnt point out the time by tenses like in English The word “phßng” has origin from Chinese Vietnamese means: Provide or defend: Eg: Ngăn ngừa, phòng bị, phòng trừ etc Phòng n-ớc đà đến chân, Dao liệu với thân sau (Nguyễn Du Truyện Kiều) Vào rừng kiếm thuốc ngoại khoa, Phòng sông biển phong ba (Lục Vân Tiên) A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 36 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết (Để) phòng khi” doesn‟t express a hope, it expresses a cope with some thing that may occur This occurrence‟s usually inconvenient rarely convenient thing and it may be unexpected thing (Để) phòng also displays a event that might happen (Để) phòng has the similar meaning with (để)trong tr-ờng hợp it is also a preparation for or precaution against the next action Eg: Anh hÃy giữ chai thuốc Main clause (để) phòng đau yếu có mà dùng Subordinate clause In English “in case” has the same meaning with “in the event (that)” both of them introduce adverb clauses, in the event (that) is more formal than in case: Eg: - I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you need to reach me - I’ll be at my uncle’s house in the event that you need to reach me In case ~ (để) phòng In the event that ~ (để) tr-ờng hợp Eg: In Vietnamese: Tôi mua chai r-ợu (để) phòng Roger đến = Tôi mua chai r-ợu (để) tr-ờng hợp Roger đến In English: I bought a bottle of wine in case Roger came = I bought a bottle of wine in the event that Roger came From the comparison between in case and “phßng khi” clause in Vietnamese and English, we‟ll have the following structures: - Main clause + in case + subordinate clause Eg: A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 37 Graduation thesis – Ngun ThÞ B¹ch TuyÕt He buys some cakes in case he gets hungry - Main clause + (để)phòng + subordinate clause Eg: Cậu ta mua bánh (để)phòng cảm thÊy ®ãi 2.2.5 Clauses of purpose with “for” Purpose of an action, to express the purpose or function of an item: for + V-ing Eg: - The mouse is a device which is used for moving Con chuét lµ thiÕt bị dùng để di chuyển - I use the electric knife for cutting meat Tôi dùng dao điện để cắt thịt - That button is for adjusting the volume Nút dùng để (mà) diều chỉnh âm l-ợng - This paper is for writing not for wrapping GiÊy ®Ĩ viết để gói Purpose of a thing, to express a person‟s intentions: for + noun Eg: - He went to the pub for a drink Anh ta đến quán để uống r-ợu - Hes saving money for his children Anh ta dành dụm tiền c¸i 2.2.6 Some nouns, verbs, phrases express purpose Some nouns, verbs, phrases express purpose like: aim, goal, object, end, purpose, with a view to + V-ing, with the aim of + V-ing, for the sake of Eg: - Our goal was to improve the students’ expert knowledge Mơc ®Ých cđa nâng cao kiến thức chuyên môn A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 38 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết sinh viên - His aim is to get rich quickly Mơc tiªu làm giàu nhanh - His one object in life is to defeat everyone Mơc tiªu nhÊt đời hạ hết ng-ời - Thats the object of study Đó mục tiêu vấn đề nghiên cứu - He took evening courses in Marketing with the aim of getting more qualifications - For the sake of 10 years plant trees - For the sake of 100 years we educate people (Vì lợi ích m-ời năm trồng Vì lợi ích trăm năm trång ng-êi) In addition, there are some phrases expressing purpose They are: Mục đích tự thân: Với mục đích gì: Eg: an end itself to what purpose, for what purpose? Mơc ®Ých ci cïng: ultimate aim of goal Mơc ®Ých rõ rệt: clear aim Mục đích trị: political end, objective - To use something for political purpose (Dïng c¸i vào mục đích trị) - They believe that making money was the finest pursuit on earth (Chóng t«i tin kiếm tiền mục đích tốt đẹp đời) From the comparison between purpose clauses in English and Vietnamese, we have the contrastive tables A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 39 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Chapter III Applications to teaching and Suggested exercises A Applications to teaching In the first place, the teacher should provide students with comprehension knowledge of purpose clauses and activities which can be used to consolidate their knowledge The teacher should teach all useages of purpose clauses in English for students to use correctly and appropriately In fact, the teacher should also underline the words, phrases which expressing of purpose in the sentence to attract students’ attention and make them understand clearly Eg: He took the course in order to get a better job Please, go there to see The teacher can create the various contexts through which various use of purpose clauses in idiomatic expressions of purpose It is a good way to help students remember and understand these idioms better Eg: For the sake of 10 years plant trees For the sake of 100 years we educate people (Vì lợi ích m-ời năm trồng Vì lợi ích trăm năm trồng ng-ời) All of the above applications to teaching purpose clauses would be more effective to the students’ acquisition with the assistance of practise exercises In order to get that goal and to help students understand and use correctly purpose clauses in English Some types of exercise should be suggested in this part A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 38 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết B Suggested Exercises Exercise Match the sentences in the most appropriate way and then write two sentences as one using in order + to-infinitive or as + to-infinitive Trees were planted along the street We crept up the stairs I swept the broken glass off the path We wrote Katie’s name on the calendar I didn’t say anything about Colin’s red nose He bought a truck She left the party quietly a I didn’t want to embarrass him b She didn’t want to have to say goodbye c This was done to reduce traffic noise d I wanted to prevent an accident e We didn’t want to make Suzanne f He didn’t this to carry out his business g We didn’t want to forget her birthday Example: + c Trees were planted along the street in order to reduce traffic noise (or…so as to reduce…) Exercise Translate these sentences into English Mêi Trạng triều đình để may giải qut sù bèi rèi c¶ n-íc Để dò xem có nhân tài không, họ sai sứ thần bày câu đố A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 39 Graduation thesis – Ngun ThÞ Bạch Tuyết Để biết đích xác nữa, ông vua sai quân cho làng thúng gạo Ông đà bỏ công sức để xây dựng mảnh đất Đến đâu, viên quan câu đố ăm để hỏi ng-ời Exercise Make one sentence using the words in brackets Products are advertised mainly through the media This way, consumers become familiar with the variety of products available (so that) Large companies employ advertising agencies They want to make their product attractive to consumers (so as to) Companies spend millions of dollars on advertising They want to increase their sales (with the aim of) Advertisers must consider their advertisements carefully They can’t afford to be accused of persuading people to buy things they don’t need (for fear of) All advertisements are reviewed by a consumer protection agency False information mustn’t be given to the public (in case) Exercise Example: Complete these sentences with a suitable verb The minister has a bodyguard to protect him We’re having a party……………….Ann’s birthday I didn’t have enough time………………….the newspaper today A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 40 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết We’ve got no furniture – not even a bed………………………in I think I need some new clothes ………………………… Tom didn’t have enough energy .the mountain There will be a meeting next week……………… the problem I need a box……………………these books in It’s a pity we haven’t got any pictures…………………on the wall I wish I had enough money……………………………a new car 10 I’m going to Spain…………………………….Spainish Exercise Write these sentences with so that Example: I’m hurried I didn’t want to be late I’m hurried so that I wouldn’t be late We wore warm clothes We didn’t want to get cold We wore…………………………………………… I spoke very slowly I wanted the man to understand what I said I…………………………………………………………………… I whispered I didn’t want anyone to hear our conversation …………………………no-one………………………………… Please arrive early We want to be able to start the meeting on time …………………………………………………………………… She locked the door She didn’t want to be disturbed ………………………………………………………………… I slowed down I wanted the car behind to be able to overtake …………………………………………………………………… Exercise Write these sentences with in case It was possible that he would come to London one day so I give him my address I gave him my address in case………………………………………… A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 41 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết It was possible that I wouldn’t see her again So I said good bye to her I said……………………………………………………………… It was possible that her parents were worried about her so she phoned them She……………………………………………………………… It was possible that I would forget the name of the street so I wrote it down ………………………………………………………………… It was possible that they hadn’t received my first letter so I wrote them a second better …………………………………………………………………… A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 42 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Part III Conclusion In this study, the author has researched the ways of expressing the purpose clauses in English and Vietnamese In English, there are two ways to express purpose: (1) we use the infinitive, (2) we use some subordinators like: so that, in order that, in case In Vietnamese, the subordinate clause often appears the words mục đích, mà, mà để, mà không, để nhằm, để mà, để nhằm mục đích The purpose clauses in English and Vietnamese express the purpose of the thing or the action The author hopes the study may be helpful for learners to get a good knowledge about purpose clauses so that they can communicate fluently in English and translate effectively from English to Vietnamese and vice versa Finally, the author would like to say that the thesis is complete with our best attemps and the mistakes are unavoidable Therefore the author would like to receive any comments from the teachers who are concerned with this area which can help us improve the study A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 43 Graduation thesis Nguyễn Thị Bạch Tuyết Reference books Oshima, A & Hogue, A (1998), English for students, World Publisher Diệp Quang Ban, (1992), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất giáo dục Schmidt, H (1999), Advanced English Grammar, Cambridge University Press Hewings, M (1999), Advanced Grammar in use, Cambridge University Press Đỗ Thị Kim Liên, Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất giáo dục Quirk,R & Greenbaun, S (1973), A university Grammar of English, Longman publisher Murphy, R, (1998), English Grammar in use, Youth publisher Langacker, RW (2000), Grammar an conceptualization, Youth publisher A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 44 ... that information If a reader misinterprets a sentence in a work of fiction, no harm results A misinterpretation of nonfiction writing A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese Graduation... for one clause to contain another Clauses are often contrasted with phrases Traditionally, a clause was said to have both a finite verb and its subject, whereas a phrase either contained a finite... khi” clause in Vietnamese and English, we‟ll have the following structures: - Main clause + in case + subordinate clause Eg: A study on clauses of purpose in English and Vietnamese 37 Graduation