Trdn Huu Son DAO MAU DU'dl GOC NHIN CAU TRUC LUAN CUA CLAUDE LEVI-STRAUSS TS T r a n Hiru Sffn Hoi Van n g h e dan gian Viet N a m Tdm tdt: Dao Mau la hinh thuc tdn giao quan ttpng d Viet Nam Tir trade din nay, nghien eim v l dao Mdu da thu hiit dugc sy quan tam cua nhilu hpc gia d nhimg gdc dp khae Bdi vidt ndy van dyng nguyen tae nhi phdn (nguyen tdc cae cap ddi lap) ly thuylt cau tnic luan eua Claude Levi-Sttauss d l tim hilu v l dien thdn, nghi Id, didn xudng, ttang phuc eua dao Mau; ddng thdi phdn tich mdt sd dac trung va qua trinh ehuydn hda eae ylu td ttong dao Mdu, Tir do, de xuat mpt sd khuyen nghi ve quan dilm, ehinh saeh img xu vdi dao Mdu TM- khoa: Dao Mdu, tin ngudng, tdn giao, edu tnic luan XSvf d a u Dao Mau la mdt hien ttrpng sinh boat tin ngudng van boa dang dien mdt each sdng ddng ddi sdng thudng eiia ngudi dan Viet Nam, nd dap img nhu eau khdng chi ddi sdng tam linh ma cdn ca ddi sdng van hda nghe thuat (Ngd Due Thinh, 2012, tr 349) Hien nay, dao Mau dang ed bude "chuyen minh" va phdt triln manh me, ca ve thiet ehe lan ddi tugng tham gia Thdi den (2010, tt 355-418), hoac ly thuyet nam tinh, nii tinh ciia Geert Hofstede duge van dung triet de cdng ttinh nghien ciiu ciia Nguyen Van Thang (2015, tr 65-73), O bai viet nay, tde gia van dung nguyen tae nhi phan (nguyen tac cac cap ddi lap) ly thuyet Cau tnic luan eiia Claude LeviStrauss de tim hieu va giai quydt mpt sd van dd ve dao Mdu sau day: gian qua, nhieu ly thuyet tren the gidi dugc Cdu tnie luan {structuralism) la trao nliung nha khoa hge d Viet Nam van dung luu khoa hoe ndi bat the ky XX Trong vao nghien ciru dao Mau C6 the ke den ly nhan hpc, Claude Levi-Strauss (1908 - 2009) thuyet ve phan tam hpc ciia S Freud, ly la ngudi lien phong phat trien ly thuyet eau thuyet vdn xa hgi eua Bourdieu, Poites, va tnie Ong cho rang, mdt cau tnic phdi thi Coleman, ly thuyet chu the van hda xuat hien dae tmng he thdng Nd bao gdm cae hidn nghien cuu cua Nguyen Ngpc ylu td cho bdt ky biln ddi ndo eua ehiing Mai (2013, tr 24-31); hay ly thuylt gia tri ciing tao su bien ddi eiia tSt ea cae ylu to van hda duac tac gia Ngd Dire Thinh de cap khac (Boris Lojkine Benoit de Treglode, Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd2 - 2017 1997, tt 294-295) Dya vdo cau ttiic ludn deu xudt hien nhung ylu td tmng gian nhu: ttong ngdn ngu eiia tdc gid Saussure vd R suong mil lam tmng gian giiia trdi vd ddt; Jakovson, dng dua quan diem nhi nguyen qudn la trung gian giua tu nhiin va vdn hda; ludn va cho rdng eon ngudi d nhiing bd tdc rdc thdi Id trang gian giiia mdt Idng co thdi cd deu cd trinh dp tu nhdn xet the ngudi d va ngodi rieng (Hdi Su hpe, 2006, tt gidi (cac nIn van hda) theo hinh thue cdc 235) O ddy, vai ttd cua trang gian rdt quan cap ddi lap ma co ban nhat, ndi trdi nhdt Id ttpng, y phuc (qudn do, giay) la ttung gian hai cap Trdi/Ddt va Buc/Cdi giiia tu nhien (hoang da) va vdn hoa (tdt (Trinh Bd DTnh, 2002, tt 28) Tu cac cap ddi lap eo lanh) Vi the, tmyen ed tieh "Tdm ban nay, xuat hidn hinh thirc ddi lap theo Cam" d Viet Nam, nhd ed bd quan dep va kieu nhi nguyen nhu vdn hoa/tir rai chide hdi ttong le hdi md cd Tam gap nong/ignh, song/chin, nhien, Ong eung de xuat Hoang Tu (Trinh Bd DTnh, 2002, tt 30) quan diem van dung nguyen tae tuong phan nhi nguyen vao nghien eiiu nhdn hpc nhu Nhu vdy, quan diem ndi bat ttong ly nghien ciiu than thoai, nghi le, am thyc, thuyet eau true eiia Claude Levi-Sttauss la Cdng trinh nghien ciiu ddu tien the hien cau quan diem nhi nguyen ludn Mpi quan he tnie ludn nhi nguyen la tac pham "Cdc cau tnic giiia cac ky hieu dupe quy ve nhung dang CO ban eua he thdng than tde" xudt bdn ndm eau true nhi phdn Cau tnic nhi phan lai 1949 Din ndm 1958, Claude Levi-Sttauss phat trien nguyen ly ba nhan td: hai xuat ban cdng trinh "Nhdn loai hpc cdu tnic" cap ddi lap va nhdn td tmng gian nham he thdng lai cde khdi niem, eac md Dao Mdu la mdt tdn giao dupe hinh hinh, phan tieh can tnie ttong ngdn ngu, td tten co sd cua cdu tnic ludng phan, chiic xa hdi, ma thuat vd tdn gido, nghe ludng hgp, phan anh dam net dae tnmg nhi thuat Trong tiidi gian 1964 - 1971, dng xudt nguyen ttong he thdng dien tiian, nghe thuat ban cdng trinh nghien ciiu so "Cae huyin bieu dien (dm nhae va miia), ttang phuc,, thoai hpc" gdm tap Trong edng trinh nay, dng phan tieh sdu md hinh tu nhi Trong dien thdn xudt hien hai ddng nguyen mang tinh phd qudt d eae huyen thd: nii than va nam than Nii than la Thanh thoai (Cai sdng cdi chin - 1964; Tir mat ong Mau, Chdu Ba, cae Cd va nam thdn la cac den tto - 1967; Ngudn gdc eac each an - Quan, dng Hoang, Cau Be Cap nhi nguyen 1968; Con ngudi trdn tmdng- 1971) nit/nam hien dien va ehi phdi xuyen sudt nghi le thd dao Mau Trong cac cdng ttinh nghien eiiu ciia minh, Claude Levi-Strauss dua va phdn tieh quan dilm nhi nguyen luan ve cac cap ddi lap tao he thdng, ddng thdi dng cung dl xudt nhan td "tmng gian" Ching han, giiia nhiing cap ddi lap mat trdi/trdi ddt, tu nhiin/vdn hoa, su song/cdi chet Tren ca sd ciia cap ddi nir thdn/nam thdn, xuat hien hai ddng thd la ddng me va ddng cha theo huyen thoai "bd rdng, me tien" Ddng me la ddng tien nir, la the gidi d mien rimg (nhae phu), Ddng cha la rdng the gidi d nude, biln - thoai phu (Trinh Ba DTnh, 2002, tt 30) ^dn Hihi Scm Tien Me R-Cmg Mdu Quan Chdu Bd Ong Hoang Cd Cau Mau Vua cha Chdu Ba Quan, H o a n g Cd Cau Hd Xa Nhu vay, ttong dien thd dao Mdu xuat hien cac cdu tnie nhi nguyen nhu Tiin/Rong, Me/Cha, rinig/biin Ngay sd lugng eae vj than theo ddng me (nir tien rimg) thudng la sd chan va bdi sd eiia sd ehan Con sd ben ddng cha (nam, bien, rdng) la sd le hoac bdi sd cua sd le (Ngd Dire Tliinh, 2015, tx 83-84) Khi len ddng, ngudi duge eac thanli nhap vao deu sir dung dao cu va mua theo dao eu: - Cae Chau ba deu su dung mdi lua va quat lam dao cu miia, gpi la miia mdi va raiia quat Chdu Hda Binh cd ngudn gdc vung sdng nude, se miia cheo Chdu Bat Nan vi tudng cua Hai Ba Tnmg se miia kilm, miia dao, miia cd nhu eac vj nam than (Nguyen Nggc Mai, 2013, tr 248) Cac Quan deu su dung vu lam dao cu miia Quan de nhat mua song kiem; Quan de tam sii dung ddi gay (heo); Quan de tu miia kiem; Quan de ngii, Quan tuan su dung cay lao va kich - Cac dng Hoang chu yeu mua heo, miia cd Ong Hoang Ba miia kllm va miia cd Ong Hoang Bay miia heo, miia cd Rieng Cha Bien dng Hoang Mudi miia but va mua quat (Nguyen Ngpc Mai, 2013, tr.249) - Cac Cd su dung nliidu dao cu khac tiiy theo sy tich ve cac Cd Cd Nhat diing ddi khan voan mdng de mua Cd Chin miia ddt vdi, miia quat Cd Cam Dudng lai su dung ddi quang ganh, ganli hang xen vua di vua nhiin nhay Cd Ddi miia mdi lua, miia quat Cd Bo ngudn gdc Thoai phii nen dung quat ttang miia vd miia cheo Cd Ba miia hai hoa; Cd Be Thugng lai mua dang hoa, Cae Cau dung lue lac mua theo nhip lue lac (Nguyen Ngpc Mai, 2013, tt 263) Nhu vay, eac dieu miia va dao cu eiia cac eiing phan chia theo gidi, theo phii Cae nam chii yeu miia heo, kiem, dao (dao) Cae thanli nir mua mdi, quat, cheo dd, det vai, dang hoa Tuy nhien, ed tmdng hpp Chau Bat Nan miia kiem, miia dao, miia cd nhu nam (phan anh vj tri xuat than vd tudng eiia Hai Ba Tnmg) Hoac dng Hoang Mudi gidi tho van, giang ddng lai miia bilt de tha tren quat (Nguyen Nggc Mai, 2013, tr 256) Cae ddng tac miia va dao eu cung phan biet hai cap nhgc phii va tlwdi phii nhac Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sS2-2017 phii diudng nil tiianh giang ddng mua ddng hoa (Cd Be Bdc Le, Cd Be Thugng Ngan) thoai phu eae nir miia cheo dd Trong nghe thuat am nhac- eua dao Mdu ciing xudt hien edc cap ddi nhi nguyen Tmdc hit, dd la edp ddi nam thdnh/nic thdnh phan anh ttong dm nhae thd dao Mdu Tien sT Bariey Norton d Dai hge London (Anh) cd cdng trinh nghien eim sau sac ve cdu tao dm nhac cua len ddng Ong eho rang am nhae len ddng cua ngudi Viet deu phan chia theo cac cap ddi ddi lap nam thdnh/nic thdnh; mien ricng/miin song nude, gid/tri (dan theo Ngd Diic Thjnh, 2004, tt 310) Nhac Id diing len ddng eua nam la nhiing dieuphii - uy nghi va nghiem tiic Cdn nhac eho eae bai nii mien xudi la cae dieu cdn, nii mien niii la cac dieu xd - ttan day nu tinh, mupt ma va trii tinh Nam/nit ciing khac ve giai dieu Chang han, giai dieu Vdn va Hdm dugc danh eho nu thdnh mien sdng nude, mien xudi, cdn kieu duong lai danh cho nam Rieng dieu xd chi danh eho nu miln niii (Ngd Due Thjnh, 2004, tt 323) Dia vi va tudi tae cung dugc phan biet am nhac Cac dieu Phu va Kiiu duong thudng dugc diing eho man giang ddng ciia cac Quan nam cd dia vj cao nhat (hang cac Quan) Nhac canh ciia hang nhirng dng Hoang ddi cd dimg dieu pirn nhung iai chgn eac giai dieu khac Dieu/?/jii khdng bao gid la nhac canh ciia nhung dng Cau cdn tre TrontJ nghe thuat tao hinh (phan anh d ttang phuc, dao cu) cua cac vi cung phan biet rd theo cac cap nam/nit, Nhgc phu/Thodi phu Ndi bat nhat la nghe thuat sir duns sSc mau theo cac phu: Thodi phii (mau ttdn